1 Thanks to… Scott Bachmeier, Jordan J. Gerth, Scott S. Lindstrom, Mathew M. Gunshor, Jaime M. Daniels, Daniel T. Lindsey • Paul Menzel • Steve Goodman • Tina Buxbaum • Jean Phillips • Chris Schmidt • Joleen Feltz • Monica Coakley • CWG • Rick Kohrs • AWG • JMA • Fred Wu • Bill Line • SSEC Real Earth team • Michelle Smith • SSEC data center • ITT / Harris Corporation • Jun Li • Jim Nelson • Lockheed-Martin • Jinlong Li • Christopher S. Velden • GOES-R Program Office • GOES Operators • Kaba Bah • Entire GOES-R team! • OSPO • Steve Miller • Training teams • You. 2 • NASA • PRO Team • Pre-GOES Outline • GOES(-17) ABI – Background – Topics • Mode 6 • Cold Pixels around Fires • Predictive Cal • Temporal-spectral fusion – Imagery – Products • Summary

– More information 3 A History of Geostationary “Weather”

ATS (SSCC & MSSCC) SMS ATS (GVHRR)

ABI=Advanced Baseline Imager 4 “Storm Patrol” Proposal (1964) Professors Verner Suomi and Robert J. Parent, suggested in a six–page proposal to NASA the possibility of a "storm patrol" experiment to monitor convective activity in the tropics from .

“…continuously monitor the weather motions over a large fraction of the earth's surface. Even though near -earth weather satellites have provided an impressive array of visible and infrared observations of the earth's weather on a nearly operational basis, the synchronous affords another opportunity to gain a better understanding of the global weather circulation, the key to better weather prediction."

The success of the spin scan system is far beyond even our [Suomi and Krauss] wildest dreams. 5 ATS-1 launched (1966) • NASA’s Applications Technology Satellite (ATS)-1 hosted the first geostationary imager, Spin-Scan Cloud Camera (SSCC) • Launched 6 December 1966. • Imaging instrument designer and SSEC co-founder, Verner E. Suomi, proclaimed, “Now, the weather moves, not the satellite.” 11 December 1966

North America

6 GOES History

GOES-1/3 GOES-4/7 GOES-8/12 GOES-13/14/15 GOES-R/S+

Launched Launched Launched Launched Launched (Planned) 1975 1980 1994 2005 2016 1977 1981 1995 2009 2017 1978 1983 1997 2010 2020 1987 2000 2024 2001 Better navigation and One visible VISSR–VAS calibration. Faster coverage. and one visible, 12 IR. 3-axis stabilized. No eclipse outages. 16 Imager Bands. infrared. Imager Bands: 4 Better spatial Improved spatial. MSI (visible, IR; 1 visible. resolutions for the 6.5 Operational. IRW, and 2 um on GOES-12+ and No sounder. (Similar to additional IR Operational the 13.3 um band on SMS series) channels) Sounder GOES-14/15. Geostationary (18 IR bands) Lightning Mapper Operational Sounder

http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/datacenter/archive.html 7 NOAA GOES Constellation (mid-2019)

GOES-17 GOES-15 GOES-16 (~137W) (128W) (~75W) Supplemental Operations Operational Operational

GOES-13 GOES-14 (60W) (105W) Storage Back-up 8 GOES-17 ABI First Light Imagery

29-July-2018 9 GOES-17 First Operational Day

ABI “Solar Noon” GOES-West / GOES-East Mollweide Projection Composite February 12, 2019

10 ABI Spectral Bands

Visible

Near-IR (“near-vis”)

11 ABI Spectral Bands (IR)

12 Meso-scale box locations are 1 min movable

1 min th 5 min March 5 , 2019: New AK meso- scale sector coverage as default 10-min FD Flex Mode

Mat Gunshor, 13 CIMSS Mp4 Loop:

Vis and SWD loop (animated gif on the web) 14 Mp4 Loop:

Link to on-line animated gif 15 GOES-17 (Loop Heat Pipe)

• During post-launch testing of the GOES-17 ABI instrument, an issue with the instrument’s cooling system was discovered. The loop heat pipe (LHP) subsystem is not operating at its designed capacity. The consequence of this is that the ABI detectors cannot be maintained at their intended temperatures under certain orbital conditions. GOES-17 predicted daily maximum longwave focal plane module (FPM) temperature. Courtesy of Harris Corporation.

• Infrared signals with long wavelengths can be swamped by infrared light emitted by warm parts of the imager, degrading the signal. Eventually, local emissions and dark current noise overwhelm the signal from the Earth, and the channels saturate, meaning a useful signal is not available. Channel availability will also fluctuate seasonally depending on the amount of solar radiation absorbed by the instrument.

• A great deal of progress has been made to optimize the performance of the GOES-17 ABI data and the instrument. 17 Loop: mp4

16-panel loop (animated gif) 18 Select Topics

• Mode 6 now operational • 10-min Full Disk with 5-min PACUS with two 1-min meso-scale sectors • Slight time difference with Meso 2 (for GOES-17)

• Cold Pixels around Fires

• Latest predictive cal results • Software fix (late summer?) developed by the instrument vendor to improve the IR calibration for GOES-17 by time extrapolating various calibration coefficients • The corrected radiances will be part of the operational datastream

• Temporal-spectral Fusion • Method to “fill in” the missing (due to saturation) spectral bands on GOES-17 for qualitative applications (developed at UW-Madison)

19 Mode 6 Switch at 16:00 UTC on 2nd of April, 2019. Reduced PICA in CONUS (and mesos)

20 GOES-17 Meso-sector #1: even spacing G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:58:27 From Calibration WG: Mode 6M G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:57:27 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:56:27 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:55:27 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:54:27 M1 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:53:27 M1 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:52:27 M1 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:51:27

M1 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:50:27

M1 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:49:27 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:48:27 M1 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:47:27 M1 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:46:27 M1 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:45:27 M1 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:44:27 M1 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:43:27 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:42:27 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:41:27 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:40:27 Full Disk: 23:50:33, 23:40:33 UTC G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:39:27 CONUS: 23:56:19, 23:51:19, 23:46:19 UTC … G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:38:27 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:37:27 GOES-17 Meso-sector #2: not even, “next” min

From Calibration WG: G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:58:57 Mode 6M G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:57:57 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:56:57 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:55:57 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:54:57

M2 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:53:57

M2 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:52:57 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:51:57 M2 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:51:01 M2 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:49:51 M2 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:48:57 M2 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:47:57 M2 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:46:57

M2 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:45:57

M2 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:44:57

M2 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:43:57 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:42:57 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:41:57 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:41:01 Full Disk: 23:50:33, 23:40:33 UTC G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:39:51 CONUS: 23:56:19, 23:51:19, 23:46:19 UTC … G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:38:57 G-17 IMG 20 FEB 19051 23:37:57 CPAF (Cold Pixel Around Fires)

Chris Schmidt AWG Land Team UW-CIMSS

• GOES-16: Band 7 resampler updated at 20:15 UTC April 23, 2019 to correct the cold pixels around fire (CPAF)

• GOES-17: Band 7 resampler update at 18:32 UTC April 18, 2019 to correct the cold pixels around fire (CPAF).

23 Old vs new resampling kernel

• Old kernel produced “ringing” of cooler pixels around fires in most cases, but it could be hard to see most of the time • For hot fires (such as >350 K in band 7) it would often produce a very notable cold pixel anomaly (CPAF) • GOES-17 data on 17 February 2019 from 16-24 UTC in 30 minute steps processed with the new kernel was provided to fires team, along with L2 data produced from it • Ringing was found in some cases, but these did not include the classic CPAF white pixels • Following example compares the two for a fire in Mexico • The ring around the fire pixels (yellow box) is red, meaning it warmed with the new kernel, and the fire itself is cyan, meaning the peak temperature is cooler • Validation results for FDC (Fire/Hot Spot Detection and Characterization) fire radiative power show a consistent over-estimate of FRP (Fire Radiative Power) compared to other platforms; the new kernel may help that

24 Old vs new resampling kernel

Temperatures increased in a ring around the fire, as expected, with the largest increase and largest decrease being adjacent pixels. 25 Predictive Cal • Predictive Calibration is an update to the calibration supplied by the instrument vendor • Predictive Calibration data provided for February 26, 2019, the peak heating day prior to spring equinox. • Comparing a section of GOES-17 FD to GOES-16 FD • Original GOES-17 minus GOES-16 • Predictive Cal GOES-17 minus GOES-16 • GOES-17 ABI was running mode 6

• Change from our previous analysis (of 3/12/2019) to remap both GOES-16 and GOES- 17 into a common Mercator projection. • This reduces differences between -16 and -17 caused by the different view angles in the comparison area.

26 27 GOES-16 FD Comparison Area - Centered at 0N, 106W

- 401x1001 Pixels

28 GOES-17 FD Comparison Area - Centered at 0N, 106W

- 401x1001 Pixels

- Comparison area the same for both original (GRB) GOES-17 and Predictive Calibration GOES-17

29 Much improved calibrations

Saturation

30 Artifacts that could be removed

Saturation

31 Too hot

Too hot

GOES-17 Original Predictive Cal GOES-17 GOES-16 for comparison

32 Too cold

Too cold

GOES-17 Original Predictive Cal GOES-17 GOES-16 for comparison

33 34 Mitigating GOES-17 ABI IR issues during equinox PI: Elisabeth Weisz, (UW-Madison, SSEC); CoIs; Paul Menzel, Tim Schmit

Objective • GOES-17 ABI has detector cooling issues during equinox that are affecting the infrared image quality (especially in the long wave infrared water vapor bands 8, 9, and 10). Continuity of data and products from ABI is comprised. • The current mitigation strategy uses the ABI IRW band 13 to map the other spectral bands through the data outage.

Approach: • Start with last good ABI IR data at time t0. • At subsequent time t use ABI IRW band 13 measurements to perform a k-d tree search on time t0 IRW band 13 measurements to find the five t0 pixels that best match ABI Band 10 (7.3 micrometer) GOES-17 measured (left), GOES-17 fusion (middle), remapped GOES 16 each time t pixel. measured (right) (6 hours after last good ABI IR data). • Average the five k-d tree time t0 matches for each pixel for all ABI bands (7 to 12, 14 to 16) to estimate ABI bands Benefits and Outcomes at time t. • Use t0 = 900 UTC to create t = t0 + delta, repeating for all • GOES-17 imagery is sustained through problem times using GOES-17 desired times out for as much as seven hours. data only. • Qualitative uses enabled during problem times. Weisz, E., B. A. Baum, and W. P. Menzel, 2017: Construction of high spatial resolution narrowband infrared radiances from satellite-based imager and • Routine real time production currently being tested. sounder data fusion. J. Appl. Remote Sens. 11 (3), 036022, doi: • Feedback is cautiously positive; NWS Western Region finds fusion 10.1117/1.JRS.11.036022 results to be “remarkably good.” 35 Fusion 36 37 Not using a solar avoidance time for t0 could fill in this gap

38 Loop: mp4 10-Jan-2019

3 mid-level water vapor bands loop (animated gif) 39 Loop: mp4 16-Jan-2019

Visible (animated gif) 40 Loop: mp4 18-Jan-2019

Topo and water vapor loop (animated gif) 41 Realtime Clear-sky Weighting Fucntions

http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/wf/ 42 Loop: mp4 19-Feb-2019

GOES-17 Band 10 and 9 loop (animated gif) 43 Loop: mp4 28-Feb-2019

Visible loop (animated gif) 44 Loop: mp4 01-May-2019

GOES-17 and -15: Vis and SWIR loop (animated gif) 45 Loop: mp4 02-May-2019

Vis and SWIR loop (animated gif) 46 Continuity

GOES-1 GOES-2 GOES-3 GOES-4 GOES-5 GOES-6 (1975) (1977) (1978) (1980) (1981) (1983)

GOES-7 GOES-8 GOES-9 GOES-10 GOES-11 GOES-12 (1987) (1994) (1995) (1997) (2000) (2001)

GOES-13 GOES-14 GOES-15 GOES-16 GOES-17 (2006) (2009) (2010) (2016) (2018)

47 http://www.goes-r.gov GOES-R Series Products ABI L1b Product ABI L2+ Products (con’t) GLM L2 Product Radiances Downward S/W Radiation: Lightning: Events, Groups, Surface Flashes ABI L2+ Products Fire/Hot Spot Characterization Cloud and Moisture Imagery SEISS L1b Products (KPP) Hurricane Intensity Estimation Energetic Heavy Ions Aerosol Detection (Smoke & Dust) Land Surface Temperature Magnetospheric e-/p+: Low Energy Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) Legacy Vertical Moisture Profile Plus from the ABI - + (Pathfinders) Clear Sky Mask Legacy Vertical Temperature Magnetospheric e /p : High Profile Energy Aerosol Particle Size Cloud Particle Size Distribution Cloud Layers/Heights Rainfall Rate/QPE Solar & Galactic Protons Cloud Top Height Ice Thickness Reflected S/W Radiation: TOA EXIS L1b Product Low Cloud and Fog Cloud Top Phase Ice: Concentration Sea Surface Temperature Solar Flux: EUV Cloud Top Pressure Ice: Motion Snow Cover Solar Flux: X-ray Irradiance Cloud Top Temperature Total Precipitable Water SUVI L1b Product Derived Motion Winds Volcanic Ash: Detection and Solar EUV Imagery Derived Stability Indices Height MAG L1b Product Geomagnetic Field For GOES-17, scheduled only the G17 DMWs and Fire-Hot-Spot over NOAAPort, which may be added to the SBN in June. 49 50 51 AWIPS Procedures: Consider showing an RGB with the readout from a Quantitive Product Currently only from GOES-16 since the GOES-17 Level 2 products aren’t provisional and/or in AWIPS Three examples of showing an RGB, but adding the cursor read-out from a Derived Product

• Fire Temperature RGB • With derived Fire Temperature • With derived Fire Power • With derived Fire Area

• Day Cloud Phase Distinction RGB • With derived Cloud Top Phase All four added to the Vlab STOR • Air Mass RGB • With derived Total Precipitable Water for the NWS (for GOES-16)

• Day Convection RGB • With derived Cloud Optical Depth

Now one can readout the derived fire attributes (for non-meso sectors) • Currently only from GOES-16 since the GOES-17 Level 2 products aren’t provisional and/or in AWIPS Different RGB colors, both ice clouds

(due to different solar lightning)

Similar RGB colors, but one is liquid water and the other super-cooled droplets Similar RGB colors, but one is liquid water and the other super-cooled droplets Vlab STOR (Satellite Training and Operations Resources)

• https://vlab.ncep.noaa.gov/web/ Some Procedures in the STOR • https://vlab.ncep.noaa.gov/group/stor/goes

62 http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/goesdata.html

GLM Calibration GOES-16 ABI Data (Free) Software (Free) Phone apps ABI Training / Education GOES-R Series web sites ABI Info Level 2 -- Derived Products, etc. Space Weather Conclusions The Advanced Baseline imagers continue the critical continuity of geostationary imagers and have large positive societal impacts, given its improved temporal, spatial, spectral and radiometric attributes.

Impact areas include, but are not limited to: • weather (clouds, q, winds, temperatures), • Numerical Weather Prediction, • severe weather, • hazards (volcanic ash plumes), • aviation (turbulence), • environmental (fires, burn scars), • health (smoke), • oceanographic (SST), • cryosphere, • land, etc. http://www.goes-r.gov 64 http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/goesdata.html [email protected]

Lockheed Martin NASA +

Sean Bodley Thank you for = your service!

GOES-16 ABI imagery wasn’t operational until Dec 18, 2017; some GOES-17 imagery shown is preliminary, non65 - operational.