Optical Computing: an Introduction

International Journal of Scientific Advances

ISSN: 2708-7972 Volume: 2 | Issue: 1 | Jan - Feb 2021 Available Online: www.ijscia.com DOI: 10.51542/ijscia.v2i1.6

Optical Computing: An Introduction

Matthew N. O. Sadiku1*, Tolulope J. Ashaolu2, and Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi,3 and Sarhan M. Musa1

1Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA 2College of Food Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China 3Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Central State University, Wilberforce, OH, USA Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; smmusa @pvamu.edu

*corresponding author details: Professor Matthew N. O. Sadiku; [email protected]

ABSTRACT Optical computing is the use of optical systems to perform numerical computations or process information. It is the science of making computing work better using optics and related technologies. Optical computers are computers of the future that use of light particles called photons. They come as a solution of miniaturizing problem. They are the most feasible devices that can replace electronic computers with impressive speeds. This paper provides a brief introduction to optical computing.

Keywords: optical computing; photonic computing; quantum computing; optical information processing

INTRODUCTION Optical computing (or photonic computing) refers to the • Application-specific devices design of digital computer systems and interconnections Devices such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR), optical using optical/optoelectronic technologies. It is the use of transistor, optical turing machine, antiballistic missile electromagnetic radiation to process information. It uses (ABM), and optical correlators use the principles of optical photons in visible light or infrared to perform digital computing. computation instead of electrons used in conventional computers [1]. • Digital communication Optical computing has given rise to fiber-optic communications, Optical computing is inherently quantum computing. Each fiber-optical local area networks, and digital communications, photon is a quantum of a wave function describing the where fiber optic data transmission has become commonplace. entire system [2]. In some devices the energy of electrons Optical fibers make optical interconnections and devices can be converted to photons and vice versa. An optical practical. They are immune to EMI and have been replacing computer might someday be developed that can perform metallic wired media. Today, optic computing technology has operations 10 or more times faster than a conventional no challenger in the domain of telecommunications with the electronic computer and be smaller in size. optical fibers and optical cables, the wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), the optical amplifiers and the switches. Optical computing is a multidisciplinary area involving a The ultimate goal is the so-called photonic network. spectrum of expertise in optical physics, materials science, optical engineering, electrical engineering, computer • Digital optical computing architecture, and computer theory [3]. Researchers around In order to compete efficiently with the digital electronic the globe are exploring the frontiers of computing with computers, a very important research effort has been photons instead of electrons. The main objective is to devise directed toward digital optical computing. In this a special-purpose machine that can better handle problems application, a digital computing scheme is utilized as the that do not lend themselves well to electronics or a machine foundation. Information is represented by discrete signals that will be more impervious to undesired crosstalk or and is processed in the same manner as in digital electromagnetic interference (EMI) [4]. electronics. Thus, digital optical computing is suitable for cooperating with the current electronic technologies [6]. Optical computing can be used to perform a variety of operations on signals. Several processing operations have • Integrated Optics proven to be more efficient with optical techniques than This is attractive due to its potential for high switching speeds with their electronic counterparts. These include Fourier and its compatibility with fiber-optic communication links. It transforms, convolution, correlation, and spectrum analysis. is basically a planar optical analog of electronic integrated However, optical signal processors are inflexible compared circuits. Integrated optics technology is capable of fabricating with electronic computers [5]. guided-wave structures, electrooptic devices, sources, and detectors in a planar array. Integrated optics devices have APPLICATIONS the same logic and signal processing capabilities as To exploit the differences between photons and electrons, semiconductor chips [7] optical computing has been applied in several areas.

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International Journal of Scientific Advances ISSN: 2708-7972

Other applications include massive parallel processing, REFERENCES medical imaging, and optical supercomputer. [1] “Optical computing,” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_computing BENEFITS The major benefit of optical computing comes from the [2] B. Vasavi, C. Bhargava, and K. H. Chowdary,” Optical many advantages that optical interconnections and optical computing alternative for high speed interconnectivity integrated circuits have over their electronic counterparts. and storage,” International Journal of Information and The advantages of optical computing include [8]: Communication Technology Research, vol. 2, no. 2, February 2012, pp. 112-121. • Parallelism Light has inherent parallelism when it propagates. [3] D. Woods and T. J. Naughton, “Optical computing,” Parallelism is needed in massively parallel processing in Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 215, 2009, modern computers. The parallel nature of light offers two pp. 1417–1430. dimensionalities in data representation. [4] T. E. Bell, “Optical computing: a field in flux,” IEEE • High Speed Spectrum, August 1986, pp.34-38. The highest speed is attained by using light as the medium of information in the material of interest. The speed and [5] F. T. S. Yu, “Hybrid optical computing,” IEEE parallelism of light enable very high data rates, especially Potentials, December 1987, pp. 34-37. for signal processing and pattern recognition tasks. [6] J. Tanida and Y. Ichioka, “Digital optical computing,” • High-bandwidth Progress in Optics, vol. 40, 2000, pp. 77-114. Light inherently has large information capacity. When compared with radio frequency or microwaves used in the [7] A. A. Sawchuk and T. C. Strand, “Digital optical conventional communication, light has from thousands to computing,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 72, no. 7, July millions of times information capacity. The need for 1984, pp. 758-779. greater bandwidth driven by streaming video and other data intensive applications has been steadily pushing the [8] J. Tanida and Y. Ichioka, “Optical computing,” The optical link speed to the 100Gb/s domain. Optics Encyclopedia, Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2007, pp. 1883- 1902. • Noninteraction Light propagates in free space without interaction [9] P. Ambs, “Optical Computing: A 60-Year Adventure,” between light waves emitted from different sources. This Advances in Optical Technologies, 2010. is due to the fact that photons do not interfere with one another since they are uncharged particles. Optical [10] M. A. Karim and A. A. Awwal, Optical Computing: An computing is immune to EMI. Introduction. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1992.

CHALLENGES [11] D. G. Feitelson, Optical Computing: A Survey for Although optical computing has been an active area of Computer Scientists. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988 research for over several decades, solutions have been elusive due to many challenges. Designing free-space ABOUT THE AUTHORS optical computing architectures is a challenge due system complexity, high cost, and lack of availability of devices. Matthew N.O. Sadiku is a professor emeritus in the

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Optoelectronic devices lose 30% of their energy converting Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas. He is the electronic energy into photons and back. Optical computing author of several books and papers. His areas of research uses a coherent source which may cause imperfections or interests include computational electromagnetics and dust on the optical components and create unwanted computer networks. He is a fellow of IEEE. interference.

Tolulope J. Ashaolu is a researcher at Southwest University. CONCLUSION He is the author of several papers and a book. His research Optical computing systems are fundamentally different interests include functional foods and food microbiology from electronic systems. As electronics reaches its natural, technical limits, optics alone offers massive parallelism. Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi is a professor in the Department of Optical computing offers the possibility of non von Manufacturing Engineering at Central State University in Neumann architectures with different mechanisms for Wilberforce, Ohio. In 2015 he was honored by the White interconnections and communications. House as a Champion of Change for his significant

contributions to the engineering education of minority Optical computing is a well-established area with several students. He is a senior member of both the Society of books and scientific journals. A brief historical review of Manufacturing Engineers and the American Society for optical computing is provided in [9]. For more information, Quality. the interested reader should consult [10-12] and other books on the subject available at Amozon.com. One should Sarhan M. Musa is a professor in the Department of also consult the three journals exclusively devoted to Electrical and Computer Engineering at Prairie View A&M optical computing: Journal of Modern Optics, Advances in University, Prairie View, Texas. He has been the director of Opto Electronics, and Advances in Optical Technologies. Prairie View Networking Academy, Texas, since 2004. He is

an LTD Sprint and Boeing Welliver Fellow. His areas of research interests include computational. He has been the [6] director of Prairie View Networking Academy, Texas, since 2004. He is an LTD Sprint and Boeing Welliver Fellow. His research interests in computational electromagnetics and computer networks.

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