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The Birds of Africa, Comprising All the Species Which Occur in The

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The Birds of Africa, Comprising All the Species Which Occur in The : GlL. pVv\ THE \s <^ BIRDS OF AFRICA, COMPRISING ALL THE SPECIES WHICH OCCUR ETHIOPIAN REGION. BY G. E. SHELLEY, F.Z.S., F.R.G.S., &c. (late grenadier guards), AUTHOR OP " A HANDBOOK TO THE BIRDS OF EGYPT," "A MONOGRAPH OF THE SUN-BIRDS," ETC. VOL. IV. PART I. LONDON PUBLISHED FOIt THE AUTHOR BY E. H. POETER, 7, PEINOES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W. 1905. CONTENTS. IV. CO* PAGE Genus I. Amadina 411. Amadina fasciata 412. ,, marginalis ... 413. „ erytbrocepbala Genus II. Philetaieus 414. Philetairus socius 415. „ arnaudi 416. „ dorsalis ... 417. ,, emini 418. „ cabanisi ... Genus III. Nigrita 419. Nigrita fusconota 420. „ uropygialis 421. ,, bicolor... 422. ,, brunneseens ... 423. „ canieapilla 424. ,, diabolica 425. „ ernilias 426. ,, sehistacea 427. ,, luteifrons Genus IV. Padda 428. Padda oryzivora Genus V. Ueoloncha 429. Uroloncha caniceps ... 430. ,, cantans Genus VI. Ortygospiza 431. Ortygospiza polyzona . 432. „ atricollis ... Genus VII. Spbemestes 433. Spermestes fringilloides 434 bicolor 435. poensis 436. nigriceps 437. minor 438. cucullatus 439. scutatus . 440. nana Genus VIII Nesochaeis 441. Nesocbaris sbelleyi Genus IV. Chloeesteilda ... 442. Chlorestrilda ansorgei... 443. ,, capistrata Genus X. Ur^ginthus 444. Ursegintbus granatinus . CONTENTS V. page PAGE 486. Hypargos margaritatus 240 504. Pytelia phoeuicoptera... 266 487. ,, niveiguttatus 240 505. „ ,, emini 266 488. ,, dybrowskii 242 506. ,, lineata... 267 242 489. , nitidulus 507. ,, hypogrammica 268 : 490. ,, harterti 244 508. ,, afra 269 Genus XIV. Lagonosticta 245 509. ,, citerior... 270 491. Lagonosticta cinereovinacea 246 510. ,, ,, jessei ... 270 492. rnelanogastra 247 511. ,, melba ... 273 493. polionota 249 512. ,, „ kirki ... 273 494. rhodopareia 513. „ ,, soudanensis 273 (PI. xxxiv 250 Genus XVI. Ceyptospiza ... 276 495. congica ... 251 514. Cryptospiza salvadorii 277 496. jamesoni 252 515. ,, reichenowi 278 497. rubricata 254 516. ,, australis ... 279 498. landanas ... 255 517. ,, jaeksoni (Pl.xxxv 280 499. senegala . 256 518. ,, shelley i ... • 280 500. brunneiceps 258 Genus XVII. Pyeenestes ... 281 501. rendalli ... 260 519. Pyrenestes sanguineus 282 502. rufopicta 262 520. ,, coccineus ... 282 503. rhodopsis 264 521. ,, ostrinus 284 Genus XV. Pytelia 264 522. ,, minor 287 LIST OF PLATES—VOL. IV., PART I. PAGE Plate XXIX., fig. 1. Pyromelana ladoensis ... 53 fig. 2. Coliuspasser soror Plate XXX., fig. 1. Urobrachya zanzibariea ... 64 fig. 2. ,, affinis, Cab. Plate XXXI. Anomalospiza rendalli (Tristr.) ... 108 Plate XXXII. fig. 1. Estrilda rhodopyga fig. 2. „ vinacea, $ ... 205 fig. 3. ? fig. 1. Plate XXXIII., Coecopygia bocagei, $ , 2 ... 236 fig. 2. Lagonosticta cinereovinacea Plate XXXIV., fig. 1. ,, rhodopareia ... 250 fig. 2. Pytelia citerior Plate XXXV., fig. 1. Pyrenestes minor fig. 2. Cryptospiza jacksoni ... 280 fig. 3. ,, sbelleyi ; LINURGUS CONCOLOR 1 Linurgus concolor. Amblyospiza concolor, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1888, pp. 229, 232 St. Thomas Isl. ; Sharpe, Cat. B.M. xiii. p. 670 (1890) ; Shelley, B. Afr. I. No. 458 (1896). Neospiza concolor, Salvad. Ace. E. Sc. Torino, 1903, p. 26 ; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1904, p. 80 St. Thomas Isl.; Beichen. Yog. Afr. iii. p. 278 (1904). Adult. Very similar in colouring to L. rufibrunneus, but a much larger bird. Entire plumage rufous brown, with ill-defined blackish centres to the feathers of the forehead, crown, hind neck and mantle ; wings and tail, with the exception of the edges of the feathers, darker brown ; under surface of the quills silvery brown, slightly paler on the inner margins ; under wing-coverts rufous brown like the entire under parts. "Iris pale brown bill dusky brown, with the under mandible whitish ; feet brown." Total 1*0. length 8 inches, culmen 0-90, wing 4'2, tail 1-9, tarsus $ , 9. 90. Rio Quija (F. Newton). The Great Brown Short-tailed Finch is confined to the Island of St. Thomas. The species was discovered by Mr. F. Newton, who informs us that it is known to the natives of the island as the " Enjolo." On the east coast he procured two specimens at the Rio Quija, which runs through the large forest at Ango- lares, and he observed it on the west coast at St. Miguel. I overlooked the affinities of this bird when I published my third volume of the " Birds of Africa," presuming that it had been rightly assigned to the genus Amblyospiza, where it remained until Count Salvadori pointed out that it is a true Finch, and proposed to make it the type of a new genus Neospiza (Ace. R. Sc. Torino, 1903, p. 26). This species appears to me not to be generically distinct from Linurgus rufibrunneus, Gray, and Phseospiza thomensis, Bocage, both of which I have referred to the genus Linurgus, Reichenbach. It comes into my key (B. Afr. III., p. 172) : "a. Plumage nearly uniform tawny brown, darker above than below." 1 1 concolor. ft . Wing under Add. a . Larger, wing over 4 inches, 3"5 inches, rufibrunneus and thomensis. [October, 1904. ! Section III. FBINGILL^ (continued.)* Family II. PLOCEIDiE. Bill strong and Pinch-like, with the culmen extending back in a wedge between the sides of the frontal feathers ; edges of the mandibles smooth, excepting in Pyrenestes. Nasal aperture rounded and impinged upon by the frontal feathers. Wings of ten primaries, the first a bastard-primary. Tail of twelve feathers, variable in form, and sometimes differ in the sexes according to the season. Tarsi and toes moderately strong, and the claws curved and sharply pointed. The name of Weaver-bird has been given to the members of this family on account of their peculiar habit of weaving together the materials with which they construct their solid and often beautiful nests. When on reeds or in trees they are often suspended in colonies, and the entrance passage is frequently formed like a sleeve, varying from a few inches in length up to about five feet. Others will construct in company a single substantial root for the protection of a whole colony. The family is confined to the tropical portion of the Old World. Some 250 species (more than two-thirds) inhabit the Ethiopian region, and only about ten of these range beyond its boundary. The members of this family may be readily distinguished from all the other Ethiopian Finches, not only by the well- marked first primary being shorter than all the others, but also by the bare culmen extending back so as to divide the feathers of the forehead into two portions. With regard to the English names, I have endeavoured to make them useful by restricting certain ones to well-marked divisions. * Vol. III., p. 140. , PLOCEIDJE 3 The Viduinas include the Combasous (Hypochera), Whydahs {Vidua, Coliuspasser and Urobrachya), Bishop-birds (Pyromelana and Anomalospiza), and the Dioches (Quelea). The Estrildinae include the Ribbon Waxbills (Amadina), Social Waxbills (Philetairus), Negro Finches (Nigrita), Silver- bills (Uroloncha), Mannikins (Ortygospiza, Sperrnestes and Neso- charis), Cordon-blues (Urseginthus), Waxbills (Estrilda, Gocco- pygia and Ghlorestrilda), Twin-spots (Hypargus), Fire-finches (Lagonosticta), Pjtelias (Pytelia), Crimson-wings (Cryptospiza) and the Notch-billed Waxbills (Pyrenestes). The Ploceinse include the Blue-billed Weavers (Spermo- spiza), Grosbeak-Weavers (Amblyospiza) , White-headed Weavers (Dinemellia), Buffalo - Weavers (Textor), Sparrow Weavers (Plocepasser), Anaplectes (Anaplectes), Malimbes (Malimbus), Black Weavers (Melanopteryx), Dark-backed Weavers (Syco- brotus), Black-winged Weavers (Heterhyphantes), Spectacled Weavers (Hyphanturgus), Slender-billed Weavers (Sitagra), Masked Weavers (Hyphantornis, Pachyphantes and Othyphantes), Golden Weavers (Xanthophilus), and the Fodies (Foudia). KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES. a. Bastard-primary very small, narrow and finely pointed, not reaching beyond the end of the primary coverts. 1 a . Mantle striped in some stages of plumage ; hind claw longer and more slender ; generally with some of the inner feathers of the wing lanceolate ; tail-feathers often obtusely pointed. The plumage of the males after the autumn moult usually resembles that of the females ; but after the spring moult generally differs entirely Viduina. VTDUINiE 1 b . Mantle never striped ; hind claw shorter and stouter ; none of the inner feathers of the wing lanceolate ; tail-feathers never obtusely pointed. Plumage very similar in both sexes at all times of the year . Estrildince. Bastard-primary larger, broader and not sharply pointed ; tail always square or rounded Ploceina. Subfamily I. VIDUINiE. Bill stout, shorter than the head and varying in colour according to the season. Wing with a bastard-primary which is very small, narrow and sharply pointed. Young birds, females, and adult males after the autumn moult have the tail square or rounded, and the plumage very Lark-like in colouring ; the males for the breeding season (Quelea excepted) assume a totally different and more beautiful plumage, and often the shape and size of the tail greatly alter. The species mostly breed on or near the ground in marshy places, and construct an oval, domed nest of grass. The fifty-three known species of this subfamily are all confined to Tropical and South Africa. This subfamily is particularly subject to a law of Nature, very little understood, by which its members are liable to vary somewhat in colouring. For instance : to this law is due the variation in the colour of the bill in members of the genus Hypochera ; the presence or absence of black feathers on the chin in Vidua serena ; the scarlet or pale yellow colouring of the collar in Goliuspasser
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