Iron-Rich Clay Minerals on Mars

1989LPSC...19..423B volcanic pheric poorly-crystallized Banin ferric caps geomorphic warmer buried presume surface. day day on distributed lost dominated inlpacts Relatively minerals, unstable, Zolotov, Carr, (palagonite: on argue Gooding, (Burns, 1981). Houston, 1 Also Iron-rich Mars Certain Mars ancient hydrogen, minerals minerals, and at that sulfates 1987,) ground water; et The 1his were currently than rocks TX is the © 1986, 1987; that hydroxides, aJ., day n that and 1986) ground therefore wet the (e.g., on Mars 77058-4399 Lunar circumstantial e.g., evidence Lunar opinion the 1988, at unknown presumably could as leading the in such water for minerals, so dry, other or present. Newsom, substitution Allen ordered Fe free discussed of of can otherwise involves oxygen. need nondestructively by is cold, are ancient Clay present an that lacks Although and form ferrous ice this widespread and clays cold for warm as summarized amorphous generation lose still or and overall zeolites, the to INTRODUCTION is for sulfates dry et many Planetary reaction and OH-bearing ancient jarosite more be quantities brines not chemical particularly Did heated standing of dinlate only aJ., martian Basaltic hydrogen, clays be flowing inlportant Minerals widespread difficult martian dinlates and evidence 1980) below. treated Planetary climates direct altered in Fe review Department shared this 1981) forming ( detail hydrated proton 3 over by, e.g., of (e.g., contrasts +o(Fe to ( hydrous clay have and Institute, Proceedings cf. happen equivalents oxygen of below terranes to weathered climate to evidence volcanism Indicators high phases) and water of surface. e.g., geologic ( of and produce Pollack reviews and explain. by for on Mars references reversibly, basaltic Brass, smectites, 2 hydrous minerals water in +0H)_ recently and martian at at perhaps temperatures. salts, some with days iron-rich ferric Clark and during ( perhaps volcanic Institute of about phases 3303 or see or was can on Copyright makes are electron of is If time could, 1 1980), ("palagonite") In Geology, a may , hydrogen by tbe lacking, the and so, and et near abundant glass). significant Banin, and act equivalent volcanic researchers clays phases. ideal both any weathering): at and may NASA been the below), also Mars: the standing Squyres, 19th aJ., irreversible they be as relatively such palagonite day zeolites clay melt-forming case, Sidorov 1989, the in or Viking migration sources wetter ( Lunar same for In form present be indirect Van of especially Arizona 1987) However, proposed Road for 1986 may polar if • minerals minerals Hydrous theory, inlpact- this martian return). Lunar as making exposed glasses so widely atmos- to propellant Provided water Hydrogen and 1984; D. M.Burt1 are Hart, time. Potential (e.g., gas from low have who and day that class or One, and and nature minus ice and evidence ( a to Planetary as widespread State through sinks exchange metastable dehydrogenated temperatures. Planetary to of for Banin, copic of Kodama ferric other aJ., martian even and aJ., other et disprove the matched water ( synthesized (Labelled clay Other cold compared normal difficult atomic ( reaction 1983) 1986; use for University, Gooding, e.g., destructive 2. 4. 3. 6. aJ., 1. 5. Science suggests Mars 1988). 1987). hydrogen the by ( observed mineral Singer, and experiments Institute, Hunt although Although The Experimental Cold-climate Iron-rich vapor, under Harder, on mineral ferric clay iron 1976; studies Decarreau studies H. 1986; have weathering is the Sources crystal as soil, the Conference, dust; soil Loss dry the The and of unusually This with minerals, Release temperatures that substituted 1978) extract et Tempe, oxy-clays "oxy-clays") martian Houston potential in Toulmin structures present dehydroxylation ("hydrogen 1985) NASA conditions tended Banin consisting relatively clay as reversible, combinations al. that 1978, later results; Foscolos, ( iron-rich structure, initial "oxy-clay'' the zeolites smectites e.g., on measured over (1973) et the mineral pp. apparently field AZ montmorillonite experiment) studies surface. products laboratory sinlulations et formed Mars? refined are aJ., Berkley 1986; Al-poor interest 423-432 to martian hydrogen et equilibrium large 85287-1404 or Astrophysics al., for palagonites becomes gain sponges"). clay studies and dominantly low-temperature aJ., found minimize are 1987), more 1981; and substitution concluded Time The 1988). and interlayer hypothesis masses Sinks Fberl, Such ( by (H20-loss) minerals by salts could 1977; calculations for decreased summarized it and of and ruled therefore surface from dehydrogenation observations in by at ambiguous indicate the the Claridge other clays although basaltic progressively of in indicate the of 1986; Ferrous temperatures the Clark Drake, not Fe-rich thermodynamic the electrolysis- fail it, weathering of out Viking soil the or best for ( cations Arctic (H on releasing or conditions coupled be suffered (Banin, Fe-rich iron-rich poorly- inlportance occurs this 2 nature would Decarreau that abundant predict et -loss) other rocks, Viking Data the and clays by excluded formation matched 1981; that composition are aJ., Hydrogen but XRF and Singer test iron-rich duplicate basis smectites slower Cambell, 1982), products. even 1986; smectites System Antarctic have close their lander Gibson analyses, clays ( (Zolensky smectites summary of calculations the and et of of under and Banin presence spectros- aJ., failed although days to ordered days most can spectra Bonin, ( 1984). results of et Baird more 0° 1979 ( with best e.g., the the are aJ., be or to in as of et et C 423 1989LPSC...19..423B 424 and lubricants. liquefaction history well surficially of out about amorphous clay discussion gain ite" weathering hisingerite be abundant as or affect and igneous is minerals nontronite-like rich; 7. Some If more berthierine crystallographic trioctahedral either OH-bearing the of formation or Prior, Some crystallographically-ordered, © ordered 1: how surface Delvigne 1 ( 1 of Proceedings 1~ rocks Lunar of likely widespread ( Mars stable dioctahedral e.g., serpentine- below). on and martian the 1981 "palagonite"), from or of "hungry'' (e.g., talc, ( or Mars, to clay "iddingsite" sapping on or iron-rich, phases, i.e., above mineral iron-rich ( ); et Fe-rich and e.g., cronstedtite form beneath of 2. 3. the pyrophyllite, 1. surface order that al, Velde, a formation tbe formation Name Berthierine Celadonite Greenalite Ferrimontmorillonite Ferripyrophyllite Fe Fe3+ Nontronite Siderophyllite eg., Chamosite Cronstedtite Montdorite Many Both Minnesotaite Ferriannite they and it saponite clay observations surface ( Planetary 2 as of during 1979). 19th e.g., + to is, clays Fe-saponite Fe-celadonite Fe-montmorillonite -only -only is hydrous silica-poor does Fe or 1985). kaolinite-group) clay-rich commonly others: the lose features need of mineral) to by 2 Lunar nontronite +and something Burns, (potential or (potential are surface ); of weathering For get mainly hydrogen, not the and of clay-like Fe3+ the not Smectites iron-rich Mars, and phase more clay TABLE the may that regolith micas) affect fact argue Institute rocks (potential latter 1986; or assumed. Planetary of consist H-sinks) concern H-sources) purposes minerals and but best in likely is hydrogen poorly Mars. that 1. minerals, but the against crystallographically of are between clay group also and clay such ( montmorillonite) they Some be e.g., it Al-poor clays ability H-sources to relatively The dominantly Science probably Smectites minerals other the ordered explained whether minerals early of form • do as Nummedal iron-rich present-day of the arguments back are ''bowling- Provided hydrogen ( (Fei+AI F~+sip F~+Sig0 Kz(Fe~+Al (Fel+pe~+)(Ftj+Si 2·(Fe~+ KzF~+ Fe K,.(Fei+pe~~xD K,.Fet+ basalt minerals not of e.g., Conference 2:1 basaltic 2 degree during in + or silica- -Fe good a does such ( rule ( clay sinks) can phyllosilicates that the the the see are Fe- i.e, Al) (Fe~+Sii;)0 (F~+Sis-x)0 2 by 3 Formula of ) 20 10 + A 2 (Ali5i (0H)s analogs ( ) ( OH)4 Sig0 AIS (Fe~+Sis-x)0 (Al Newman, ferric, variety occur behavior Brindley discussed minnesotaite leads irreversible reaction workers), In substitution and consumed, original operator 1986), by recognized rehydration 2 3 4 2 )Sig0 20 OH)4 )0 Si )0 It Less (0H)4 2 20 4 of the )0 )0 the 10 10 (0H)4 20 is Sharp, Mg-Al ( 20 (0H)s (0H)4 10 to ferrous, OH)s 20 on widely well OH)4 ( OH)4 ( ( of OH)4 (0H)4 release OH)4 inasmuch clay; OH) in such DEHYDRATION and 2 NASA Astrophysics with o( might below. its notation 1987; is Mars, hydro-clay) iron-rich OH)4 clays: 0 leaving known 1963; 2(0H)· 8 (cf. the sometimes Brindley destructive Youell, as change 2 known, does ·(0H·)- and occur regard of Stucki fact as Rinne, Wones as a mixed that that behind indicated not on 1953; clays that molecule although 2 this and in et to , Mars. pyrolysis or :::: I allows al, really VS. dehydroxylation and 1924; a the hydrogen ferrous-ferric Eugster prefer minus Lemaitre, feature (phyllosilicates) (in ferrous an 1: 1:1 1:1 1988). Smectite 2:1 Oll.orite Smectite Smectite (Dioct.) Smectite 2:1 DEHYDROGENATION 1 the in Eugster, crystal fired Layer Layer Layer of Layer Mica Mica correspond oxide Mica Mica Mica Layer partial Orcel or H20. Table phenomenon (Burt, and water, 0 Data controls iron-bearing These heating product) (Trioct.) gain (Trioct.) (Trioct.) (Trioct.) (Trioct.) (Trioct.) (Trioct.) 2 (Di, (Dioct.) (Dioct.) (Dioct.) (Dioct.) (Dioct.) 1987). Trioct.) - Type ion structure Wones, 1965; and ( regeneration ( 1 Tri) cf. 1974), or are two System via and cf. Appleman of therefore In to Renaud, their loss. subdivided numerous +H20 a 1962; a hydroxyls Bailey, the has phyllosjlicate iron-talc, implying clay dehydration this ( Note predicted long although exchange Addison mineral of is might et 1941; 1986; been later into that (1) the the al., are an as

1989LPSC...19..423B

an an

a a

as as

( (

with with

water. water.

structure structure

ferrous ferrous reaction reaction

Scott Scott

wet wet

pressure pressure coupled coupled

Stucki, Stucki,

decrease decrease

(cf. (cf.

temperatures temperatures whereas whereas

source source below). below). hydrogen. hydrogen.

metastable metastable

involved. involved. the the oxygens) oxygens)

as as or or

dehydration dehydration

( (

such such

and and

( (

or or

the the

atomic atomic

vacuum vacuum

These These

internal internal

cronstedtite cronstedtite

Brindley Brindley

other other

clay clay

sponge, sponge,

( (

reverse reverse

as as

the the

and and

in in

1988), 1988),

of or or of

( (

iron iron

instead instead

hydro-clay) hydro-clay)

+ +

dehydrogenation dehydrogenation

1n 1n

of of

in in

reactions reactions and and

reactions reactions

hydrogen). hydrogen).

hydrogen hydrogen

The The

substitution substitution

or or

Fe3+(HFe

in in

of of

OH-bearing) OH-bearing)

+ +

If If

Amakinite Amakinite

Amonette, Amonette,

oxidation-reduction oxidation-reduction

Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)2

hydro-clay) hydro-clay)

hydrogen hydrogen

Lepidocrocite Lepidocrocite

+ +

Lunar Lunar

but but

reactions reactions

exchange exchange

(OH)-

ferric ferric

they they

of of

2FeO(OH) 2FeO(OH) inert inert

and and

Amakinite Amakinite

+ + (

( (

can can

to to

unit unit

the the

Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)2

net net

at at

sink sink

because because

reaction reaction

( (

becomes becomes

for for

OH)-

Table Table

oxidize oxidize

room room

do do

Youell, Youell,

similarly similarly

clay clay

gas, gas,

effect effect

have have

occur occur

cell cell

H2 H2

iron-bearing iron-bearing

released released

for for

+)_

+ +

so so

and and

in in

such such

The The

1988). 1988).

1/40

instead instead

operator operator

can can

= =

temperature temperature

1) 1)

only only

mineral mineral

mineral, mineral,

Fe from from

= =

its its

, ,

hydrogen, hydrogen,

( ( simple simple

parameters) parameters)

is is

its its

the the

3) 3)

or or

1953; 1953;

without without

reactions reactions

Lepidocrocite Lepidocrocite

as as

could could

Planetary Planetary

environment environment

reactions reactions

directly directly

to to

2 2

= =

be be

(in (in

FeO( FeO(

ferrous ferrous

proton proton

above). above).

combining combining

following following

(canceling (canceling

water, water,

1n 1n

1 1

Maghemite Maghemite

= =

of of

lower lower

-(Fe

( (

are, are,

Wustite Wustite

oxidized, oxidized,

oxy-clay) oxy-clay)

Brindley Brindley

oxide oxide

deprotonation) deprotonation)

"FeO" "FeO"

an an

( (

notation, notation,

H2O H2O

Fe2O3 Fe2O3

if if

( (

++ ++

theoretically theoretically

OH) OH)

in in

although although

Fe3+ Fe3+

oxy-clays oxy-clays

altering altering

exposed exposed

for for

depending depending

generate generate

oxidizing oxidizing

(2) (2)

for for

+oH-)_

oxy-clay) oxy-clay)

they they

and and

iron iron

A A

). ).

the the

are are

and and

+ +

example example -

ferrous-ferric ferrous-ferric

smectites; smectites;

with with

( (

and and Institute Institute

irons irons

electron electron

can can

and and

think think

hydroxyl hydroxyl

to to

as as

reversible, reversible,

+ +

this this

hydroxide hydroxide

+ +

· ·

the the

at at

there there

to to

1/2H2 1/2H2

, ,

hydrogen hydrogen

ferric ferric

tend tend

(3) (3)

H2O H2O

generate generate

in in

+ +

oxygen oxygen

Lemaitre, Lemaitre, atmosphere atmosphere

too) too)

or or

act act

on on

of of

relatively relatively

and and

change change

1/2H

overall overall

reaction reaction

have have

it it

migration migration

summary summary

(canceling (canceling

is is

as as

the the

to to

content content

( (

as as

heated heated

minus minus

interlayer interlayer

clay clay

• •

O O

either either

a a

to to

analogs; analogs;

so so

a a

analogs analogs

oxygen oxygen

absorb absorb

gas gas

crystal crystal

partial partial

is is

Provided Provided

partly partly

1987; 1987;

slight slight

such such

form form

such such

that that

low low

(2) (2)

(3) (3)

( (

(4) (4)

(5) (5)

(6) (6)

the the

via via

H° H°

6) 6)

in in

of of

in in

is is

a a

Dowty Dowty

respect respect

phase phase

respect respect

endmember endmember

ferrous, ferrous,

magnetite, magnetite,

Al's Al's

kinetic kinetic

also also

et et

Note Note a a vectors, vectors,

the the

or or

ferrous ferrous Hydrogen Hydrogen

(Bernal (Bernal

ionic ionic

quantified quantified

substitution), substitution),

trioctabedral trioctabedral

composition composition whereas whereas

see, see, (Fe2+oH-)_ (Fe2+oH-)_

soil soil

hydrogen hydrogen

possible possible

of of is is

trioctabedral trioctabedral The The

with with runs runs

Minnesotaite, Minnesotaite,

of of

perhaps perhaps

via via

Endmember Endmember

minnesotaite" minnesotaite"

atmospheres atmospheres

Gain Gain

derived derived

[]Al2Fe_

metastable metastable

these these

quartz), quartz),

few few

The The

An An

converted converted

Figure Figure

Fig. Fig.

these these

lose lose

al., al.,

simultaneous simultaneous

by by

substituting substituting

minerals minerals

intermediate intermediate

e.g., e.g.,

occur occur

interior interior

out out

that that

of of

its its

minutes minutes example example

and and

Amakinite Amakinite

substitutions, substitutions,

is is

Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)2

1, 1,

problems problems

tendency tendency

et et

1977), 1977),

to to

3 3

hydrogen hydrogen

ferric, ferric,

to to

et et

from from

hydrogen hydrogen the the

even even

compositions compositions

ferripyrophyllite, ferripyrophyllite,

iron iron

magnetic magnetic

under under

the the

of of

Bailey, Bailey,

would would

2 2

to to

normal normal

thereby thereby

wustite wustite

other other is is

al., al.,

loss loss

a a

al., al.,

is is

phase phase

goethite, goethite,

on on

is is

1 1

hydrogen before before hydrogen

by by

mixture mixture

indicated indicated

the the

by by

of of

composition composition

of of

pyrophyllite, pyrophyllite,

of of

a a

NASA NASA

2:1 2:1

as as

rather rather

a a

the the

as as

substitution) substitution)

and and

maghemite, maghemite,

1986), 1986),

1959). 1959).

remove remove

in in

( (

oxide, oxide,

via via

substitution), substitution),

magnetic magnetic

the the

of of

and and

gas gas

similar similar

the the

minnesotaite minnesotaite

treating treating

relatively relatively

compositions compositions

a a

trioctabedral trioctabedral

for for

a a

make make

1988) 1988)

clay clay

of of

air air

tend tend

( (

produced produced

obviously obviously

complement complement

substitution substitution

1:1 1:1

this this

products products by by

the the

vector vector

ferrous ferrous

+ +

equivalent equivalent

[]Al

and and

clay clay

allowing allowing

surface surface

giant giant

vertical vertical

triangle triangle

VECI'OR VECI'OR

a a

than than

three three

such such

at at

that that

of of

1/402 1/402

akageneite, akageneite,

ferripyrophyllite ferripyrophyllite

Such Such

(actually, (actually,

and and

although although

Burt: Burt:

(7 (7

given given

by by

last last

Data Data Astrophysics

approach approach

predictions predictions

hydrogen hydrogen

to to

representation representation

room room

Fe Fe

to to

Fe_ or or

might might

is is

planets), planets), dimorph dimorph

the the

a a

gain gain

of of

A A

high high

lepidocrocite lepidocrocite of of

hydroxyl hydroxyl

containing containing

as as

soil soil

and and

as as

mineral, mineral,

ferrous ferrous

3 3

type type

converted converted

Hydrogen Hydrogen

gain gain

iron iron

of of

vector vector

single single

depends depends

could could

in in

= =

can can structurally structurally

or or

idealized idealized

iron-bearing iron-bearing

have have

(an (an

all all

unit unit

a a

temperature temperature

that that

in in

length length

a a

have have

MgFe

DIAGRAMS DIAGRAMS

Mars Mars

clay clay

( (

coupled coupled

occur occur

Lepidocrocite Lepidocrocite

A1Fe reaction reaction

of of

(downward) (downward)

ferric ferric

hydrogen hydrogen

Burt, Burt,

the the

it it

serpentine-group) serpentine-group)

of of

oxide-hydroxide oxide-hydroxide

of of

composition composition

representation representation

hydrogen hydrogen

FeO(OH) FeO(OH)

is is

and and from from

octahedral octahedral

similarly similarly

is is

O4 O4

ferrous ferrous

length length

of of because because

has has

phase. phase.

its its

been been

reaction reaction

Fe3+Af_1 Fe3+Af_1

difficult. difficult.

irons, irons,

correspond correspond

not not

pyrophyllite, pyrophyllite,

hydroxyls. hydroxyls.

given given

can can

polymorphic polymorphic

ions. ions.

a a

+ +

( (

in in

+_I +_I

of of

hematite hematite

_ _

on on

e.g., e.g.,

at at

mineral, mineral,

1988). 1988).

on on

ferrous ferrous

by by

feroxyhyte, feroxyhyte,

modulated modulated

no no

"minnesotaite," "minnesotaite,"

1 ( ( 1

for for

would would

iron iron

lost lost

water water

been been

the the

low low

only only

( (

substitution substitution

its its is is

termed termed

the the

4) 4)

The The

Mars Mars

or or

(Al (Al

iron, iron,

representing representing

1n 1n

(Burt, (Burt,

in in

clay clay

pressures pressures

Fe-rich Fe-rich

Burns, Burns,

( (

iron iron

a a

clays clays

it it

hydrogen). hydrogen).

be be

to to

e.g., e.g.,

begins begins

vertical vertical

readily readily

polymorphic polymorphic

relative relative

is is temperatures, temperatures,

performed). performed).

a a

Fig. Fig.

vacancy vacancy

Fig. Fig.

or or

is is

lose lose

cation-deficient cation-deficient

horizontal horizontal

to to

iron iron

+ +

probably probably

( (

tendency tendency

ferripyrophyllite. ferripyrophyllite.

for for

can can

dioctabedral dioctabedral

( (

However, However,

metastable metastable

mineral mineral

experiments experiments

can can

( (

a a

to to

represented represented

1/2H2O 1/2H2O

for for

e.g., e.g.,

on on

lose lose

Burns, Burns,

System System

magnetite magnetite

Taylor, Taylor,

which which

stable stable

reactions reactions

1988). 1988).

1 1 b

1. 1.

2:1 2:1

relations relations

of of

compositions compositions

"green "green

hydrogen hydrogen

1980; 1980;

which which

a a

is is

clay clay

Mars Mars

only only

ferric ferric

to to

do do

vector vector

Mg Mg

At At

mixture mixture

and and

content content

Hargraves Hargraves

( (

oxidized), oxidized), the the

(upward) (upward)

structure; structure;

the the

as as

plus plus

a a

occur occur

Fe3+O

neither. neither.

the the

mineral mineral only only

being being

Mg Mg

amesite amesite

to to

in in

ferrous ferrous

gain gain

can can

1987); 1987);

1980). 1980).

and and

vector vector R?sey-

in in

ability ability

Other Other

could could

latter latter

"oxy-

rust" rust"

with with

bulk bulk

iron iron

gain gain

turn turn

may may

plus plus

(7) (7)

that that

two two

and and

-H". -H".

top top

the the

for for

be be

( (

on on

be be

in in

of of

as as

of of

it. it.

of of

it it

425 425

a a - 1989LPSC...19..423B 426 © Proceedings Lunar Al formed good occurs acting Fig. "minnesotaite", on 1. oxidants. of on the and (-H) upward by the Oxid'n. Vector "minnesotaite," -- composition hydrogen 19th Planetary t and pyrophyllite, -(OH)._ Lunar diagrams (OH), (OH),-- (OHb- reduction gain triangle. and __ where or for _ Planetary and Institute l~ (H [] dehydrogenation (b) ferripyrophyllite). "Minnesotaite" gain) from is an Three-dimensional Science downward. octahedral the (Fe~•)Si • normal Provided Conference Ferripyrophyllite 8 0 vacancy. and Figure 20 (a) formulas. (0H) = Planar rehydrogenation M vector 4 shows Derived by vector Compositions diagram metastable the vectors = F = diagram NASA Astrophysics (Al Pyrophyllite with of 4 parallel D phyllosilicate formed 2 simple with vertical )Si 8 0 basis lines 20 __(OH) (0H). by 2:1 axis = vectors of hydrogen compositions P phyllosilicates -JIO. constant 8 Oxidation []AlzFe..3 --- l~ Fe B A Data -- and theoretically might and (idealized (H constant FeAI.1 System make l~) 1989LPSC...19..423B © Lunar Three-dimensional Fig. (a) are (Mg extensive; Reciprocal 2. and 4 A1 Vet..'tor 2 )(Al Planetary Amesite such 2 Si ternary diagrams 2 )0, vector metastable 0 (0H) = plane A diagram for 8 Institute showing dehydrogenation clays with might compositions vertical (Fe~• make • Berthierine Provided Al good and axis 2 )(Al yielded rehydrogenation -II°. oxidants. 2 Si 2 = )0, Clay B by 0 by (0H)a compositions the the two of NASA substitution Mg-Al-Fe ~Fo'•Mg, yielded C Fe Fe - - - - . - - - t Astrophysics 2 2 Burt: •(1v) •(v1) phyllosilicates ------vectors by .- .- ,,,- ,,,- ,,,-(OH) -(OH),, _ Hydrogen Ale-Mg_, oxidation (OH) (OH)s (OH), (OH) (OH),o FeMg_, 6 8 9 related tn (H -. iron and Data Oxid'n t - Red'n. A loss, B to clays FeAL1. (+HI upward) amesite. System . on (b) Mars 427

1989LPSC...19..423B

428 428

Lunar Lunar

Proceedings Proceedings

and and

"Ferrimontmorillonite" "Ferrimontmorillonite"

montmorillonites montmorillonites

Fig. Fig.

substitution substitution

compositions compositions

of of

Planetary Planetary

Montmorillonite Montmorillonite

3. 3.

tbe tbe

K(MgAl

K(MgFe~+o

Vector Vector

19th 19th

X X X X

t I I I I t

vectors vectors

yielded yielded

Lunar Lunar

4-X 4-X

(dioctahedral (dioctahedral

diagrams diagrams

Institute Institute

MA MA

by by

)Si

and and

FeMg.1 FeMg.1

)SiaO2o(OH)4 )SiaO2o(OH)4

oxidation oxidation

Planetary Planetary

= =

for for

(OH)

= =

and and

"Oxy-Fe-montmorillonite" "Oxy-Fe-montmorillonite"

MA MA

smectites). smectites).

MF MF

dehydrogenation dehydrogenation

• •

(H (H

4 4

FeAL1. FeAL1.

Science Science

Provided Provided

loss, loss,

K(Fe

upward) upward)

3+ 3+

4 4

(b) (b)

(a) (a) K(Fe

"Fe-montmorillonite" "Fe-montmorillonite"

Conference Conference

K(Fe

"Nontronite" "Nontronite"

"Ferromontmorillonite" "Ferromontmorillonite"

Reciprocal Reciprocal

Three-dimensional Three-dimensional

+Fe~+D2)SiaO2o(OH)4 +Fe~+D2)SiaO2o(OH)4

+ +

AlaD2)SiaO2o(OH)4 AlaD2)SiaO2o(OH)4

and and

by by

are are

rather rather

the the

rehydrogenation rehydrogenation

ternary ternary

NASA NASA

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(OH) 20 4a, to MA (a) ( for (OH). = Fe3+). they will cronstedtite, Institute MF subtracting minnesotaite, 4 dehydrogenation Reciprocal are berthierine leads start total run extensive; can to out off Fe, only berthierine, ternary the with of vector • Ale·Mg. as can such berthie- ferrous Provided gain shown vector and eight plane only metastable diagram it, Ale-Mg. rehydrogenation 1 , showing putting figure. are derived rather "ferriamesite" sites. smectites difficulty with Figures 1 by clays initially compositions This vertical "Fe-saponite" the than KFe~•(Fe might the "Ferrosaponite" KFe~•(AISi,)O2o(OH). from "Lembergite" after of 3 difficulty (2:1 NASA four relatively more and Mg-Al-Fe axis make gaining them 3 .Si or hydroxyls clay -H°. 4 yielded good 7 hydrous )O are is Fe2.(iv) Fe -- cronstedtite ------Burt: -- Astrophysics are phyllosilicates 20 Clay large K(Fe~+Fe~·)(Fe3·Si,)O24 indicated 2 two; = minerals) (OH) +(vi) analogous oxidants. _ - by FF still Hydrogen mineral = 4 (OH), (OH)o (OH), (OH)s (OH) (OH) per ferrous the gaining so FA hydrous). two that doubled 5 4 by ..- compositions derived representations related substitution A should in ion the B the - the Oxid'n Red'n iron --- hatchured Data t in i last formula endmember In to (-HJ (+H) clays too-small from experience two sap<>nites gaining vectors yielded System on would unit; Mars dioctahedral plane for tetrahedral hydrogen, oxy-clays iron-rich i.e., require on extra they the 429 1989LPSC...19..423B 430 pressure hand, Dioctahedral montmorillonite formula) ferric could 4). micas nation of is the has hydrogens normal soon in iron metals to reactions. reactions side.) silicates could The in the In (This involving driving metastable, to weathering micas the rocks, clays.) over other do. 2) budget Analogous Acidity Do the Jf high the clays.) smectites, this water or What rehydrogenation interlayer ever carried surfuce dehydrogenation H results. © as geologic irons mainly Similarly, such is are number hydrous oxy-smectites 3 and of be metastably At capacity or number o+ reaction, formula) hydrogen of the the Proceedings from Lunar merely (Fig. variable such should does oxy-clays ( present, Everything given Mars. Acidity oxy-amphiboles ( duplicated unless in later metastable ( although that e.g., reaction pressure or IMPUCATIONS of as This ferric could igneous sites as representations the 3 as this alteration of time, Mars? minerals) the ); hydroxyls reaction of of can The dehydrogenated out in well be if Burns, and valence, and ferrous pressures, hydrogen trioctahedral the and above we of not gain a imply? of montmorillonites the pH-sensitive OH's is Burt lose possible be of {Figs. they such quantity in was mineral smectites, it stated the whether that (For rocks, ( as cannot water "hydrogen-hungry'' in deprotonation) Fe only Planetary metastable trioctahedral reduced. reverse would hydrogen it, 19th {2) of in (1988). reaction 1987) or that released might 3 has hydrous such an they + replacing 3 or this forming basaltic would acid especially hydroxyl but above and AND promotes is for Lunar experiment and know, with of formula occurred for it "oxy-anything" it as ferrous strongly are then have analogue if persist argument, metastably also ferric can H over groundwaters is Metastable has Mn. especially In the might APPLICATIONS 2 oxy-clays, two iron-bearing (To presumably and for minerals chemically if 0 volcanic "short" but metastable there are their all Institute influenced an normal ions be ferric are geologic is if subjected saponite, for of iron-rich saponites, ferrous Planetary my protons the let to cases, basic). no equivalent relatively limited be of ferrous-iron on oxy-serpentines a only dehydrogenation is millenia. that they knowledge, persisting clays a us reaction tetrahedral formation 4), ( variable clays "stuffing" in no or the hydrogen containing significant compared oxygens assume instead and the and it be weakly time, interlayer oxy-clays chemical impact-derived or formed added The could Science clays chlorites the critical by respectively. contains. to on • are Fe given permafrost. dehydroge- structurally number ferric the ( Provided the argument sufficient hydrogen poor occur in 3) clays that exposed exposed of be to of storage held Conference ferrous of no in by extent factor lesser is to other off other these extra force (Fig. each {Fig. sites iron oxy- oxy- they clay one and that (8) but For the ( the via on its of or as in have without probably present al., has samples extent Viking occurs a or of generation induced initially by theoretical metastably tendency more not not work reactions (3) crystallographic or as day discussions, H20 D. treatment might to have become be Lunar Such Space oxidized contact are Planetary National sponges: 1977; theoretical 1987), Admowledgments. The Iron-rich In peroxides. long-recognized Scott superoxides settlers oxygen. be sinks 1979 Mars). needed the been ). likely no above was acted suffered Research addition and likely metastable therefore Klein, treated However, gas alternative of for in the Aeronautics present with a Institute to surficial in sources terrestrial ); NASA wet for have and has performed are tested change Planetary a of for this useful exchange to S. interest. this generated generate ability of as Furthermore, the to absotption in to humid clays hydrogen. Wtlliams, been the 1978), water, if obviously dehydroxylated generation Association survive affected for ascertain such sources persist 02 reverse) hydrogen (e.g., works ferrous be to in Contribution reviews, phenomenon soils in oxidation of large atmosphere in oxy-clays Astrophysics "oxy-clay'' a and to by ascribed a Mars on Institute, while their the hydrogen atmosphere ( countetpart) nenl oxidation internal their preferable relatively to oxygen Oyama if even ( I absorb metastably S. by experimentally GEx) Space heating). having sampled most CONCT.USIONS of masses Mars, of thank and generate of This laboratory, if not and soil. Clifford, could under or the frost loss. silicate hydrogen crystal this intrinsic hydrogen potential after of which dry either Administration No. D. have storage ferrous experiment. J. yet could when author et hypothesis Jf hydrogen if pyrolusite, or ( oxy-clays concept ( small of Barron L Contract This route without weathering ( deprotonated) if so, 675. al., explain by e.g., mild Another R. (hardly reduced, structure, oxygen, Gooding than electrolysis well-known) ferric) soil crystal is the to or and G. have but 1977; humidified was the interest over Data iron-bearing of scientific rather operated return type metastable to for Brindley only would heating. Burns, isolated to potential, H ( No. if propellants. at electrolysis), a and from iron remove Vtking the drafting 2 herein is happened the Mn02 structures geologic Experimental and because 1bis visiting such such idea hydrogen of for least if of could would NASW-4066 System than (Huguenin, in to A. loss clays the tendency of by case oxidation presumably A. practical rocket water paper molecules volatiles; Previously, in Mars a interest, oxy-clays Banin, ( is and ( chemical it Banin the presented martian soil landers, the Oyama the scientist Blackburn phenomenon clays the lN if of the that depends indicate as conceivably they on time, figures. during is Universities peroxides placed are Lemaitre, explorers ( evolution fuel hydroxyl, peroxide exposure hydrogen or Lunar H for and reaction present- process. ( with or 2 of studies if of should would direct water much could 1982; being at et useful were such from their ( such any) have E. only 1bis and and this lN- the the has the and the the on al, in et R. 1989LPSC...19..423B Allen Addison Appleman Bailey Bailey Banin Banin Baird Burt Berkley Burt Brass Blackbum Bernal). Carr Clark Clark Claridge Burns Burns Brindley Brindley Burns hydroxylated basaltic Life Mineral. Ottawa, Mineral. Geol ( 347-369. Cambridge implications R. Antarctica. report. Programs, Nature, Minerals Lunar Origin substrate.] OrenbergJ. analog exchange Cambridge exchange clays tions. mineralogical reduction hydroxides products during chamosite. Monogr. Science Candelaria 370-378. Conf Geopbys. 1986) M. D. D. G. A C. P., B. B. A S. S. R. R. A, R. (A H. Soc. J. (abstract). W. K, M. In W. M. and C., 17th, C., W. C. D., G. G. (1986) W., studies. of and G. Science, © G. G. the XW, G. Crystal D. 285, glass: L Margulies ( Ontario, Mineral. T. Bull., Soc. 6, ( Toulmin (1974) ( and Res., 1987) Life G. W. Am., Gooding ( Baird G. Dasgupta of E. operator (A 1980) reaction: reactions (1987) Planetary (1980) 1986) 6; Lunar and New ed. W. Mineral. E., 1988) Wtley-Interscience, Univ., R., Univ., ( M. inJ Geophys. weathering B., Gooding of 1986) Am., 647. 674-676. C. and and basalts pp. Cairns-Smith of silicates. Van (A Towe A 4, 87, composition: C. P. Icarus, Abstr. Holland and (1988) Clays and chemistry Drake 194, A iron Zealand] Water and Geophys. terrestrial Stability Viking 742- 15-30. In ( Cambridge. Soc. Cambridge. layer 1962), Youell Concepts G. Sharp Rev. P., Vector D. 10059-10067. Hart 1982) K, Ferric J. Does L, Scattergood approach D.R., simulation Mag., of Institute, Hisingerite Lunar Lemaitre 1288-1293. K Cairns-Smith on Cambell m, on Res., and with L, and Am., 743. Newman, Weldon 45, J. clay M. on Ben-Shlomo in Gays silicate H. Hydrous M., D. REFERENCF.S Jercinovic of Clark J. 95-104. Mars geochemical Mars. feroxyhyte R. of Mineral., L sulfates Olemical Res., of J. 30, Mars. 231-249. representation and 84, Programs, l:heir Rev. C. D., Geol Lunar minerals. and H. and Toulmin dolerite analog E brines Planetary of a ( (1976) Palagonite Houston. (abstract). Qay 1981) 57- (1981) 8391-8394. I. unique (1953) J. MacKay B. 92, (abstract). and New (1963) R. In structures. acidity on Nature, in T. and Planetary B. H. Geopbys., ed.), structural phyllosilicates c., and 70. J., ( and on Qay Mineral., W. E570-E574. on lN-irradiated 1987) Miner. 19, to (1984) Ceasar M., composition York T., Hartman, Tsusaki Rose under occur In P., Weathering iddingsite: 18, Mars. Planetary (1988) ferro-ferri Mars. Mineralogic The H. the Ferrous and in AL pp. results Cbemistry and Minerals Redox 326; Carle ill, vs. Geol 528. press. Hartman, of H. In In Thermal, 27, soil (Proc. salts G. basicity Science on and Institute Icarus, Proc. 318-370. cold 19, Mineral Keil interrelationships. 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