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Contents Illustrations The Marquette Range Supergroup in the CONTENTS Gogebic Iron District, Michigan and Abstract..............................................................................2 Wisconsin Introduction ........................................................................3 By ROBERT GORDON SCHMIDT Acknowledgments ..........................................................4 Strata of Marquette Range Supergroup ............................4 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1460 Chocolay Group .............................................................5 Sunday Quartzite..................................................... 5 Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey Bad River Dolomite.................................................. 6 Division, Michigan Department of Natural Resources Menominee Group .........................................................6 Geologic description of the Precambrian X strata, Palms Formation ..................................................... 6 particularly the Ironwood Iron-formation, and of the Ironwood Iron-formation .......................................... 8 relationship between ore location and variations in Thin-bedded iron-formation..........................................9 sedimentary fades and metamorphic grade Thick wavy-bedded cherty iron-formation ....................9 Descriptions of the five members...............................12 Plymouth Member ..................................................12 Yale Member..........................................................15 Norrie Member .......................................................17 Pence Member.......................................................19 Anvil Member .........................................................21 Baraga Group...............................................................24 Tyler Formation ..................................................... 24 Ferruginous strata near the base ...............................24 Iron-formation within the Tyler Formation...................26 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1980 The main part of the Tyler Formation .........................27 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Metamorphism .................................................................27 CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary Structural geologic history ...............................................28 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY H. William Menard Director Economic geology of the iron-formation ..........................30 References Cited .............................................................31 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE 1. Generalized geologic map of the Gogebic district in Michigan and Wisconsin...............................................4 2-7. Photomicrographs showing: 2. Hematitic granular cherty iron-formation from Anvil Member, Ironwood Iron-formation ..................................10 3. Forms of possibly organic origin within chert granules, base of Anvil Member, Ironwood Iron-formation.............10 4. Chert granule containing transparent structures, each having an opaque "nucleus," Anvil Member, Ironwood Iron-formation.................................................................10 5. Cross section of chert granules, Plymouth Member, For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Ironwood Iron-formation .................................................11 Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 6. Chert granules with chert-filled cracks, Anvil Member, Ironwood Iron-formation .................................................11 Stock Number 024-001-03260-1 7. “Chert” granule consisting of one large quartz crystal fringed by inward-facing prismatic grainlets, Anvil Member, Ironwood Iron-formation ..................................11 8. Graphs showing thicknesses of the five members of the Ironwood Iron-formation between Ironwood and Ramsay, Mich. ..............................................................................12 9. Photomicrograph showing silicate granules in cherty iron- formation, probably from the Anvil Member of the Ironwood Iron-formation. ................................................22 United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1460 – Page 1 of 32 10. Longitudinal section through part of the Gogebic district, The Bad River Dolomite consists of gray to buff dolomite showing one interpretation of relationship between the and cherty dolomite, which is commonly stromatolitic. "Pabst Member" of the Tyler Formation and the Anvil and The unit is as much as 122 m (400 ft) thick. Tremolite is Pence Members of the Ironwood Iron-formation. ...........23 reportedly common in this formation, toward the western, 11. Cross section of the Puritan mine workings in the Tyler highly metamorphosed end. The Bad River Dolomite is Formation, Ironwood Iron-formation, and Palms present at the east and west ends of the district but is Formation .......................................................................24 absent in the middle because of nondeposition, erosion 12. Photomicrograph showing arkosic Tyler Formation.........25 after deposition, or a combination of both. The Palms Formation, unconformably overlying the Chocolay Group, is a uniform persistent unit that has TABLES little variation in thickness or lithology over a strike length TABLE 1. Chemical analysis of a sample from the Plymouth of about 85 km (53 mi). Generally 122-150 m (400-500 Member, Ironwood Iron-formation ..................................14 ft) thick, the formation ranges from 109 m (360 ft) to 244 m (800 ft) in thickness. A layer of conglomerate is at the 2. Thickness of the three parts of the Yale Member, Ironwood base of the Palms Formation in Wisconsin and also at Iron-Formation................................................................15 the east end of the district east of Wakefield, Mich.; a 3-4. Chemical analyses of: little conglomeratic material is present in the central area between these locations, but only in thin small patches, 3. Samples from the Yale Member, Ironwood Iron- formation ........................................................................17 especially in shallow depressions in the underlying surface. 4. A sample from the Norrie Member, Ironwood Iron- formation ........................................................................18 About three-fourths of the Palms Formation is made up of gray thinly bedded argillite and fine siltstone, which 5. A sample from the Pence Member, Ironwood Iron- are commonly red brown on surface outcrops. These formation ........................................................................20 argillaceous beds grade upward into a topmost facies of 6. A sample of thin-bedded sideritic iron-formation reddish-weathering gray quartzite, 15-32 m (50-105 ft) probably from the top of the Anvil Member, Ironwood Iron- thick. The quartzite is fine to medium grained and well formation ........................................................................22 cemented; it is mostly thick bedded and blocky, although 7. Samples from the Tyler Formation ............................26 some is thin bedded. The Ironwood Iron-formation is the major iron-bearing unit in the Gogebic district; almost all the high-grade iron ABSTRACT ores formerly mined from the district were formed in this The Gogebic district has been a major producer of high- stratigraphic unit by secondary alteration. The formation grade iron ore, and the Ironwood Iron-formation, a is a complex succession divided into five members that ferruginous sedimentary unit, remains a major resource persist for tens of kilometers of total strike length; of concentrating ore. dominantly thick-bedded cherty members alternate with dominantly thin-bedded members. The Marquette Range Supergroup in the Gogebic iron district consists of three groups of sedimentary The members of the Ironwood Iron-formation are, from formations. The oldest, the Chocolay Group, includes the oldest to youngest, the Plymouth, Yale, Norrie, the Sunday Quartzite and the Bad River Dolomite; the Pence, and Anvil. The Plymouth, Norrie, and Anvil next oldest, the Menominee Group, includes the Palms Members are, by definition, predominantly thick wavy- Formation and the Ironwood Iron-formation; and the bedded chert; the Yale and Pence Members are mostly youngest, the Baraga Group, includes the Tyler, the thin-bedded chert-carbonate-silicate rocks. The Copps, and the Michigamme Formations. The Copps Plymouth Member has a bed of algal chert at the base and the Michigamme Formations are not discussed in and is made up of a main wavy-bedded part and an this report. The formations are parallel or subparallel to upper thin-bedded cherty part. The Yale Member one another in an east-trending narrow belt extending for contains a layer that is probably tuffaceous and some 96 km (60 mi) in northeast Wisconsin and the western probably thin argillaceous layers, including a black Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Radiometric dates and argillite that is partly pyritiferous, but most of this unit is positive correlations are lacking, but the seven chert-carbonate-silicate iron-formation and is not formations are believed to correlate with the Marquette argillaceous. A few granular wavy-bedded layers are Range Supergroup in other parts of Michigan and with included in the Yale Member. The Norrie Member is the Precambrian X rocks in the Mesabi and Cuyuna generally relatively thin bedded in the lower and upper districts in Minnesota. parts of the member and thick bedded in the center; some is almost wholly wavy-bedded granular chert, and The Sunday
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