Marginalized Populations
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EMISPHERES EMISPHERES THE TUFTS UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS A Tufts Undergraduate Student Publication ARTICLES Peasant War in the 21st Century? The Political Economy of Development Failure and Civil War in Nepal ERIK KATOVICH Colonialism and the Marginalization of African Art MADELYNN GREEN MARGINALIZED POPULATIONS Humanitarian Actor and Humanitarian Subject: The Empire of Trauma and Legitimating Discourses in the 1994 Great Lakes Crisis REBECCA LIU The Absence of Least Developed Countries in the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism: An Analysis JOHN MASTRANGELO The King of Cyberspace: How the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Governed the Web and Defined the State at the Turn of the 21st Century AUDREY CARSON Reaching Out to Refugees: Informality, Insecurity, and Ineffective Solutions in Jordan’s Za’atari Refugee Camp ELIZABETH ROBINSON Sex, War and Naming the Victim: Female Agency in Sexual and Gender Based Violence: A New Approach to Transitional Justice Systems KATE BECK AND KATHRYN HUTCHINS PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPLORATION A Generation Later JEAN-CHARLES ZURAWICKI INTERVIEW From Tufts to USAID’s Role in Central and South America: A Discussion with Mark Feierstein EMISPHERES INTERVIEW BY SELIN IPEK Mayer Campus Center EDITORIALS VOL. 38, 38, 2015 VOL. Tufts University Migrant Worker Abuses in the Qatari World Cup ADRIENNE LARSON Medford, MA 02155 Working from Behind: How Asian American Immigrants in New York City Face Substantial Barriers [email protected] toward Improvement www.tuftshemispheres.org ARMAN SMIGIELSKI MARGINALIZED POPULATIONS VOL. 38, 2015 HEMISPHERES THE TUFTS UNIVERSITY UNDERGRADUATE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Hemispheres, The Tufts University Undergraduate Journal of International Afairs, is the oldest academic publication of its kind. In 1975, under the direc- tion of an energetic group of students including Sashi Tharoor, the future undersecretary-general of the United Nations, the Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy at Tufts established the Fletcher Forum of World Afairs. Motivated by the Fletcher Forum’s success, in 1977 students in the Tufts undergraduate program in International Relations established their own academic journal of international afairs. In 2007, Hemispheres celebrated its 30th anniversary as the premier publication of one of the most prestigious international afairs programs in the country. Throughout its history, Hemispheres has remained committed to publish- ing research-length articles, photo-essays, and editorials of the highest aca- demic caliber. The Journal has become a refection of our changing world. In the 1970s, Hemispheres principally focused on Cold War issues, discussing the validity of neo-realist, bi-polar relations and Realpolitik. In the spring 1978 issue, renowned international afairs theorist Stanley Hofman (Harvard) argued about the merits and failures of “Eurocommunism.” In the fall 1982 edition, Kosta Tsipis (MIT) and Robert Pfaltzgraf (Tufts) debated options of “how to enhance American security and prevent a nuclear holocaust.” The 1990s witnessed a redirection in Hemispheres’ aims, shifting away from a tech- nical focus in favor of raising awareness within the Tufts community of con- temporary international issues. Now at the beginning of the second decade of the twenty-frst century, Hemispheres has shifted its role once again, this time as a premier voice in undergraduate international afairs education, research, and debate. We are proud that Hemispheres is distributed both in print at major research libraries and online via EBSCO Host, a frst for journals of its kind. It is an extraordinary time to be a part of this outstanding publication. Benefactors & Support Hemispheres: The Tufts University Undergraduate Journal of International Afairs is proud to thank the following organizations and individuals for their support: The Tufts Community Union The Tufts Media Advisory Board The Program in International Afairs at Tufts University The graduated members of the Hemispheres Community Back Issues Back issues of Hemispheres are currently being uploaded to our homepage: www.tuftshemispheres.org. Unfortunately, we do not have digitized, PDF versions of issues prior to 2000. If a pre-2000 issue or article is required, please contact [email protected] to receive a scanned copy. Subscriptions Subscriptions to Hemispheres: The Tufts University Undergraduate Journal of International Afairs are welcomed. • Hemispheres is free to members of the Tufts University community (inclusive of the Tufts University Medical afliates). • All subscriptions inquiries should be directed toward [email protected]. Since its creation in 1976, Hemispheres: The Tufts University Undergraduate Journal of International Afairs has been committed to publishing distinguished research produced by undergraduate students. The journal addresses a variety of social, economic, political, and legal issues, both contemporary and historical, within the framework of international relations. Selected through a double-blind peer review process, the articles contained in the journal refect the diverse views of students from across the United States and around the world. The views and opinions expressed in the journal are solely those of individual authors and should not be regarded as refecting any ofcial opinion or position of Hemispheres, Tufts University, or its faculty. Mail correspondence should be addressed to: Hemispheres, Mayer Campus Center #52, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155 For further information about Hemispheres, please refer to our website at www.tuftshemispheres.org. HEMISPHERES THE TUFTS UNIVERSITY UNDERGRADUATE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Editors-in-Chief Neena Kapur Eleanor Monroe Managing Editors Photo Editor Selin Ipek Jean-Charles Zurawicki Maura McQuade Treasurer Director of Marketing Juliet Hewes Anoushka Shahane Communications Coordinator Marking Associate Ananda Paez Jack Fenton Web Editors Event Coordinators Nick Golden Nandita Baloo Mary Gusentine Natasha Khwaja Secretary Director of Business Relations Arman Smigielski Joey Cheung Staf Editors Director of Alumni Relations Jake Clark Joann Kong Sharon Lam Adrienne Larson Ashrita Rau Grant Steinhauer Jade Woo LIBRARY OF CONGRESS ISSN 0738-9825 TUFTSHEMISPHERES.ORG | [email protected] Contents Editors’ Note ................................................. 1 Neena Kapur and Ellie Monroe ARTICLES Peasant War in the 21st Century? The Political Economy of Development Failure and Civil War in Nepal ....................... 5 Erik Katovich Colonialism and the Marginalization of African Art . 19 Madelynn Green Humanitarian Actor and Humanitarian Subject: The Empire of Trauma and Legitimating Discourses in the 1994 Great Lakes Crisis . 29 Rebecca Liu The Absence of Least Developed Countries in the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism: An Analysis .............................49 John Mastrangelo The King of Cyberspace: How the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Governed the Web and Defned the State at the Turn of the 21st Century ....................................... 61 Audrey Carson Reaching Out to Refugees: Informality, Insecurity, and Inefective Solutions in Jordan’s Za’atari Refugee Camp ....................... 77 Elizabeth Robinson Sex, War and Naming the Victim: Female Agency in Sexual and Gender Based Violence: A New Approach to Transitional Justice Systems . .99 Kate Beck and Kathryn Hutchins PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPLORATION A Generation Later ...........................................117 Jean-Charles Zurawicki INTERVIEW From Tufts to USAID’s Role in Central and South America: A Discussion with Mark Feierstein ..............................131 Interview by Selin Ipek EDITORIALS Migrant Worker Abuses in the Qatari World Cup . 139 Adrienne Larson Working from Behind: How Asian American Immigrants in New York City Face Substantial Barriers toward Improvement . 141 Arman Smigielski Editors’ Note In the past, this prestigious journal has focused on a very macro-level of analy- sis of international relations. Through examining topics such as the chang- ing nature of war, the role of institutions at the global scale, and the shift in regimes and governments, this journal has largely concentrated on the deci- sion makers and those in power. But what about the powerless? The people who are impacted by the wars that others start or forgotten by the govern- ments and institutions in which our world structures revolve around? For our 38th edition of Hemispheres, we have decided to focus on these marginalized populations themselves. The phrase “marginalized populations” is a complicated one and an often underexplored part of our history, even though exclusionary practices, the fght for power, and the struggle for agency have defned history itself. Thus, this year’s journal examines these forgotten or disenfranchised peoples, ranging from artist communities in Africa to the members of a refugee camp in Jordan. Not only do the articles in this journal focus on specifc populations, but also the diferent means of marginalization and avenues for gaining agency, from economic development strategies to the cyber world. Moreover, as the international relations community has realized that global issues and afairs need to be examined through a variety of lenses, this year’s journal draws from a selection of articles that range across diferent academic disciplines and areas of the world. Additionally, the photography section, entitled “A Generation Later,” takes the reader on a journey of these