Use of Nuclear and Related Techniques in Studies of Agroecological Effects
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
IAEA-TECDOC-1116 Use nuclearof relatedand techniques in studies agroecologicalof effects resulting persistentof use from the pesticides in Central America Report finala of Research Co-ordination Meeting organizedthe by Joint FAO/IAEA Division Nuclearof Techniques Food in Agriculture and held Panamaand in City, Panama, 20-24 April 1998 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENC> /A Y September 1999 30-40 The originating Sectio f thino s publicatio IAEe th An i was: Food and Environmental Protection Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 0 10 x P.OBo . A-1400 Vienna, Austria IAEe Th A doe t normallsno y maintain stock f reportso thin si s series. However, electronic copie f thesso e reportobtainee b n sca d from: INIS Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O.Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone: (43 2600-2288)1 2286r 0o 6 Fax: (43) 1 2600-29882 E-mail: CHOUSE @IAEA.ORG Web site: http://www.iaea.org/programmes/inis/inis.htm Orders shoul accompaniee db prepaymeny db Austria0 10 f o t n Schilling fore a th f m o n s i cheque or credit card (MasterCard, VISA). NUCLEAF O E RELATED US RAN D TECHNIQUE STUDIESN I F SO AGROECOLOGICAL EFFECTS RESULTINF O GE FROUS E MTH PERSISTENT PESTICIDES IN CENTRAL AMERICA IAEA, VIENNA, 1999 IAEA-TECDOC-1116 ISSN 1011-4289 ©IAEA, 1999 Printed by the IAEA in Austria September 1999 FOREWORD The use of pesticides for the control of pests of agriculture and vectors of human and animal disease countriee th n si Centraf so l mose Americth f higheste o th e s capitar i on tpe d aan intense worldth n i e. Ther e reportar e f acuto s e toxicit chronid yan c effects among farm workers. There are also reports that pesticide residues in food frequently exceed the Codex Alimentarius Commission's maximum residue levels (MRLs shipmentd )an foodstufff so s have been rejecte importiny db g presence countrieth o t f excessive eo sdu e residue f pesticidesso . Pesticide alse ar so implicate e contaminatioth n di f continentano d coastaan l l waterse Th . indiscriminat pesticidef o e eus s woul expectee db also dt o aggravate pest problem adversely sb y affecting populations of beneficial arthropods and causing the development of resistance in pest populations. The Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture initiated a co-ordinated research project hi 1992 to generate information on residues of pesticides in the environment, their persistence under local condition effecd locasan n o t l specie f beneficiaso l arthropod n agriculturai s d adjacenan l t e countrieareath n i s f Centrao s l America. Such information coul implementatio e usee dth b dn i legislatiof no controno t distributioe lth e us d nan of pesticides and the development and application of integrated pest management programmes. Scientists from Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama and the United States of America participate thin di s project. This TECDOC reportaccomplishmente th n o s projece th included f o san t papere sth s presented at the final Research Co-ordination Meeting held in Panama City, Panama, 20-24 April 1998. The IAEA, FAO and all participants greatly appreciate the generous support provided to this project by the Swedish International Development Agency. The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was M. Hussain of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. EDITORIAL NOTE preparingIn this publication press,for IAEAthe staff of have pages madethe up from the original manuscripts as submitted by the authors. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations. Throughout the text names of Member States are retained as they -were when the text was compiled. Theof use particular designations of countries territoriesor does imply judgementnot any by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention namesof specificof companies productsor (whether indicatednot or as registered) does imply intentionnot any infringeto proprietary rights, should construednor be it as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. CONTENTS SUMMARY OF THE CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT.............................................. 1 PART I. MONITORING PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES Pesticide surfacn si e water arean si s influence banany db a productio Costn i a Rica................5 .1 Castillo,L.K Ruepert,C. SolisE. Presenc pesticidf eo e residue watern si , sedimen biologicad tan l samples taken from aquatic environments in Honduras...................................................................................23 D.E. Meyer Organochlorine pesticides in sediment and biological samples from the coastal lagoon Nicaragun si a .................................................................................................................29 S. Montenegro, M. Lacayo, F. Picado, A. Lopez Determination of pesticides in surface and ground water used for human consumption in Guatemala............................................................................................41 W. Knedel, J. C. Chiquin, J. Perez, S. Resales solif o e d phasus e eTh extraction metho analysir dfo residuef so pesticidef so s use banandn i a productio Costn i a Rica.................................................................................1 .5 L.E. Castillo, Ruepert,C. A.R. Alfaro, SolisE. Valuation of solid phase extraction disks in the determination of pesticide residues in surfac groundwated ean Panama......................................................................................5n ri 9 V. Jimenez, RamosJ. Jimenez,de RojasB. Pesticide residue assessmen thren ti e selected agricultural production systems in the Choluteca River Basin of Honduras (Abstract) ..............................................................67 J. Kammerbauer, J. Moncada PART II. STUDIES ON DISSIPATION AND DEGRADATION OF PESTICIDES IN PLANTS AND SOIL Dissipation, degradation and uptake ofI4 C-carbofuran in Panamaniaa n Alfisol soil..........................................................................................................71 J.E. Gonzdlez, E.B. de Saiz, L. Gonzdlez, O. Perez, J. Ceballos Persistenc endosulfaf eo metabolites it d nan tomatn si o plant soil.......................................8d san 1 E. Carazo, M. Barquero, B. Valverde A study of dissipation, degradation and binding of M C-labelled endosulfan to soil in model lysimeter ..........................................................................................................87 J.E. Gonzdlez, J. Ceballos, A. Amor, E.B. de Saiz PART HI. STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF PESTICIDES ON PEST INSECTS AND BENEFICIAL ARTHROPODS Impac terbufof to Cotesiaflavipes,n so parasitoia Diatraeaf do saccharalis............................101 Vargas,E. Valverde,B. CarazoE. Management of white flies (Bemisia tabaci) in tomato with a combination of plastic mulc insecticided han Costn si a Rica.........................................................................l .Il Cubillo,D. Hilje,L. Valverde,B. CarazoE. Effecapplicatioe th f o t chlorpyrifof no maizo st pestn eo d san beneficial arthropod Nicaragua..........................................................................................11n si 7 Monzon,LianaA. la de A. Susceptibility of natural enemies of pests of agriculture to commonly applied insecticide Honduras............................................................................................n si 3 .12 MR. Bustamante, A. Sabillon, C. Velasquez, J. Ordonez, F. Baquedano The effect of insecticide applications to melon crop on melon aphid and its natural enemies (Abstract)..................................................................................................129 J. Guerra, J.E. Gonzdlez, J. Ceballos, B. Checa LIST OF PARTICIPANTS..........................................................................................................131 SUMMARY OF THE CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT INTRODUCTION Central America is a region of seven countries with a combined population of 30 million people. Agriculture is the most important sector of national economies and the driving force behind regional economic and social development. Export of crops such as coffee, bananas, cotton and sugar as well as cattle continue to be the cornerstone of the region's economies Pest agriculturaf so l crops, which include insects, nematodes, disease organism weedsd san , are know o causnt e enormous losse f potentiao s l t controlledyieldno f i , . Similarly, huge amount f foo losso e ar dt during storag resula s ef a attac o t insectsy kb , rodents, birdd san disease organisms additionn .I insectse ,th , tick mited san s which infest carrn animalyma d san and transmit diseases which cause immense suffering and financial losses. Pesticide essentia n usee a sar s da l agricultural inpu controo t t l pests. The creditee yar d with alleviating some of the problems associated with food production and storage as well as protection of the health of humans and animals against vectors of diseases. For these reasons the use of pesticides has been increasing, especially in developing countries. In Central America the use of pesticides