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Vp Vita E Pensiero JUS- ONLINE 3/2019 ISSN 1827-7942 RIVISTA DI SCIENZE GIURIDICHE a cura della Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell’Università Cattolica di Milano Paola Biavaschi Professore Associato di diritto romano, Università dell’Insubria Il ruolo dimenticato dei silentiarii alla corte di Costantinopoli* The Forgotten Role of silentiarii at Constantinople’s court Sommario: 1. La schola dei silentiarii. – 2. Flavio Enea silentiarius nella constitutio incerti imperatoris de aquaeductu. – 3. Il titolo C.Th.6.23. – 4. Conclusioni. 1. La schola dei silentiarii La figura del silentiarius è di per sé tipicamente tardoantica, anzi potrebbe essere catalogata in quell’ambito metastorico che noi moderni usiamo, non sempre elogiativamente, definire “bizantino”1: i silentiarii, infatti, originariamente erano dignitari di corte, sottoposti al praepositus sacri cubiculi e al magister officiorum per l’aspetto disciplinare, addetti a tenere ordine durante le udienze imperiali nel palazzo di Costantinopoli: si trattava di diversi personaggi, tra cui spiccavano i decuriones, posti in posizione apicale rispetto al gruppo; in particolare una costituzione di Teodosio II, C.Th.6.23.4 del 437 d.C., prevede che la schola dei silentiarii fosse formata da trenta dignitari guidati da tre decuriones, esenti dagli obblighi del ceto senatorio2. La costituzione, come si vedrà più innanzi, è l’unica della rubrica De decurionibus et silentiariis del Codice Teodosiano, a non essere stata ripresa dal Codice Giustinianeo (C.12.16). Quest’ultimo, inoltre, contiene due altre leggi per motivi cronologici ovviamente non ricompresi nel Codice Teodosiano, una emanata dall’imperatore Zenone e l’altra da Anastasio. * Il contributo è stato sottoposto a double blind peer review. 1 C. Diehl, Figure bizantine, passim, ha dipinto un possente quadro della realtà storica bizantina e anche dell’immaginario simbolico che intorno ad essa si è costruito. 2 R. I. Frank, Scholae Palatinae: the Palace Guards of the Late Roman Empire, Roma 1969, p. 140; M. Whitby, On the Omission of a Ceremony in Midsixth Century Constantinople: candidati, curopalatus, silentiarii, excubitores and others, in Historia, 36 (1987), p. 462 ss. VP VITA E PENSIERO JUS- ONLINE 3/2019 ISSN 1827-7942 C.Th.6.23.4 IDEM AA. DARIO3 VIRO ILLUSTRI PRAEFECTO PRAETORIO ORIENTIS. Decurionum et silentiariorum meritis provocati collata in eos beneficia, quae dominus ac filius noster Valentinianus semper Augustus erga eos contulit, confirmamus, specialibus eosdem privilegiis honorantes, ut eorum videlicet possessiones nullas angarias sive parangarias vel etiam paraveredos alicuius calumnia dare cogantur nec sordidis sint adstricti muneribus. omni quoque eos excoctione calcis, omni superindicti gravamine liberamus, licentiam post militiam tribuentes, ut, ubi eis fuerit visum, etiam accedendi ad sacratissimum comitatum habeant facultatem, provinciarum rectoribus eorumque apparitionibus denarum librarum auri dispendio feriendis, si mansuetudinis nostrae statuta violare temptaverint. 1. His addimus, ut, cum optatam quietem acceperint et inter senatores coeperint numerari, honore curiae sine aliqua functione laetentur inmunitatisque gaudio plena dignitatis laetitia potiantur, nec praetoriano nomine pulsandi nec glebali onere praegravandi, sed ut dignitatem solam habeant ex senatu. domos quoque eorum vel in hac sacratissima urbe vel in qualibet alia positas civitate immunes ab omni hospitum cuiuslibet dignitatis inquietudine vindicamus: sub hac videlicet definitione, ut triginta tantummodo numero haec privilegia consequantur, decuriones quoque tres, quos numquam plures fieri inveterata consuetudo permisit. 2. Sed eos tum demum potiri decernimus beneficiis supra scriptis, cum continuos tredecim annos inculpatas excubias peregerint. illustris auctoritas tua statuta nostrae clementiae edictis propositis ad omnium notitiam faciet pervenire. DAT. XVII KAL. APRIL. CONSTANTINOPOLI POST CONSULATUM ISIDORI ET SENATORIS VV. CC. I silentiarii, secondo la lista composta da diciotto gradi di dignitari tramandata da Filoteo4, si trovavano al penultimo gradino della struttura gerarchica di corte5. Le altre scholae di corte che si trovavano a Palazzo con compiti che portavano i dignitari molto vicini all’imperatore erano i vestitores, i mandatores, i candidati, gli stratores e gli spatharii. 3 PLRE (Prosopography of Late Roman Empire), II, Darius 3, p. 348, ricevette diverse costituzioni tra il 436 e il 437 d.C. Probabilmente ottenne addirittura una copia delle bozze del Codice Teodosiano, non ancora pubblicato, come testimonierebbero i Gesta senatus, 3. 4 Il Kletorologion di Filoteo, redatto nell’899 d.C., e conservato solo nel De cerim. di Costantino Porfirogenito, 52. 5 F. De Martino, Storia della costituzione romana, vol. V, Milano 1975, p. 282 s. 114 JUS- ONLINE 3/2019 ISSN 1827-7942 In origine i silentiarii appartenevano al gruppo dei cubicularii, erano clarissimi e, come si è accennato, erano sottoposti al magister officiorum. Tuttavia, a partire dal V secolo d.C., la loro posizione progredì progressivamente: ci furono dei silentiarii divenuti viri spectabiles e, nel VI secolo, addirittura viri illustres: la carriera brillante conseguita da taluni di essi, ne migliorò, infatti, consistentemente e continuamente il ruolo poiché gli uomini che avevano avuto successo tendevano ad avvantaggiare lo status delle cariche che avevano ricoperto. Più tardi, intorno all’VIII secolo, tuttavia, la carica perse consistenza, divenne puramente cerimoniale, per scomparire del tutto nell’XI secolo6: in linea di massima, quindi, si trattava di un titolo onorifico che permetteva di adire a corte e di avere contatti diretti con le più alte sfere. Poteva succedere che, per la loro stretta vicinanza all’imperatore, dal quale riceveva l’incarico con una sorta di cerimonia di investitura, e per le occasioni concrete che avevano di entrare in contatto con quest’ultimo, i silentiarii riuscissero ad avanzare molto nella carriera: emblematico il fatto che l’imperatore Anastasio avesse ricoperto tale ruolo in qualità di decurione e che in questo modo avesse potuto legarsi all’imperatrice Ariadne, divenuta in seguito sua moglie7. Anche a partire da quest’ultimo semplice dato storico, deriva che un’analisi più attenta delle informazioni che ci sono giunte in merito ai silentiarii a partire già dalla metà del V secolo, offre un quadro piuttosto diverso rispetto a quello di semplici personaggi di secondo piano, figure grigie all’interno del protocollo di corte, sostanzialmente dimenticate dalla letteratura e considerate di scarso interesse. Al contrario, i silentiarii erano uomini di fiducia dell’imperatore, spesso inviati a svolgere missioni delicate: non solo un ruolo formale, caratterizzato dal rispetto per il cerimoniale, ma incarichi concreti, ricchi di contenuti e di responsabilità. 6 Si ricordi che nel 753 d.C. il silentiarius Giovanni, descritto come alto dignitario alla corte costantinopolitana, si recò da papa Stefano II per accompagnarlo l’anno successivo dal re longobardo Astolfo, il quale aveva conquistato militarmente l’esarcato di Ravenna. Giovanni aveva l’alta incombenza di comunicare che i territori cui Astolfo avrebbe dovuto rinunciare (promissio Carisiana) sarebbero stati donati al papa. La trattativa fallì, Astolfo non restituì nulla e, mentre il silentiarius Giovanni, terminato il suo compito, tornava a Costantinopoli, il pontefice continuò il suo viaggio per chiedere al franco Pipino il Breve di iniziare una campagna militare contro i Longobardi. 7 PLRE, vol. II, Anastasius 4, p. 78 ss. 115 JUS- ONLINE 3/2019 ISSN 1827-7942 Magnus8 nel 448 d.C. viene mandato a proteggere il monaco Eutyches nell’inchiesta sulla sua ortodossia. Eustathius9, primicerius silentiariorum viene inviato nel 444 da Teodosio II a investigare sulla consacrazione di Bassianus come vescovo a Efeso. Iohannes10, decurione dei silentiarii, viene inviato dall’imperatore Marciano a conferire con i monofisiti Carosus e Dorotheus e, poi in ottobre, al concilio di Calcedonia. Nel 453 è inviato, senza successo, a convincere il patriarca di Alessandria Dioscurus ad accettare le decisioni del Concilio di Calcedonia, in seguito alla morte del patriarca in esilio, Iohannes si reca ad Alessandria per convincere i cittadini ad accettare i precetti di Calcedonia e ad accogliere Proterius come vescovo: dopo la missione, egli tornerà invece a Costantinopoli, senza aver convinto gli alessandrini ad accogliere il vescovo, ma, al contrario, promettendo loro di riferire all’imperatore le rimostranze degli egiziani, fatto per cui Marciano si adirò molto11. Diomedes12 nel 457-8 si reca per ordine dell’imperatore Leone dal vescovo di Alessandria con una lettera del papa. Marcus13, amico di Daniele lo Stilita, fa erigere la prima colonna per quest’ultimo a Costantinopoli. Telogius14 si occupa nel 473 di negoziare la pace in Tracia con Teoderico Strabone15: questo personaggio, data la stranezza del nome che sembra frutto di un refuso, è forse da identificarsi con Pelagius16, silenziario inviato ancora nel 479 presso lo stesso Teoderico. Quest’ultimo è un personaggio di rilievo, compositore di versi epici, forse storico, uomo considerato giusto ed eloquente17, divenuto patricius nel 490 d.C.: preso di mira perché critico nei confronti dell’imperatore (cui tra l’altro sarebbe stato profetizzato che il successore sarebbe stato un silentiarius, viene messo a morte con l’accusa di paganesimo. Comune, quindi, nella seconda metà del V secolo, il ruolo dei silentiarii come ambasciatori e osservatori in luoghi lontani dalla
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