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Nocturnal Man Biting Habits of Mosquito Species in Serian, Sarawak, Malaysia

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Nocturnal Man Biting Habits of Mosquito Species in Serian, Sarawak, Malaysia Vol.1, No.2, 42-49 (2013) Advances in Entomology http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ae.2013.12009 Nocturnal man biting habits of mosquito species in Serian, Sarawak, Malaysia Ahmad Rohani1, Ismail Zamree1, Wan Najdah Wan Mohamad Ali1, Azahari Abdul Hadi1, Matusop Asmad2, David Lubim2, Zurainee Mohamed Nor3, Lee Han Lim1 1Medical Entomology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Sarawak State Health Department, Kuching, Malaysia; [email protected], [email protected] 3Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; [email protected] Received 24 July 2013; revised 27 August 2013; accepted 5 September 2013 Copyright © 2013 Ahmad Rohani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT for humans since it is by this activity that the biting rhythms of mosquitoes make an important contribution Knowledge of the composition and biting habits to determine periods of transmission risk and are also of mosquito associated with endemic areas is basic information for developing methods of personal important in establishing sound vector control protection against vector or nuisance mosquitoes. programmes and understanding the epidemiol- A biomedical field study of the collaborative pro- ogy of vector borne diseases. The biting activity cycle of several mosquito species in Serian, Sa- gramme of the Institute Medical Research and Sabah rawak was observed and described. Collections State Health Department on research in tropical diseases were carried out indoors and outdoors for 12 was initiated in the Serian District, Sarawak. Serian, hours from 6.00 pm to 6.00 am using human which is the main town in the district, is situated some 64 landing catch techniques. A total of 7271 mos- km from the state capital city of Kuching and is accessi- quitoes comprising 27 species belonging to six ble by road transport. It is the focal point for villages genera were collected. Mansonia bonneae (23.6%) situated in this area. Geographically, Serian District is a was the predominant species caught in the study mountainous area with an equatorial climate which has areas followed by Culex vishnui (22.3%), Culex conventional rain throughout the year. The wettest period pseudovishnui (19.6%) and Culex tritaenorhyn- is from November to February. The District is inhabited chus (13.7%). A high rate of human biting activ- by a mixed number of ethnic groups of Land Dayak, Iban, ity by Ma. bonneae was detected during Novem- Malays and Chinese. Their occupations varied with the ber but the activity was low during January. The majority of them being farmers living in villages in the biting activity of Ma. bonneae was found higher interior of the District. The primary objective of the study outdoor compared to indoor and peaked at 7.00 was to determine the major mosquito fauna, in particular pm-8.00 pm. Cx. vishnui also exhibited similar the vectors of malaria and filariasis. In the course of these biting activity peak while Anopheles letifer ex- studies, other mosquito species collected from Serian were hibited biting activity peaked at 12.00 am-1.00 also recorded. The species composition, biting activities am. Cx. pseudovishnui showed biting patterns and seasonal population dynamics of mosquitoes collected which were almost similar between indoor and in the study sites were described. The study reported here outdoor activity and could be considered active was undertaken to consolidate and amplify information throughout the 12 hour period. on distribution and abundance of mosquitoes in Serian district. These data are essential for planning programmes Keywords: Mosquitoes; Biting; Nocturnal; Outdoor; to alleviate health and nuisance problems caused by mos- Indoor quitoes. 1. INTRODUCTION 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Host feedings of mosquitoes are important implications The study was carried out in Balai Ringin, Serian District, Copyright © 2013 SciRes. OPEN ACCESS A. Rohani et al. / Advances in Entomology 1 (2013) 42-49 43 Sarawak and was chosen based on 5 consecutive years of the area (23.8%), followed closely by two Culex species, high malaria and filarial cases. The villages selected for Cx. vishnui at 22.3% and Cx. pseudovishnui at 19,6%, the study have generally a low lying terrain with few and lastly at 13.7% was Cx. tritaeniorhyncus. hills and small swamps in between where dry padi and We examined the species for every genus present and vegetables cultivations are also being practised. Field identified four Mansonia species with Ma. bonneae be- evaluations were conducted in six villages: Melikin Lama ing the dominating species (92%) compared to the other (N00˚58.833' E110˚47.525'), Simpang Melikin species which contributed only a very small percentage: (N00˚59.834' E110˚48.007'), Danau Karangas Baru Ma. dives at 3.7%, followed by Ma. uniformis at 3.5% (N01˚00.161' E110˚47.803'), Danau Karangas Lama and finally Ma. annulata at 0.4%. We also captured nine (N01˚00.313' E110˚47.878'), Danau Melikin (N00˚59.270' species of Culex mosquitoes during the study. There E110˚48.390') and Sungai Gudum (N00˚58.100' were two dominating species, Cx. vishnui (30%) and Cx. E110˚47.647'). The villages were chosen based on: high pseudovishnui (28%). Other Culex species detected in malaria and filaria incidence rate; high vector popula- the area were Cx. tritaenorhynchus (19%), Cx. Quinque- tions and village accessibility at all times of the year. fasciatus (13%) plus another five species which appeared However, most of these villages are in remote areas and in a very small percentage (between 1.8% - 0.02%) as accessible only by four-wheel drive vehicle. follows: Cx. whitmorei, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. Bitaenio- Mosquitoes were caught indoors and outdoors using rhynchus, Cx. gelidus, and Cx. hutchinsori. Aedes mos- Human Landing Catching (HLC) technique. Twelve-hour quitoes were also present in Balai Ringin. The species mosquito collections were carried out bi-monthly, over- included Ae. albopictus, Ae. ceacus, and Ae. seatoi with night from 7:00 pm to 7:00 am with two collectors each Ae. albopictus being the dominant species detected at simultaneously stationed indoors and outdoors. All mos- 83% followed by Ae. ceacus at 11% and Ae. seatoi at quitoes landing on human baits were caught using glass 6%. vials (50 × 19 mm), which were subsequently plugged As far as Anopheles mosquito is concerned, there were with cotton. Two houses were selected for each village four Anopheles species present in the study area. The during two collection nights for each survey. All mos- highest number of Anopheles species captured was An. quitoes were identified using standard taxonomic keys letifer (90%). The other 10% were represented by three [1,2] the following morning and segregated according to other species: An. separates (7.3%), An. tessalatus (1.8%), species, village and date. Identified female Anopheles and An. argyropus (0.9%). All Anopheles mosquitoes mosquitoes were dissected to determine parity status of were dissected for malaria parasites but no malaria the ovaries. The midguts and salivary glands of parous infection was found in any of the vectors in the six study mosquitoes were examined for malaria parasites using areas. Based on these findings we therefore listed species standard dissection techniques [3]. most heavily found in the study area based on individual genus as follows: An. letifer, Cx. vishnui, Cx. Peudov- Data Analysis for Biological Parameters ishnui, Ma. bonneae, Ar. durhami and Ae. allbopictus (Table 1). Friedman test indicated that significant dif- Variation in adult mosquito densities between villages ferences did exist in mosquito collections across the vil- and months was compared using Friedman test. Mos- lages [χ2(5, N = 27) = 32.109, p < 0.05]. Danau Karangas quito density was expressed as number of mosquitoes Lama (DKL) appears to be the site where highest number collected per area and was calculated by totaling the mosquitoes were collected during the study period. mosquito density for all species in each sampling site. Figure 1 demonstrated the number of species col- Comparisons of indoor and outdoor biting activities were lected during each visit made to the area. Throughout the analyzed by paired t-test and all data were analyzed us- whole study period, nine visits were made to Balai Ringin, ing statistics software (SPSS 11.5 Production Facility). Serian, Sarawak. The most common species (detected in 3. RESULTS every visit) were Cx. vishnui, Cx. pseudovishnui and Ma. bonneae. Among these three species, Ma. bonneae pre- Biting and feeding behavior of antrophophagic mos- sented a curve in terms of its monthly collection which quitoes were studied in six villages in Balai Ringin, was almost symmetrical with the highest peak that took Serian District, Sarawak. Adult mosquito collections were place in Oct’08. As for Cx. pseudovishnui and Cx. Vish- performed for 36 nights during nine entomological sur- nui they too showed peaks which took place slightly ear- veys. Results are based on cumulative collection from all lier (Aug’08) than Ma. bonneae. Peak presented by Cx. the study areas. A total of 213 Anophelines and 7059 pseudovishnui was almost two times higher than peak of Culicines were caught during the survey (Table 1). In Cx. vishnui. Cx. vishnui however produced a second peak this study, we detected the presence of four major species which was almost two and a half times higher than its which included Ma. bonneae being the largest found in first peak during our final visit in Aug’09. A second peak Copyright © 2013 SciRes. OPEN ACCESS 44 A.
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