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Final Msc Dissertation January, 14, 2012.Pdf EFFECTS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. ISRAELENSIS AND BACILLUS SPHAERICUS LARVICIDES, ON MOSQUITO ABUNDANCE, DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION IN SELECTED AREAS OF LUSAKA URBAN DISTRICT, ZAMBIA By Alister Kandyata B.Sc. (UNZA) A dissertation submitted to the University of Zambia in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology of the University of Zambia. © The University of Zambia Department of Biological Sciences Lusaka JANUARY 2013 i i DECLARATION I, Alister Kandyata, hereby declare that this dissertation represents my own work and that it has not been previously submitted for a degree at this or any other University. SIGNATURE………………………………………………… DATE………………………….. ii APPROVAL This dissertation of Alister Kandyata is approved as fulfilling partial requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Science in Entomology by the University of Zambia. NAME SIGNATURE/ DATE ……………………………………………. ……………………………… Internal Examiner ……………………………………………. ……………………………… Internal Examiner ……………………………………………. ……………………………… Internal Examiner iii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my family and friends. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................... ii APPROVAL ............................................................................................................................ iii DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ xii LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ xiii ABBREVIATIONS AND SYNONYMS ............................................................................... xv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. xvii ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... xviii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................ 6 1.3 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................ 7 1.4 Study Objectives ..................................................................................................... 8 1.4.1 General Objective of the Study ...................................................................... 8 v 1.4.2 Specific Objectives of the Study .................................................................... 8 1.5 Study Hypotheses.................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................ 10 2.1 Taxonomic classification oof mosquitoes ............................................................. 10 2.2 The Biology of Mosquito ...................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Life Cycle..................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Feeding habit ................................................................................................ 13 2.2.3 Mosquito Ecology ........................................................................................ 14 2.2.4 Mosquito Distribution .................................................................................. 15 2.3 Mosquitoes and Disease Transmission in Man ..................................................... 16 2.4 Mosquito Identifications ....................................................................................... 17 2.5 Mosquito Vector Control ...................................................................................... 19 2.5.1 Physical methods of mosquito control ......................................................... 19 2.5.2 Chemical methods of mosquito control ....................................................... 21 2.5.3 Biological methods of mosquito control ...................................................... 23 2.5.3.1 Bacterial-control agents in Insect control: mosquito control ......... 25 2.5.3.2 The Zambian Larviciding Programme ........................................... 29 2.5.3.2.1 Implementation of the Zambia Larviciding Programme ............. 29 2.5.3.2.2 M&E of the Zambia Larviciding Programme ............................. 30 2.5.3.2.2 The Biolarvicides used in the Zambia Larviciding Programme .. 30 vi CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................... 32 3.1 Study Areas ........................................................................................................... 32 3.1.1 The Dam/ Stream Systems of the Ibex Hills/ Kaliliki Study Area .............. 33 3.1.2 The Venta/ Manzi Valley Study Area .......................................................... 33 3.1.3 The Chelstone-marsh Ponds Study Area ..................................................... 34 3.1.4 The Chamba Valley Brick Factory Site Study Area .................................... 34 3.1.5 Hydrology and Land use in the Study Area ................................................. 36 3.1.6 House Structure in the Study Area............................................................... 36 3.1.7 Application Methods for Biolarvicides in the Zambian Programme ........... 37 3.2 Mosquito Sampling ............................................................................................... 39 3.2.1 Mosquito Habitat Identification and Characterization, and Mosquito Larvae/ Pupae Sampling ............................................................ 39 3.2.2 Adult Mosquito Sampling ............................................................................ 40 3.3 Mosquito Identifications ....................................................................................... 41 3.3.1 Larval Mosquito Morphological Identifications .......................................... 41 3.3.2 Adult Mosquito Morphological Identifications ........................................... 41 3.4 Mosquito Parameter Assessments......................................................................... 41 3.4.1 Mosquito Larval Habitat Colonisation Rates in the Study Areas ................ 41 3.4.2 Larval and Adult Mosquito, Abundance, Diversity, and Species Distribution and Dominance ...................................................................... 42 3.4.3 Determination of Malaria Incidences in the Study Area ............................. 45 vii CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ........................................................................................................ 46 4.1 Mosquito Identification (Larval and Adult Mosquito Morphological Id.s). ......... 46 4.2 Mosquito Parameter Assessments......................................................................... 47 4.2.1 Mosquito Larval Habitat Colonisation Rates in the Study Areas. ............... 47 4.2.2 Expected Species Totals (ESTs). ................................................................. 49 4.2.3 Larval and Adult Mosquito Abundance. ...................................................... 49 4.2.4 Mosquito Species Diversity. ........................................................................ 53 4.2.4.1 Larval Mosquito Species Diversity. ................................................... 53 4.2.4.2 Adult Mosquito Species Diversity. .................................................... 54 4.2.5 Mosquito Species Distribution in the Study Areas. ..................................... 55 4.2.5.1 Larval Mosquito Species Distribution Patterns. ................................ 55 4.2.5.2 Adult Mosquito Species Distribution Patterns. .................................. 56 4.2.6 Mosquito Species Dominance in the Study Areas. ...................................... 57 4.2.6.1 Larval Mosquito Species Dominance. ............................................... 57 4.2.6.2 Adult Mosquito Species Dominance. ................................................ 57 4.3 Incidences of Malaria in the Study Areas. ............................................................ 58 viii CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION .................................................................................................. 64 5.1 Mosquito Identified from the study areas. ............................................................ 64 5.2 Mosquito Larval Habitat Colonisation Rates in the Study Areas ......................... 66 5.3 Mosquito Abundance. ........................................................................................... 68 5.3.1 Mosquito Larvae Mosquito Abundance....................................................... 68 5.3.2 Indoor Adult Mosquito Mosquito Abundance. ...........................................
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