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West Nile Virus Infection in Human and Animals: Potential Risks in Malaysia (Jangkitan Virus Nil Barat Pada Manusia Dan Haiwan: Potensi Risiko Di Malaysia)

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West Nile Virus Infection in Human and Animals: Potential Risks in Malaysia (Jangkitan Virus Nil Barat Pada Manusia Dan Haiwan: Potensi Risiko Di Malaysia) Sains Malaysiana 48(12)(2019): 2727–2735 http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4812-14 West Nile Virus Infection in Human and Animals: Potential Risks in Malaysia (Jangkitan Virus Nil Barat pada Manusia dan Haiwan: Potensi Risiko di Malaysia) NUR AIN NAJWA MOHD YUSERI, NOR YASMIN ABD. RAHAMAN*, ABDUL RAHMAN OMAR, SITI SURI ARSHAD, JALILA ABU & HUSSNI OMAR MOHAMMED ABSTRACT West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic RNA virus maintained in enzootic cycles involving mosquito mainly Culex and Aedes spp. as the vector and birds as the reservoir host. WNV is endemic in Africa, Europe and Western Asia. Human infection results in asymptomatic illness such as fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, vomiting, skin rash, swollen lymph glands and neuroinvasive disease are seen in less than 1% of infected persons. The spectrum of symptoms in animals includes fever, weakness and paralysis of hind limbs, impaired vision, ataxia, head pressing, aimless wandering, seizures, inability to swallow, walking in circles and coma. Based on the previous study in Malaysia, the antibody and nucleic acid against WNV were detected in Orang Asli, captive birds and horses. In this paper, potential risk factors contributing to WNV occurrence are discussed. How the disease or infection is diagnosed and controlled was also discussed. Keywords: Arthropod-borne virus; vector; West Nile virus; zoonotic ABSTRAK Virus Nil Barat (WNV) adalah virus RNA zoonosis yang dikekalkan dalam kitaran enzootik yang melibatkan nyamuk terutamanya Culex dan Aedes spp. sebagai vektor dan burung sebagai perumah reservoir. WNV adalah endemik di Afrika, Eropah dan Asia Barat. Jangkitan pada manusia akan mengakibatkan penyakit tidak bergejala seperti demam, sakit kepala, keletihan, sakit badan, loya, muntah, ruam kulit, bengkak kelenjar limfa dan penyakit neuroinvasif dilihat kurang daripada 1% pada orang yang dijangkiti. Spektrum simptom pada haiwan termasuk demam, lemah dan lumpuh anggota belakang, gangguan penglihatan, ataksia, tekanan kepala, merayau tanpa tujuan, kejang, ketidakupayaan untuk menelan, berjalan dalam lingkaran dan koma. Berdasarkan kajian terdahulu di Malaysia, antibodi dan asid nukleik terhadap WNV dikesan pada Orang Asli, burung sangkar dan kuda. Dalam kertas ini, faktor risiko berpotensi yang menyumbang kepada terjadinya WNV dibincangkan. Bagaimana penyakit atau jangkitan didiagnosis dan dikawal juga turut dibincangkan. Kata kunci: Vektor; virus bawaan artopod; virus Nil Barat; zoonosis NTRODUCTION I NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5; 3 structural West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic RNA virus from proteins that comprise of the capsid (c), pre-membrane genus of Flavivirus in the family of Flaviviridae in which (prM) and envelope (E) (Elseginy et al. 2014). The non- Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), St. Louis encephalitis structural proteins have many various purposes as the virus (SLEV), Zika, dengue fever and yellow fever are virus has a very limited number of proteins and they grouped (Morales et al. 2017). All of these viruses are should provide numerous functions during infection. categorised as arthropod-borne virus called arbovirus The structural proteins are encoded at the 5’ end of the (Lynne 2016). Flavivirus is consisted of more than 70 RNA strand and provide the purpose for virus entry and recognized viruses (Yan-Jang et al. 2014). WNV virions encapsulation of the genome. are spherical in shape with a diameter of 50 nm and WNV has two types of transmission cycles which are composed of enveloped positive single-stranded virus primary enzootic cycles involving vector and host and a where the size of the genome is between 11 000 and 12 second cycle involving potentially different arthropod and 000 nucleotides long with icosahedral capsid (Lynne transmission to other hosts such as humans and horses. 2016). WNV transmission normally involves birds as reservoir This virus is generally circulated across Africa, the host and mosquitoes as the vector. Bird-feeding argasid Middle East, Asia, Southern Europe, Western Russia, (soft) or amblyommine (hard) ticks are considered as the America and Australia (KUNV sub-type of WNV). Asia is substitute vectors and can form bird-tick cycles in dry recognized as the region in which the virus is endemic and also warm habitats (Dupraz et al. 2017). Migratory (Trevejo & Eidson 2008). The genome of WNV encodes 7 birds usually carry the virus and spread it to people by non-structural proteins, which are non-structural 1 (NS1), mosquitoes and ticks. 2728 There is no report on the transmission of WNV from HISTORY AND PREVALENCE OF WNV human to human, but it can be transmitted to human The prevalence of WNV was highly associated with animals via many modes such as organ transplantation, blood and people who lived in the west and those who commonly transfusion and breastfeeding (Blitvich 2008). Horses have live in temperate and tropical regions around the world. In been considered as the dead-end host because they usually addition, West Nile disease (WND) is the disease caused by produce insufficient viremia that makes them unable to be WNV, a neurotropic human pathogen that is the causative transferred to mosquitoes and there is no evidence that they agent of West Nile fever (WNF) and encephalitis. More can transmit WNV to human (Elisa et al. 2014). than 2.5 million people have WND over 12,000 reported As this virus can infect a wide range of vertebrates and cases of encephalitis from 1999 to 2010 and over 1300 arthropods and be transmitted with the aid of mosquitoes, deaths were recorded (Kilpatrick 2011). Furthermore, CDC it is one of the reasons why the virus has successfully reported the first case ofWND in the Western Hemisphere circulated over a wide geographical area (Blitvich 2008). occurring in an exotic zoo on birds, crows and horses. The Malaysia is one of the Asian countries that are vulnerable first discovered ofWNV is in 1937 in the West Nile District to WNV infection. The temperate, tropical country coupled of Uganda from the blood of a febrile woman (Sambri et al. with the rainy condition is favorable for the breeding of 2013) while equine encephalitis caused by WNV was first the mosquitoes that have a major responsibility in WNV isolated in the early 1960’s in Egypt and France (Murgue transmission. However, data on the life cycle of the et al. 2001). perpetuation of the virus in endemic foci in Malaysia The human outbreaks were generally related with are lacking. Therefore, this paper will review important mild febrile illnesses infrequently reported in Israel and aspects of the lineage, detection, risk factors and preventive Africa until the early 1990’s (Petersen et al. 2013). In measures relevant to Malaysia. parts of Russia, Southern and Eastern Europe, the new viral strains that were similar to the African strain caused LINEAGE OF WNV increased outbreaks (Sambri et al. 2013). In 1996, the first WNV aligns into 7 lineages on the basis of nucleic acid large outbreak occurred in Romania with 4.1% (16 out of homology with the dominant lineages deviating by the 393) of WNV antibody detected in human (Blitvich 2008). nucleotide differences with 25% to 30% (Richter et During the late summer of 1999, WND was entered into the al. 2017). Lineage 1 WNV has a worldwide circulation Western Hemisphere when people infected with WNV were including Africa, Europe, Australia, Asia, North, Central diagnosed in New York State (Marfin & Gubler 2001). America and the Middle East while lineage 2 is limited to According to the CDC, WND was first isolated in the United Africa which infrequently progressing to severe disease States in 1999 with 7 deaths and 62 cases (12% case fatality and can cause mild febrile illness in human (Pattan et rate) in New York City and surrounding countries. A total al. 2009). Lineage 1 can be divided into 3 sub-lineages; of 65% from all 2774 human cases of non-neuroinvasive first is discovered from the Western Hemisphere, Africa, occurred in 1999 in the United States (Trevejo & Eidson Middle East and Europe that constitutes lineage 1a, 2008). Kunjin virus (KUNV) from Australia serve as lineage In the United States, 97% of 1121 of non-human 1b and lineage 1c is composed of the virus from India mammal cases occurred in 1999 (Reisen 2013). Meanwhile, (Bondre et al. 2007). Now, lineages 1 and 2 are endemic in North America, the New York 1999 (NY99) strain of WNV in southeastern Europe. was first discovered in dead American crow (Komar et al. Lineage 3 was first reported close to the Czech 2003). For avian species, 80% from 4106 dead bird cases Republic and Austrian border in 1997 which indicated that include crows, jays and magpies obtained in 1999 in the Rabensburg virus and this virus named after the first the United States. In the summer of 2001 in Illinois, WNV report of the infected Culex pipiens mosquitoes nearby was first isolated after a laboratory analysis verified that Austrian town (Bakonyi et al. 2005). On the other hand, two dead crows found in Cook County had died because lineage 4 was first reported in the Caucasus Mountains of this virus. Meanwhile, nucleic acid of WNV was detected in Russia from a Dermacentor marginatus tick (Lvov in snakes in Pennsylvania in 2003 with 59% (2 out of 123) et al. 2004) meanwhile a group of human and mosquito in the Eastern Garter snake species (Dahlin et al. 2016). was isolated for lineage 5 and this virus spreads in India Between 2004 and 2005, 65% of the 76 Californian cases since the early 1950s and its cluster form sub-lineage 1c that involved fox squirrels, as well as western and eastern (Bondre et al. 2007). Lineage 6 discovered from Culex gray squirrels resulted in death (Padgett et al. 2007). pipiens mosquitoes in Southern Spain in 2006 and this Meanwhile, in China, 15% of 309 cases from the strain exactly associated with lineage 4 and the same cat species were tested positive to WNV infection while strain with KUNV in Sarawak (Vazquez et al.
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