DOCSLIB.ORG

Nomads and Nomadism New Approaches in Kyrgyz and Ottoman Nomadic Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nomads and Nomadism New Approaches in Kyrgyz and Ottoman Nomadic Studies NIHU Program Islamic Area Studies İlhan ŞAHİN Nomads and Nomadism New Approaches in Kyrgyz and Ottoman Nomadic Studies ࣟࢦ TIAS: Department of Islamic Area Studies Center for Evolving Humanities Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology The University of Tokyo TOKYO 2013 Published by NIHU Program Islamic Area Studies TIAS: Department of Islamic Area Studies, Center for Evolving Humanities, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Copyright © 2013 Department of Islamic Area Studies, Center for Evolving Humanities, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo The photographs in this book have been taken by the author, except where indicated. All of the photographs may be used after obtaining permission. İlhan ŞAHİN Nomads and Nomadism New Approaches in Kyrgyz and Ottoman Nomadic Studies ISBN 978-4-904039-76-2 Printed by TOKYO PRESS Co., LTD. Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan Contents Introduction 7 Oral Studies 1 New Trends and Directions in Central Asian Studies: According 13 to the Project ‘Living History’ of the Central Asian People 2 Regarding Certain Characteristics of the Kyrgyz Family and Social 21 Structure 3 Clan and Kinship Networks in the Kyrgyz Society According to the 33 Oral Sources 4 Formation Process of Eurasian Nomadic Groups, Based on Oral 49 History: The Kyrgyz Nomads’ Example 5 BaƱbiche and Tokol in the Kyrgyz Community 59 Comparative Studies 6 Nomads and Globalization: The Example of Central Asian Nomads 77 7 Some Findings and Views Regarding the Formation of Nomadic 85 Groups in Central Eurasia 8 Regarding Socio-Cultural Structures in Ottoman -Kyrgyz-Kyrgyz NomadicNomadic 93 Life 9 Some New Findings and Views About ‘Divan’ 105 10 ‘Turluk’: The Story of a Nomadic Tent, From Central Asia to 113 Anatolia 11 Terms for Trade and Craft Sectors: The Example of Kyrgyz and 125 Anatolian Turkish Case Studies 12 Transformation of Baatyr in the Formation of Nation-State 145 in Kyrgyzstan 13 The Concept of ‘Yörük’ and the Yörüks of Bursa Region 159 14 Urban-Rural Relations in the Transition Period: The Case of an 171 Animal Bazaar in Kyrgyzstan 15 Kinship Relations in Kyrgyzstan Following the Transition Period: 185 The Case of Küntuu Village 16 Suusamyr: The Place Where Eurasian Nomads Meet and Melt 197 6 Nomads and Nomadism 17 Social and Economic Changes in the Transition: The Case of 217 Suusamyr Valley in Kyrgyzstan 18 A Circumcision Feast in Kyrgyzstan 227 Bibliography 239 Index 253 ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,EHJDQP\DVVLJQPHQWDW.\UJ\]7XUNLVK0DQDV8QLYHUVLW\LQ%LVK NHNWKHFDSLWDORI.\UJ\]VWDQGXULQJWKHDFDGHPLF\HDUZKLOH ,ZDVDIDFXOW\PHPEHURIøVWDQEXO8QLYHUVLW\¶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µ7KH )RUPDWLRQ 3URFHVV RI WKH .\UJ\] 1DWLRQDO,GHQWLW\'XULQJWKHWK&HQWXU\¶ZKLFKKDVEHHQFRPSOHWHGDQG WKHSURMHFWVFDOOHGµ/LYLQJ+LVWRU\RIWKH&HQWUDO$VLDQ3HRSOH7KH&DVH RI.\UJ\]VWDQ¶DQGµ(XUDVLD1RPDGLF5HVHDUFK¶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¶VVRFLDODQGDGPLQLVWUD WLYHVWUXFWXUHEDVHGLQODUJHPHDVXUHRQRUDOKLVWRU\VRXUFHVDUHIRXQGLQ WKHILUVWVHFWLRQRIWKHERRN&RPSDUDWLYHVXEMHFWVUHODWHGWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYH VRFLDOFXOWXUDODQGHFRQRPLFKLVWRU\DUHLQWKHVHFRQGVHFWLRQ7KHVHFRP SDULVRQVIRFXVPDLQO\RQ .\UJ\]DQG2WWRPDQQRPDGLFVRFLHWLHV ,Q WKH WKLUGVHFWLRQRIWKHERRNLVVXHVFRQFHUQLQJHVSHFLDOO\WKHWLPHNQRZQDV WKH7UDQVLWLRQ3HULRGDIWHUDUHDGGUHVVHGWKHUHELUWKRIWKHFRPPX QLW\¶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µM¶LVXVHGLQVWHDGRIµɠ¶ 7XUNLVKF µL¶LQVWHDGRIµɢ¶ L µƱ¶ LQVWHDGRIµɣ¶ \ µNK¶LQVWHDGRIµ[¶ K µWV¶LQVWHDGRIµɰ¶µFK¶LQVWHDG RIµɱ¶ o µVK¶LQVWHDGRIµɲ¶ ú µ\¶LQVWHDGRIµɵ¶ Õ µ\X¶LQVWHDGRIµɸ¶ LX µ\D¶ LQVWHDG RI µɹ¶ LD &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH IROORZLQJ VSHOOLQJV DUH SUHIHUUHG µ.\UJ\]¶ LQVWHDG RI µ.ÕUJÕ]¶ µN\P\]¶ LQVWHDG RI µNÕPÕ]¶ µEDDW\U¶LQVWHDGRIµEDDWÕU¶µ.DO\JXO¶LQVWHDGRIµ.DOÕJXO¶µ%LVKNHN¶LQ VWHDGRIµ%LúNHN¶µNKDQ¶LQVWHDGRIµKDQ¶µNRONKR]¶LQVWHDGRIµNROKR]¶ µ-LEHN -ROX¶ LQVWHDG RI µ&LEHN &ROX¶ µ,FKNLOLN¶ LQVWHDG RI µøoNLOLN¶ DQG µ.DƱUDW¶ LQVWHDG RI µ.D\UDW¶ ,W VKRXOG EH SRLQWHG RXW WKRXJK WKDW WKH VSHOOLQJV LQ WKH ERRN KDYH QRW EHHQ DGMXVWHG IRU DOO QDPHV WHUPV DQG VWDWHPHQWVLQWKH.\UJ\]ODQJXDJHEXWUDWKHUMXVWIRUWKRVHQDPHV DQG WHUPVIRXQGPRVWO\LQLQWHUQDWLRQDOVWXGLHV $QLPSRUWDQWSRUWLRQRIWKHVWXGLHVLQWKHERRNLVEDVHGRQILHOGUH VHDUFKFRQGXFWHGZKLOH,ZDVDVVLJQHGDW.ÕUJÕ]7XUNLVK0DQDV8QLYHUVLW\ ,QWKLVUHJDUG,ZRXOGOLNHWRUHVSHFWIXOO\DFNQRZOHGJHWKHIROORZLQJLQGL YLGXDOV3URI'U.DU\EHN0ROGREDHY IRUPHU5HFWRURIWKH8QLYHUVÕW\ 3URI 'U 6H\IXOODK dHYLN IRUPHU 'HSXW\ 5HFWRU RI WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ DQG $\KDQ6UHN IRUPHU*HQHUDO6HFUHWDU\RIWKH8QLYHUVLW\ 7KHVHYDOXHG DGPLQLVWUDWRUVDOZD\VHQVXUHGWKDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\NQRZQLQWKRVHGD\VDV µ*ROGHQ%ULGJH¶KDGDZDUPDWPRVSKHUHIRUVFLHQWLILFVWXGLHV&RQVH TXHQWO\,ZRXOGOLNHWRH[WHQGP\KHDUWIHOWJUDWLWXGHWRWKHP ,QJDWKHULQJWRJHWKHUWKHVHSDSHUVIRUSXEOLFDWLRQDVWKHILUVWSURGXFW RIP\FRQWLQXLQJVWXGLHVRQWKHQRPDGLF.\UJ\]FRPPXQLW\DWDOOWLPHV, UHFHLYHGKHOSDQGDWWLPHVDUJXPHQWVRQVRPHPDWWHUVIURPIULHQGVDQG FROOHDJXHV ZKRVH QDPHV , PXVW PHQWLRQ 7KHVH DUH 3URI 'U $QYDUEHN 0RNHHY3URI'U$KPHW%XUDQ3URI'U'||O|WEHN6DSDUDOLHY3URI'U .XEDWEHN7DEDOGLHY3URI'U&HQJL]$O\ÕOPD]3URI'U.RQXUDOS(UFLOD VXQ3URI'U+XJMLOWX:X$VVRF3URI'U0XUDWEHN.RMREHNRY$VVRF
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Observance of the Right to Freedom from Torture in Closed Facilities of the Kyrgyz Republic
    ORING ORING ORING OBSERVANCEOBSERVANCE OFOF THETHE RIGHTRIGHT TOTO FREEDOMFREEDOM FROMFROM TORTURETORTURE ININ CLOSEDCLOSED FACILITIESFACILITIES OFOF THETHE KYRGYZKYRGYZ REPUBLICREPUBLIC MONITMONITORING.ORING. RESPONSE.RESPONSE. REHABILITREHABILITAATIONTION BISHKEK 2012 HUMAN RIGHTS MONIT HUMAN RIGHTS MONIT HUMAN RIGHTS MONIT OBSERVANCE OF THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM FROM TORTURE IN CLOSED FACILITIES OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC MONITORING. RESPONSE. REHABILITATION BISHKEK 2012 УДК 347.1 ББК 67.99(2Ки)3 С 54 Observance of the right to freedom from torture in closed facilities of the Kyrgyz С 54 Republic. Monitoring. Response. Rehabilitation: Report. - Б. 2012. – 92 с. ISBN 978-9967-26-926-2 This report has been produced following the implementation of projects on “Addressing human rights in closed facilities in Kyrgyzstan through nationally-owned human rights mechanisms” and “Increasing police accountability with the introduction of civil society monitoring mechanisms” supported by the OSCE Centre in Bishkek as well as the Freedom House Project on Strengthening Human Rights in Kyrgyzstan financed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The report is meant for public institutions, nongovernmental organizations, human rights defenders and other individuals who are interested in the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and conditions in temporary detention facilities and reception centres under the Ministry of Interior (MoI) and pre-trial and remand places of detention under the jurisdiction of the State Service for the Execution of Punishments (SSEP) under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. All opinions expressed herein belong to the authors of this report and should not be perceived as those reflecting the official position of the OSCE, USAID and Freedom House.
    [Show full text]
  • Singing the Kyrgyz Manas
    SINGING THE KYRGYZ MANAS SINGING THE KYRGYZ MANAS SAPARBEK KASMAMBETOV’S RECITATIONS OF EPIC POETRY ✦ By Keith Howard and Saparbek Kasmambetov With Razia Sultanova, Gulnara Kasmambetova and Gouljan Arslan SINGING THE KYRGYZ MANAS SAPARBEK KASMAMBETOV’S RECITATIONS OF EPIC POETRY by Keith Howard and Saparbek Kasmambetov First published 2010 by GLOBAL ORIENTAL LTD PO Box 219 Folkestone Kent CT20 2WP UK www.globaloriental.co.uk © Keith Howard and Saparbek Kasmambetov 2010 ISBN 978-1-906876-38-8 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library Set in Times New Roman 11 on 12 pt. Printed and bound in England by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wilts CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii CD Contents vii Preface ix List of Contributors xvi Part I Episodes from the Manas 1 1 Manas is born 3 2 The marriage of Manas to Kanıkey is arranged 11 3 The Great Battle 25 4 Semetey’s childhood 32 5 Semetey returns to Talas 38 6 The marriage of Semetey 44 7 Semetey takes revenge for the death of his father, Manas 56 Part II 63 1 Oral epic poetry and the Manas 65 2 The Kyrgyz Manas: recorded, performed and studied 91 3 The manasči, Saparbek Kasmambetov 115 References 133 Index 141 ILLUSTRATIONS between Part I and Part II 1 Manas (Episode One) 2 Manas and Kutunay (Episode One) 3 Manas rides into battle (Episode Three) 4 Manas with his warriors (Episode Three) 5 The horse race (Episode Four) 6 The white fish at the lake (Episode Six) 7 Ay-čürök as the swan maiden (Episode Six) CD CONTENTS CD1 Track 1 Semetey’s childhood 27.45 CD1 Track 2 Semetey returns to Talas 36.03 CD2 The marriage of Semetey 56.00 Recorded at the AHRC Research Centre Studio, SOAS, in April 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • Glaciers in Xinjiang, China: Past Changes and Current Status
    water Article Glaciers in Xinjiang, China: Past Changes and Current Status Puyu Wang 1,2,3,*, Zhongqin Li 1,3,4, Hongliang Li 1,2, Zhengyong Zhang 3, Liping Xu 3 and Xiaoying Yue 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science/Tianshan Glaciological Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; [email protected] (Z.L.); [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (X.Y.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 College of Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (L.X.) 4 College of Geography and Environment Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 June 2020; Accepted: 11 August 2020; Published: 24 August 2020 Abstract: The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China is the largest arid region in Central Asia, and is heavily dependent on glacier melt in high mountains for water supplies. In this paper, glacier and climate changes in Xinjiang during the past decades were comprehensively discussed based on glacier inventory data, individual monitored glacier observations, recent publications, as well as meteorological records. The results show that glaciers have been in continuous mass loss and dimensional shrinkage since the 1960s, although there are spatial differences between mountains and sub-regions, and the significant temperature increase is the dominant controlling factor of glacier change. The mass loss of monitored glaciers in the Tien Shan has accelerated since the late 1990s, but has a slight slowing after 2010. Remote sensing results also show a more negative mass balance in the 2000s and mass loss slowing in the latest decade (2010s) in most regions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Silk Roads: an ICOMOS Thematic Study
    The Silk Roads: an ICOMOS Thematic Study by Tim Williams on behalf of ICOMOS 2014 The Silk Roads An ICOMOS Thematic Study by Tim Williams on behalf of ICOMOS 2014 International Council of Monuments and Sites 11 rue du Séminaire de Conflans 94220 Charenton-le-Pont FRANCE ISBN 978-2-918086-12-3 © ICOMOS All rights reserved Contents STATES PARTIES COVERED BY THIS STUDY ......................................................................... X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... XI 1 CONTEXT FOR THIS THEMATIC STUDY ........................................................................ 1 1.1 The purpose of the study ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background to this study ......................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Global Strategy ................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.2 Cultural routes ................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2.3 Serial transnational World Heritage nominations of the Silk Roads .................................................. 3 1.2.4 Ittingen expert meeting 2010 ........................................................................................................... 3 2 THE SILK ROADS: BACKGROUND, DEFINITIONS
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 GE.19-05427 (E) 071119 081119 Committee Against Torture
    United Nations CAT/C/KGZ/3 Convention against Torture Distr.: General 2 April 2019 and Other Cruel, Inhuman English or Degrading Treatment Original: Russian English, French Russian and or Punishment Spanish only Committee against Torture Third periodic report submitted by Kyrgyzstan under article 19 of the Convention pursuant to the optional reporting procedure, due in 2017*, ** [Date received: 31 January 2019] * The second periodic report of Kyrgyzstan (CAT/C/KGZ/2) was considered by the Committee at its 1192nd and 1195th meetings, held on 12 and 13 November 2013 (see CAT/C/SR.1192 and CAT/C/SR.1195). Having considered the report, the Committee adopted concluding observations (CAT/C/KGZ/CO/2). ** The present document is being issued without formal editing. GE.19-05427 (E) 071119 081119 CAT/C/KGZ/3 Introduction 1. The present report is being submitted pursuant to article 19 (1) of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. It was prepared in accordance with the general guidelines regarding the form and contents of periodic reports to be submitted by States parties. It includes information on the implementation of the concluding observations of the Committee against Torture (CAT/C/KGZ/CO/2), replies to the Committee’s list of issues (CAT/C/KGZ/QPR/3) and additional information on the implementation of the Convention. 2. The report was prepared by an inter-agency working group established by decision of the Coordinating Council on Human Rights, which made use of information received from the State Penal Correction Service, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Supreme Court, the State Committee on National Security, the State Committee on Defence, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Labour and Social Development.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Turkic Nations and Their Image on Nature and Human Being (VI-IX Centuries)
    Asian Social Science; Vol. 11, No. 8; 2015 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Medieval Turkic Nations and Their Image on Nature and Human Being (VI-IX Centuries) Galiya Iskakova1, Talas Omarbekov1 & Ahmet Tashagil2 1 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of History, Archeology and Ethnology, Kazakhstan 2 Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University Faculty of Science, Turkey Correspondence: Galiya Iskakova, al-Farabi Avenue, 71, Almaty, 050038, Kazakhstan. Received: November 27, 2014 Accepted: December 10, 2014 Online Published: March 20, 2015 doi:10.5539/ass.v11n8p155 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n8p155 Abstract The article aims to consider world vision of medieval (VI-IX centuries) Turkic tribes on nature and human being and the issues, which impact on the emergence of their world image on nature, human being as well as their perceptions in this case. In this regard, the paper analyzes the concepts on territory, borders and bound in the Turks` society, the indicator of the boundaries for Turkic tribes and the way of expression the world concept on nature and human being of above stated nations. The research findings show that Turks as their descendants Kazakhs had a distinctive vision on environment and the relationship between human being and nature. Human being and nature were conceived as a single organism. Relationship of Turkic mythic outlook with real historical tradition and a particular geographical location captures the scale of the era of the birth of new cultural schemes. It was reflected in the various historical monuments, which characterizes the Turkic civilization as a complex system.
    [Show full text]
  • Kyrgyz Republic DEV 200662
    Measuring results, sharing lessons sharing results, Measuring OPERATION EVALUATION Kyrgyz Republic - DEV 200662 Support for the National Productive Safety Nets and Long-Term Community Resilience A mid-term evaluation of WFP’s Operation (July 2014 – May 2016) Final Report August 2016 Evaluation Team: Sophia Dunn, Anara Alymkulova and Terrence Jantzi Evaluation Manager: Martin Fisher Commissioned by the WFP Office of Evaluation Report Number: OEV/2016/003 i Acknowledgements The evaluation team sincerely thanks the WFP Kyrgyzstan Country Office in Bishkek for the efficient facilitation of the evaluation process. The staff generously afforded their time to support the team with excellent planning and logistics and to provide relevant information. The passion of the team culture for this project was evident in their energy and enthusiasm to ensure a good evaluation process. Our gratitude also goes to all the stakeholders (Government authorities, the donor community, the United Nations agencies, the cooperating partners and other non- governmental organizations, the beneficiaries, and civil society), who dedicated their time to participate in informative discussions and contributed significantly to the findings of the evaluation. Sophia Dunn, Anara Alymkulova and Terrence Jantzi Disclaimer The opinions expressed are those of the Evaluation Team, and do not necessarily reflect those of the World Food Programme. Responsibility for the opinions expressed in this report rests solely with the authors. Publication of this document does not imply endorsement by WFP of the opinions expressed. The designation employed and the presentation of material in the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WFP concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers.
    [Show full text]
  • Dessert Menu
    MADO MENU DESSERTS From Karsambac to Mado Ice cream: Flavor’s Journey throughout the History From Karsambac to Mado Ice-cream: Flavors’ Journey throughout the History Mado Ice-cream, which has earned well-deserved fame all over the world with its unique flavor, has a long history of 300 years. This is the history of the “step by step” transformation of a savor tradition called Karsambac (snow mix) that entirely belongs to Anatolia. Karsambac is made by mixing layers of snow - preserved on hillsides and valleys via covering them with leaves and branches - with fruit extracts in hot summer days. In time, this mixture was enriched with other ingredients such as milk, honey, and salep, and turned into the well-known unique flavor of today. The secret of the savor of Mado Ice-cream lies, in addition to this 300 year-old tradition, in the climate and geography where it is produced. This unique flavor is obtained by mixing the milk of animals that are fed on thyme, milk vetch and orchid flowers on the high plateaus on the hillsides of Ahirdagi, with sahlep gathered from the same area. All fruit flavors of Maras Ice-cream are also made through completely natural methods, with pure cherries, lemons, strawberries, oranges and other fruits. Mado is the outcome of the transformation of our traditional family workshop that has been ice-cream makers for four generations, into modern production plants. Ice-cream and other products are prepared under cutting edge hygiene and quality standards in these world-class modern plants and are distributed under necessary conditions to our stores across Turkey and abroad; presented to the appreciation of your gusto, the esteemed gourmet.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Framework for Free Economic Zones and Industrial Parks in the Kyrgyz Republic
    Strategic Framework for Free Economic Zones and Industrial Parks in the Kyrgyz Republic Free economic zones that can be transformed into clusters of highly competitive traded firms can contribute significantly to industrial diversification and regional development of the Kyrgyz Republic. This strategic framework outlines strategies and policies for leveraging them to enhance productivity and promote regional development. The framework involves six pillars for integrating free economic zones and industrial parks: (i) using a sustainable development program with a mix of bottom–up and top–down approaches; (ii) enhancing the investment climate by ensuring the development of sound legal and regulatory frameworks, better institutional designs, and coordination; (iii) using a proactive approach with global value chains and upgrading along them by strengthening domestic capabilities; (iv) forming regional and cross-border value chains; (v) developing a sound implementation strategy; and (vi) establishing a sound monitoring and evaluation framework. About the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program is a partnership of 11 member countries and development partners working together to promote development through cooperation, leading to accelerated economic growth and poverty reduction. It is guided by the overarching vision of “Good Neighbors, Good Partners, and Good Prospects.” CAREC countries include: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, the People’s Republic of China, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. ADB serves as the CAREC Secretariat. About the Asian Development Bank ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people.
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Development of Kyrgyzstan: Investment and Financing
    Address: IIASA, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria Email: [email protected] Department: Advanced Systems Analysis | ASA Working paper Industrial Development of Kyrgyzstan: Investment and Financing Nadejda Komendantova, Sergey Sizov, Uran Chekirbaev, Elena Rovenskaya, Nikita Strelkovskii, Nurshat Karabashov, Nurlan Atakanov, Zalyn Zheenaliev and Fernando Santiago Rodriguez WP-18-013 October 05, 2018 Approved by: Name: Albert van Jaarsveld Program: Director General and Chief Executive Officer Address: IIASA, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria Email: [email protected] Department: Advanced Systems Analysis | ASA Table of contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... 3 1. Overview of investment climate ................................................................................. 4 2. Drivers and instruments for investment ...................................................................... 9 3. Barriers for investment ............................................................................................ 13 4. Socially and environmentally sustainable investment ................................................. 18 5. Key messages ......................................................................................................... 20 References ................................................................................................................. 22 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
    [Show full text]
  • Bishkek–Osh Road) Improvement Project, Phase 4 (RRP KGZ 45169) Initial Environmental Examination
    Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Corridor 3 (Bishkek–Osh Road) Improvement Project, Phase 4 (RRP KGZ 45169) Initial Environmental Examination P45169-KGZ TA 8107-KGZ August 2013 KGZ: CAREC Corridor 3 (Bishkek–Osh Road) Improvement Project, Phase 4 (Bishkek–Kara-Balta Section) The IEE is an update of the IEE report disclosed on ADB and MOTC website in August 2013 available on http://www.adb.org/projects/45169-001/documents. Prepared By the KOCKS Consult GmbH for ADB and Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Kyrgyz Republic. The IEE is a document of the Borrower. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1 A. BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................1 B. ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS .........................................................3 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...................................................................................6 A. OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................6 B. TYPE AND CATEGORY OF PROJECT .............................................................................6 C. NEED FOR PROJECT .......................................................................................................7 D. LOCATION .........................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Ingilizce a Ingilizce
    Upturn in English – Teog Test 3 İNGİLİZCE A Choose the correct answers 6- Şevval: What is your favourite snack ? Sevde: It’s pasta. 1- Berke: ……………………………………. Şevval: Why do you like pasta so much ? Sefa: We usually grill and roast it. Sevde: Because …………………………………… We sometimes bake it,too. A) How do you eat your dessert ? A) It’s easy to make for me. B) How often do you eat chicken ? B) It consists of too much salt and It’s unbearable. C) What do you usually have for dinner ? C) They are all different food. D) How do you usually cook chicken ? D) I only eat it in our special days. 2- My mum says that the best method for cooking 7- Girl: I’m hungry,mum.What are you preparing for the fish is ………………..it. dinner ? Mother: A vegetable pizza. A) pouring B) diceing Girl: Hmm ! It looks so ………. C) grilling D) peeling Mother: Yes, absolutely. 3- Görsellerle fiileri eşleştiriniz. A) traditional dish B) choopped C) Fried D) delicious Peel - Dice - Spread - Chop 8- Doğukan: Do you like zucchini,Kerem ? Kerem: Of course, I like but my brother doesn’t like All Rights Reserved ® 2016 it so my mum ……….cooks it at home. A) always B) seldom I. II. C) usually D) often 9- Wife: Give me the ………….my sweetie. Husband: Why ? III. IV. Wife: I need it to roll the dough. I’II make a bread. Husband: Oh! Got it. Here you are. A) I. Spread, II. Chop, III. Dice, IV.Peel B) I. Chop, II.Spread, III. Peel, IV.
    [Show full text]