Nomads and Nomadism New Approaches in Kyrgyz and Ottoman Nomadic Studies

NIHU Program Islamic Area Studies

İlhan ŞAHİN

Nomads and Nomadism

New Approaches in Kyrgyz and Ottoman Nomadic Studies

ࣟࢦ

TIAS: Department of Islamic Area Studies

Center for Evolving Humanities

Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology

The University of Tokyo

TOKYO 2013 Published by NIHU Program Islamic Area Studies TIAS: Department of Islamic Area Studies, Center for Evolving Humanities, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology The University of Tokyo

7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan

Copyright © 2013 Department of Islamic Area Studies, Center for Evolving Humanities, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo

The photographs in this book have been taken by the author, except where indicated. All of the photographs may be used after obtaining permission.

İlhan ŞAHİN

Nomads and Nomadism New Approaches in Kyrgyz and Ottoman Nomadic Studies

ISBN 978-4-904039-76-2

Printed by TOKYO PRESS Co., LTD. Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan Contents

Introduction 7 Oral Studies 1 New Trends and Directions in Central Asian Studies: According 13 to the Project ‘Living History’ of the Central Asian People 2 Regarding Certain Characteristics of the Kyrgyz Family and Social 21 Structure 3 Clan and Kinship Networks in the Kyrgyz Society According to the 33 Oral Sources 4 Formation Process of Eurasian Nomadic Groups, Based on Oral 49 History: The Kyrgyz Nomads’ Example 5 BaƱbiche and Tokol in the Kyrgyz Community 59 Comparative Studies 6 Nomads and Globalization: The Example of Central Asian Nomads 77 7 Some Findings and Views Regarding the Formation of Nomadic 85 Groups in Central Eurasia 8 Regarding Socio-Cultural Structures in Ottoman -Kyrgyz-Kyrgyz NomadicNomadic 93 Life 9 Some New Findings and Views About ‘Divan’ 105 10 ‘Turluk’: The Story of a Nomadic Tent, From Central Asia to 113 Anatolia 11 Terms for Trade and Craft Sectors: The Example of Kyrgyz and 125 Anatolian Turkish Case Studies 12 Transformation of Baatyr in the Formation of Nation-State 145 in Kyrgyzstan 13 The Concept of ‘Yörük’ and the Yörüks of Bursa Region 159 14 Urban-Rural Relations in the Transition Period: The Case of an 171 Animal Bazaar in Kyrgyzstan 15 Kinship Relations in Kyrgyzstan Following the Transition Period: 185 The Case of Küntuu Village 16 Suusamyr: The Place Where Eurasian Nomads Meet and Melt 197 6 Nomads and Nomadism

17 Social and Economic Changes in the Transition: The Case of 217 Suusamyr Valley in Kyrgyzstan 18 A Circumcision Feast in Kyrgyzstan 227 Bibliography 239 Index 253



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Yudakhin, K. K., Kirgizsko-russkiƱ slovar / KÕrgÕzça-orusça söz, I-II, Frunze- Moskva 1965. Zlatkin, ø. Ya., Istoriya Jungarskogo khanstva 1635-1758, Moskva 1983. Persons interviewed as Oral Sources Abden Kuramaev (born in 1965) is from Suusamyr aƱyl (village), JaƱyl raƱon (district), ChuƱ oblast (province), Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 29, 2013). Abdyjapar Mambetjanov (born in 1927) is from Manap uruk belonging to Saryb- agysh in Jerge-Tal aƱyl, Naryn raƱon, Naryn oblast (Interview on November 23, 2008). Aida Düshenbieva (born in 1974) is from Naryn raƱon, Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011). AƱnagül ømanova (born in 1960) is from Isyk Köl raƱon, Isyk Kol oblast, Kyr- gyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011). AƱnura Omurakunova (born in 1967) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012). Almaz Osmonov (born in 1977) is from Tokmok city, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 28, 2011). Amurkan øsmailov (born in 1963) is from Yurevka aƱyl, Isyk-Ata raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011). Anarbek Abykeev (born in 1976) is from Beiúeke aƱyl, Kemin raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011). Anarbek KichinebaƱ (born in 1978) is from Ottuk aƱyl, Naryn raƱon, Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011). Asanbek Kakeev (born in 1962) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012). Asman Kadimoglu (born in 1965) is from Yurevka aƱyl, Isyk-Ata raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011). Atyrkül øbraimova (born in 1959) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012). Atyrkül Musaeva (born in 1953) is originally from Minkush aƱyl, Jumgal raƱon, Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 29, 2011). Bahiya Sharsheeva (born in 1969) is from Tepke aƱyl, Ak-Suu raƱon, Isyk-Köl oblast (Inteview on May 12, 2010). Baktybek Kydyraliev (born in 1979) is a merchant in Paris, Suusamyr aƱyl, JaƱyl raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 23, 2010). Bekjan Omurov (born in 1934) is a merchant in Paris, Suusamyr aƱyl, JaƱyl raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan. Burulkan Baltabaeva (born in 1939) is from Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (First interview on January 29, 2011). Bübüra Kydyralieva (born in 1927) is from Vorontsovka aƱyl, Alamüdün raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on December 7, 2007). Cholponbek Düshenbiev (born in 1947) is from Ottuk aƱyl, Naryn raƱon, Naryn 248 Nomads and Nomadism

oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011). Döölötbek Saparaliev (born in 1953) is from Jumgal-Aktalaa raƱon, Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 6, 2011) Düshön KaƱranov (born in 1965) is from Aral aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyr- gyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011). Erkinbek Abdyrahmanov (born in 1966) is from Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on March 25, 2011). Fauziya Nazaralieva (born in 1943) is from Yntymak aƱyl, Bakay-Ata raƱon, Talas oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 7, 2011). Gülbübü Mövküshova (born in 1935) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012) Gülkan Mambetalieva (born in 1924) is from øskira aƱyl, Kant raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 18, 2007). Gülzura Jumakunova (born in 1954) is from Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on June 11, 2013, Seoul, Republic of Korea). ømash Sarybagyshev (born in 1927) is is from Tüp aƱyl, Tüp raƱon, Isyk-Köl oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on December 2, 2007). JaƱchybek Moldoliev (born in 1958) is from Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (First interview on 17 November 2010; second interview on January 29, 2011). Jamal Suleiman (born in 1953) is from Burana village, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 28, 2011). Jamal Toktogazieva (born in 1936) is from Tügöl Sal aƱyl, Jumgal raƱon, Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 22, 2008). Japarbek Makishov (born in 1957) is a current herder in Tunuk aƱyl, JaƱyl raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 23, 2010). Jyldyz Jarty (born in 1971) is from Ton raƱon, Isyk-Köl oblast, Kyrgyzstan (In- terview on January 12, 2011). Joldoshbek BeƱshebaev (born in 1960) is from Alchaly aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011). Kalbübü ølebaeva (born in 1961) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012). Kalygul Jusupov (born in 1935) is from KarataƱ aƱyl, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on December 1, 2007). Kamantul Baltabaev (born in 1937) is from Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 29, 2011). Kanybek Abdykasymov (born in 1961) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012). Karagyz Mambetsydykov (born in 1943) is from Suusamyr aƱyl, JaƱyl raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on June 17, 2007). Karagul RayƱymbekov (born in 1930) is from Tokuz uul sub-tribe belonging to Sayak clan in Sheker villlage, Karabuura raƱon, Talas oblast, Kyrgyzstan (In- terview on May 8, 2011). Bibliography 249

KarybaƱ uulu, Akmat, Sadyr Ake, Bishkek 2002 Kasym øsaev (born in 1938) is from Chychkan aƱyl, Jedi Ögüz raƱon, Isyk-Köl oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on Fabruary 25, 2008). Kazybek Küsermambetov (born in 1936) is from Ügüt aƱyl, Aktalaa raƱon, Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 19, 2007). Kerimbübü Shopokova (born in 1917) is from Shalta aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on April 9, 2011). Köchör Moldobaev (born in 1923) is from Kum Döbö aƱyl, Kochkor raƱon, Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 22, 2008). KudaƱbergen Tatanov (born in 1932) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on December 30, 2008). Kunduzbübü Azyrankulova (born in 1960) is from Aktash aƱyl, Chatkal raƱon, Jalalabat oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 29, 2011). Luba Shutova (born in 1957) is from Isyk-Ata raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on October 12, 2008). Mahmutjan Sabirov (born in 1949) is from Tokmok city, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyz- stan (Interview on November 13, 2011). Maksat Apilov (born in 1980) is from Kurtka aƱyl, Aktalaa raƱon, Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 28, 2011). Malika Usonova (born in 1964) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012). Malimbübü Abakirova (born in 1954) is from Atbashy raƱon, Naryn oblast, Kyr- gyzstan (Interview on Mach 15, 2010). Manap Kaljigitov (born in 1925) is from Karl Marks aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (First interview on December 11, 2004 and second interview on September 9, 2007). Marina Moldolieva (born in 1964) is from Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 17, 2010). Masudahan Pazyljanov (born in 1935) is from Tokmok city, ChuƱ oblast, Kyr- gyzstan (Interview on November 20, 2011). Meerim ømash kyzy (born in 1970) is from Shapak aƱyl, Aksuu raƱon, Isyk-Köl oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on 17 May, 2007). Mirsharif Pazyljanov (born in 1932) is from Tokmok city, ChuƱ oblast, Kyr- gyzstan (Interview on November 20, 2011). Moldobek Kalnazarov (born in 1967) is from Kurtka aƱyl, Aktalaa raƱon, Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 28, 2011). Murzapar AƱtaliev (born in 1968) is from Kashka Suu aƱyl, Aksu raƱon, Jalalabat oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 28, 2011). Nasip Tatanova (born in 1938) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on December 30, 2008). Nurbübü Ibraimkyzy (born in 1920) is from Tarsuu aƱyl, Chong Kemin, Kyrgyz- stan (Interview on August 7, 2008). Nurlan Abdyldaev (born in 1967) is from Kurtka aƱyl, Aktalaa raƱon, Naryn 250 Nomads and Nomadism

oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 28, 2011). Nurlan Alymkulov (born in 1976) is from BeƱsheke aƱyl, Kemin raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011). Omor Jamangulov (born in 1965) is from Burana aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast , Kyrgyzstan (First interview on October 12, 2008, and second interview on November 20, 2011). Osmonakun øbraimov (born in 1954) is former State Secretary of Kyrgyz Repub- lic, 2000-2005, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on March 28, 2012). Osmonaly Kydyraliev (born in 1950) is originally from Minkush aƱyl, Jumgal raƱon, Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 29, 2011). Osmonkul Kazakbaev (born in 1960) is originally from Aktash aƱyl, Chatkal raƱon, Jalalabat oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 29, 2011). RaƱymdar Kibarov (born in 1933) is from Karl Marks aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on September 9, 2007). Sadat ømanhojaeva (born in 1933) is from Tokmok city, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 20, 2011). Sadykbek Chynybaev (born in 1943) is from Suusamyr aƱyl, JaƱyl raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 23, 2010). ShaƱdilla Joldubaev (born in 1948) is from Karl Marks aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on September 9, 2007). ShaƱloobek Kampabekov (born in 1970) is from Atbashy raƱon, Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011). ShaƱloobek Musakojoyeve (born in 1937) is from Musakojo aƱyl, Jumgal raƱon, Naryn oblast (Interview on February 25, 2008). ShamytaƱ Mambetaliev (born in 1934) is from Örnök aƱyl, Isyk-Köl oblast, Kyr- gyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2008). Syrgak Sooronkulov (born in 1932) is from Okutur (Okatar) uruk (sub-tribe) be- longing to Saruu uruu (clan) in Ürmaral aƱyl, Talas oblast, Kyrgyzstan (First interview on April 7, 2007, and second interview on March 31, 2013). Stambulbek Mambetaliev (born in 1977) is from Suusamyr aƱyl, JaƱyl raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan. Suusar Karybekova (born in 1954) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012). TalaƱbek Korgoldoev (born in 1968) is the current head of Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on March 25, 2011). Temirbek Joldoshev (born in 1936) is from Belogorka aƱyl, Sokoluk raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on December 4, 2007). Tentimiú øbraimov (born in 1954) is the head of Madaniyat AƱyl Council, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012). Toktokan Kushubakova (born in 1948) is a merchant in Paris, Suusamyr aƱyl, JaƱyl raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 23, 2010). Toktomurat Mankiev (born in 1945) is from Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on March 25, 2011). Bibliography 251

UmsunaƱ Asankulova is from Karl Marks aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on September 9, 2007). Uvazger Akmataliev (born in 1932) is from Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 17, 2010) Zamira Sopubekova (born in 1952) is from Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on March 25, 2011). Zina Abdykasymova (born in 1941) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012). Zuuran Muhammedova (born in 1943) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, Bakay-Ata raƱon, Talas oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 7, 2011). Internet Research Sources http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Heroine

Index

1917 Revolution, 212, 219, 214 aile, 94, 103, 160, 161 Aabad uruu, 229 airplane, 79 aarychy, 139; see also arÕcÕ aƱdoonun chöbü, 206 Abdykasymova, Zina-, 150 aƱgyr, 201 Abdyldaev, Nurlan-, 177 AƱgyr Jal-Too, 201 Abdurasul, 65, 66 aƱyl, 208; — aksakaldary, 194; — bash- Abek, 187 chysy, 194; — deputattary, 194; — ökmöt, 180, 193, 194 Abykeev, Anarbek-, 177 aƱyldash, 181, 182 Abramzon, S. M., 40, 34, 152 aƱmak aƱmak jaygashuu, 99 accountant, 220 aƱmaktasha jaygashuu, 99 achkych, 136, 138 aƱran, 131-132, 214, 231; see also yo÷urt Adalaky uruu, 229 aƱry, 137, 138; see also çatal Adam, Hz., 47 AƱsabek, 43 Adygine, 40 AƱtaliev, Murzapar-, 177 adie, 232; see also adiya AƱtmatov, Chyngyz-, 19-20, 150, 156; adiekech, 232; see also adiyakash — novels, 20 adiya, 232, 234; — berüü, 232; —kün, ak, 127 232 ak akça kara gün içindir, 127 adiyakash, 232; see also adiyakech Ak möngülüü aska zoolor talaalar / adiyakech, 232 Elibizdin cany menen barabar, 205 adiyakesh, 232; see also adiyakash Ak Suunun Tegeregi, 221 Adranos, 164-165; — district, 165-166 Ak uul, 34, 36, 37, 38, 53 adrashman chöbü, 206 Akaev, Askar-, ex-President of the Kyr- Afghanistan, 114 gyz Republic, 156, 223 Africa, 85 Ak-Beshim, 152; — village, 152 Afyon region, 166 Akboz, 80 agÕl, 87, 100 Akbuura, 41 agriculture, 188 akcha, 126, 127; — almashtyruu, 127 a÷aç kaúÕk, 137 Akchaly, village of —, 179 a÷aç yaúken e÷ilir, 116 akça, 126, 127; see also akcha a÷Õz, 132, 141, see also uuz Akçakoyunlu, 164; — group, 164 a÷uz, see a÷Õz Akçaúehir, villages of —, 107 ahÕr, 209, see also akyr ake, 32 Ahmedçiler, 166 Akhyska, 179 254 Nomads and Nomadism

Akhisar, 164-165, 168, 170 Alash Orda State, 110 akyr, 209 Ala-Too, 186, 200-201, 204 Akimbekova, MeƱlikan-, 230 alaycÕk, 115 Akkeçilü, 162 alayçÕh, 115 Akkoyunlu, 102 Alayundlu, — of Sirfihisar (Seferihisar), Akkula, 80 162 akmandaƱ, 207 Alban duban kalky bar, 109 Akmataliev, A., 69 Alban duban kishi bar, 109 Akmatov, BaƱyshbek-, 221-222 alcoholic drinks production, 203 Akmatov, Tashtanbek-, 150 Aldash, 43, 53 Akmoloo summer pasture, 217 Aldyndy mal bassyn / Arkandy bala bassyn, 31 Akmoyun winter quarters, 65 Aleppo, — region, 102, 167; — Türk- Akramov, Ernist-, 156 men, 163; — Türkmen groups, 164; aksakal, aksakals, 17, 29-30, 59, 187, — Türkmenleri, 167 228; commission of —, 233 algyr, 213 Aksakal Judgeship, see Aksakaldar Sotu Alhan, 47 Aksakaldar Sotu, 30 Alybek Baatyr, 148 aksakally, 29 Alymbek Han, 156 aksakallyk council, 30 Alymkul uulu, SüƱmönkul-, 228, 235, Akshumkar, 156 236, 237 Aksy, villages of — district, 17 Alymkulov, Aliyasbek-, 156 Aksu raƱon, 52 Alymkulov, Salmoor-, 153 Aktaban shubyryndy, 147, 199 alyp sataar, 177-181; — group, 177; Aktalaa, 81-82, 175, 179; district of —, local —, 178 178 Ali, 88 Aktash, 82 Alibeylü, 162 AkyazÕ, 165 Alkara, 80 Ala-Bel, 200 alma, 136 alacalÕ, 170 Almaty, 136 alachyk, 224 almaz, 137-138 alacÕk, 115-116, 169, 170 Almaz, 42-43, 55 alacuk, 115 almurut, 136 alaçÕh, 115 Alseyit, 27, 52-53, 88; — uruk, 52-53 alaçÕk, 114, 115 AltaƱ Mountains, 198-199 alaçuk, 115 Alty duban Alash el, 110 AlaƱ, 171, 232; — region, 69-70, 191 altÕn, 137; see also altyn alaman, 233 altyn, 137 alamanashy, 233 altynjy, 140 Alamüdün, 220; — bazaar, 178 anachy, 139 Alancha Han, 47 anahtar, 136, 138 AlapaƱ, 43- 44; — uruk, 44; genealogy of Analah, 47 —, 43 Index 255

Anar, 150 Aryk, ancestor of the — uruk, 42; ances- anar, 136 tor of the — tukum, 42; tukum of —, 42 Anatolia, Anatolian, 22, 25, 48, 50, 56- 57, 78, 87, 91, 95-101, 103, 107, 108, Arkalyk, 39; — term, 39 111, 113-114, 116, 118, 121-123, 128, armut, 136; see also ashpurt 130, 159-161, 165-166, 169-170, 203- arpa, 130 204, 207, 209-210, 229 -230, 236; — food, 129; — nomads, 115; — Princi- Arpa pasture, 183 palities, 201; — proverb, 116; — arrow, 79; see also tîr Turkish, 23, 60, 83-84, 86, 96, 113- Artyn mal arkasyn bala bassyn, 31 114, 121-122, 125-128, 130-132, 134- Artillery Corps, see Topçu Oca÷Õ, 96 136, 138-141, 200, 203, 209, 231; — villages, 236; — Yörük groups, 115; Artillery Wagoners, see Top ArabacÕlarÕ — Yörüks, 117; areas of —, 209; Oca÷Õ geography of —, 108; nomadic Arzymatov, Ruslan-, 153 groups of —, 85, 88; nomads of —, Asan KaƱgy, 147 103; regions of —, 163, 209, 236; the geography of —, 159; villages of —, Asankulova, UmsunaƱ-, 230, 234 208; Yörüks of —, 121 Asanov, Dair-, 149 ancestor tradition, 41 ashyk, 133; see also chükö, 133 ancestral tradition, 40 ashkabak, 136 ancestry, 40, 41 ashkana, 126, 128, 141, 175 añchy, 139 ashpozchu, 220 Aneze, 167 ashpurt, see almurut animal, animals, 49, 77; — bazaars, 171, ashtoo, 209 182; — dealers, 175, 182, see also Asylbek, 221 alyp sataar; — dealers and owners, Asia, 78, 84, 96, 113, 115, 123, 170; — 175, 183; — feed, 175; — herds, 78; continent, 85 — husbandry, 183, 188, 219; — husbandry sector, 184; — markets, asker, 139 171, 182, 184; — products, 225;— aúevi, see aúhane skins, 68; small-scale —, 183 aúhane, 126, 128, 141 Ankara subprovince, 164 aúÕk, 134; see also ashyk Antalya, 159 at, 83, 96 Apilov, Maksat-, 177 At adamdyn kanaty, 79 apple, 235; also see alma at kula÷Õ, 84 Arab tribes, 167 At, attan kiƱin jat, 80 araba, 96 ata, 23-24, 32, 44, 59; — urugu, 40; — Arabic, 42, 94-95, 97, 101, 114, 232, 236, baba aƱyly, 40 237; — menâb, 29; — alphabet, 47; AtabaƱ, 37, 43 — word, 29 Atabekova, Ülbüzkan, 150 Aramza, 221; — pasture, 225 AtaƱ, 193 Arap, 88 AtaƱka village, 152 archa, 118-119; — wood, 118 Atake Baatyr, 147 archival documents, 60 atalash bir tuugan, 59 Ardam, 53 Ata-salty, 40 arÕcÕ, 139 256 Nomads and Nomadism

Ata-üƱdün eesi, piri, 23 —, 151; the characteristics of a —, atar, 220 147; the concept of —, 148, 156; the emergence of a —, 146-147; the Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal-, 72 emergence of —, 147; the emergence Atbashy, 152, 154, 171, 175; — raƱon, of the —, 157; the revival of a —, 153; 152; — region, 151 the revival of a local —, 154; the Atçeken oymaks, 102 revival of —, 154-155; the revival of the —, 157; the title of — of the ateú kültü, 95 Kyrgyz people, 156 Atyñ barda cer taany / atañ barda el Baatyr Manas, 30 taany, 79 Baatyrlyk, 147 Attokurov, S., 47 baba, 23, 44; — oca÷Õ, 96 aunts, 90 Bagysh, 40; ancector of the — uruu, 41 Austrian Embassy, 168 ba÷, 169 autumn pasture, 167 ba÷Õrsak, 133, 134, 231 avcÕ, 139 bahadÕr, 203 AvcÕlar, 166 baƱ, 31, 59, 60, 63, 64, 71, 73, 148 avlu, 119 BaƱ Jakyp, 61 Avúar, — of AkyazÕ, 162; — Sirfihisar (Seferihisar), 162 baƱbiche, baƱbiches, 31, 59, 60-62, 64- 65- 73; — title, 70-71; —’s children, Ay Han, 47 69; —’s daughter, 69; —’s son, 69; ayak, 117, 121 etymology of the term —, 60; children ayak kap, 134; see also ayakkabÕ of the —, 73; the title —, 61, 70; the ayakkabÕ, 134; see also but kiƱim word —, 60 ayal, 32, 59, 64, 68 BaƱetov, 178 ayimaȖ [aimӽg], 98, 99 BaƱgana, 187 ayran, 131-132 BaƱmurat, 53 Azar, 43 baƱtal bee, 133 Azeri, 83 BaƱtur, 193 azyk, 129-130 BaƱzak Baatyr, 156 azyk-tülik dükeni, 129 baja, 32 azyk-tülük, 129; — dükönü-magazin, bajy, 180 128; — produkty, 129 baka, 44 azu÷, 129 baka jalbyrak, 207 azuk, 129 Bakachy, 43-55; — uruk, 55; — uruk Baatyr, baatyrs, 30, 59, 145-148, 151, line, 55; genealogy of —, 43; see also ShaƱbek 154-155, 157, 203; — ene, 20, 149, 150, 157; — in Soviet Times, 148; — Bakdöölöt, 61 of Kyrgyz society, 146; — of the Bakiev, Kurmanbek-, ex-President of the Kyrgyz Republic, 149; — of the Kyrgyz Republic, 156 Kyrgyzstani Republic, 156; being a Baky tarmag, 64 —, 148; concept of —, 145; female —, 148; local and regional — 30; bakkal, 129 local, regional and national —, 148; baklagils, 135 rebirth of the concept of —, 151; baklajan, 136 relatives of the —, 151; revival of a Bakras, — DivanÕ, 107; — village, 107 Index 257

Baktygül, 150 Bayad, — of Bergama, 162; — of Geyve, bal kymyz, 133 162; — of Göle, 162; — of Sö÷üd, 162; — of Tarhala (Soma), 162 bala, 25; — oturguzuu, 227 Baybiçe, a novel entitled Baybiçe, 72 Balabanlu, 162 Baybiçe HanÕm, 72 Bala-BeƱit, 82 Bayburt, 102 balany beshige bölöö, 69 BayÕndÕr, — of BeypazarÕ, 162; — of Balasagun, see Burana Göynük, 162 BalbaƱ Baatyr, 156 Bayramlu group, — of the Sö÷üt Yörüks, Balbak, 53 165 balbal, 81-82 bazaar, bazaars, 126, 128, 171, 180, — baldar, 56 administration, 179, 183; — culture, 184; — network, 184; — society, 177, baldyz, 32 179-181; — staff, 179; owner of the balÕkçÕ, 139; see also balykchy —, 179; rural —, 182; the security of balykchy, 139-140 the —, 181 Balkan, 113 bazar, see also bazaar BallÕk, 162 bazar koomu, 176 Balvak, 187 bazarkom, owner of bazar, 173, 177, 179, Baragun Gar, 163 181; relatives of the —, 179 Barak, 37 bede, 207 Baraklu, 162 beds, 68 barber, see berber bee, 64 Barkan, Ömer Lütfi-, 163 beglik, 100 Barsbek, 193 BeƱshebaev, Joldoshbek-, 177 bash, 117, 121, 133 BeƱshembaev, Kuban-, 153 bash bosogo, 117 bek, 28 bashchy, 139 Bekdik, 122 Bashkurt, 83 Beki, 43 Basyz, 40 beklik, 28 basma, 209-210 Bektemir, 53 bastyrma, 209 Bektemish, 43 baú, 134; see also bash belboo, 138 baúak, 130 Belek, 43, 53 baúkan, 139 Belek, KaƱrat 14, 41, 172 Bata, 231-232; — aluu, 232; — berüü, Bendehor, 105 232 berat, title of privilege, 72 Batysh, 38, 39, 202 berber, 126, 128 Batysh Karakol Öröönü, 201, 202 Bergama, 165; — region, 164; the name Batken, 91, 111, 191, 224, 229; — — Yörüks, 166; the vicinity of —, region, 38, 232, 234; province of—, 166 Berin, ùaziye-, 72 191 Berin, ùaziye-, 72 Batkendikter, 91, 191 beshbarmak, 213, 233 Batur Hun TaƱji, 199 betege, 206; — chöbü, 206 258 Nomads and Nomadism betege ketip bel kalat / bekler ketip el bo÷az keçesi, 121 kalat, 206 bohça, 129 bey, 89, 133, 134 Bolu, 105; — province, 106, 107 Beydili, — of AydÕncÕk, 162; — of Bey- boo, 116, 119 pazarÕ, 162; — of Mihaliç (Karaca- bey), 162 boor, 133, 134 Beylerbeyi DivanÕ, 105 boorsok, 231 BeypazarÕ, 164; — district, 166 Borgemik, 208, 219 bÕçak, see bychak Borkeeva, AƱtolkun-, 19 bychak, 137 BoronbaƱ Baatyr, 156 bychmachy, see tikmechi bosaga, 116, 119 Bystrovska, see Kemin bosogo, 116-117; — tayak, 117 biche, 60 Bosphorus, 72 biƱ, 27, 28, 31, 56, 63, 69, 71, 73, 145, Boston, 36 148; selection of —s, 28 botoköz, 207 biƱche, 60 bow, 79 biƱke, 60 boy, 22, 50, 57, 98, 101, 161; —s, 25; biƱkech, 60 see also clan biƱkesh, 60 boz, 114 biƱlik, 27 boz tal, 207 bilerik, 137, 138 bozacÕ, 139 bilezik, see bilerik bozochu, 139 Bilge Ka÷an, 63; — inscriptions, 94 Bozok, 105 bir atanyn baldary, 44, 51, 54, 55 Bozulus, 42, 102, 103; members of the — Türkmenleri, 167 bir chykym akcha, 127 bozüƱ (tent), 71, 73, 113-114, 116-122, Bir duban elge danky chykkan, 110 139, 169, 200, 210-213, 221, 222; — bir tukum berdi, 54 type tents, 113, 114, 120; —’s erec- bird, 79 tion, 119; —’s kerege, 121; — type tents, 113-114, 120; erecting a —, Birinci MaƱ, 208, 217 118; four-kanat —, 118 Bishkek, 15, 39, 90, 171, 185, 188, 191, böbrek, 133-134, 141 201-204, 217, 223, 225, 228 böƱrök, 133, 141 Bishkek-Osh Jolu, 217, 224 böli, 94, 98 biz, 236 bölö, 32 bizgiç, 236 bölög, 98 bizi, 236 bölüg, 98 Black Sea, — region, 107; north —, 111; West and Mid — regions, 105 bölük, 22, 25, 50, 57, 97-98, 101, 107- 108, 160-161; structure of —, 107 blood money, 25 bölüngöndü börü ceƱt, 63 blood tie, 24 börü, 63 Bochko, 53 börübasar, 209 bod, 22, 88, 98 Börüchek, 43 bodun, 98 bread, 131 Index 259 bride, brides, 65- 68, 95; —’s side, 234 camera, 17 bu, 22, 98 cameraman, 17 buba, 44; —’s father, 44 camion (gruzovÕh avtomashinÕ), 183 Budism, 228 car (legkovÕye and mototsikl), 183 Buganak uruk, 64 caravans, 83 bugu, 52 caravanserai, see kervansaray Bugu, 40, 52; — uruu, 27, 42, 52-53, 55 carpet weaving, 56, 203 bu÷, 118, 121 carts, 95-96 bu÷day, 130, 141 Caspian Sea, 163 buhgalter, see accountant cattle, 86, 182-183, 212; — breeding, bulak, 210 188; see also uƱ Bulgachy, 36, 38; see also Salusbek Caucasus, 17; people of the —, 188 buluo, 22, 98; the term —, 98 ceket, 138 Burana, 171 Celali disturbances, 167 burçak, 135, 141 cellat, 140 Bursa, 159, 163-164, 168, 170; — area, cemaat, 25, 50, 57, 97, 101, 108, 160- 159; — district, 164; — region, 160, 161 168; nomad population of the — Central Anatolia, 105, 107, 120, 158, subprovince, 164; the center —, 163; 167 the center of —, 162; the city of —, Central Asia, 17, 19, 40-41, 46, 48, 81, 168; the nomads of the — area, 169; 83-85, 94, 98, 103, 107, 110, 113-114, yörüks of the — area, 169 116, 122-123, 125, 141, 145, 159, burun, 133-134 169-170, 185, 199, 213, 217;— Busurmanov, Mars-, 202 Kyrgyz, 96; — nomadic groups, 113, 115; — nomadic people, 48; — no- but kiƱim, 129, 134; see also ayak kap mads, 56; — nations, 145;— steppes, but kiƱim —: dükönü-magazin, 128 199; history of —, 170; nomadic button, 116 groups of —, 170; nomadic life of — people, 48; nomads of —Central Asia, buudaƱ, 130, 141 21, 103 buurchak, 135, 141 Central Asian, see Central Asia buyer and seller, 176; see also alyp sataar Central Eurasia, 85; — peoples, 85 buyers, 181 Central Eurasian, see Central Eurasia Bü÷düce, 162 ceviz, 135 Bü÷düz, — of BeypazarÕ, 162 Chaa, 186 büli, 94, 98 chaban, 140-141, 183, 220 bülöö, 22, 94, 98 chach, 128; — tarach, 126, 128 bülüg, 98 ChagataƱ (Tsagaadai), 26 Bürgö Baatyr, 148, 156 chaƱkoochu, 177 bürküt, 122 chaƱnek, 137-138; see also çaydanlÕk Cadastral survey records, see tahrir Chal, 43 defters Chal uulu, 219 cafeterias, 223 chalap, 131-132, 222 camel, camels, 65, 78, 86, 117, 184, 204; see also töö chalgy, 137 260 Nomads and Nomadism

ChalkuƱruk, 80 chöp, 206, 213 chanach, 187, 213 Christian, — cemetery, 193; — migra- Char Uya, — summer pastures, 217 tions, 193 charpaya, 229 Christianity, 228 Chatkal, 200; — raƱon, 188 chronicles, — of Ottoman history, 170 Chechen, 20; — woman, 20 chuchuk, 133, 134, 141 check points, 180 ChuƱ, 38, 82, 111, 191, 200, 224; — aƱmagy, 99; — area, 152; — dubany, Chekir, 53 110; — oblast, 151, 185, 188, 191; — Chekir Moldo, 37 province, 155, 172; — raƱon, 151- Cherik, 40 152; — region, 151, 218, 220; — Valley, 171-172, 186; province of —, chychkan, 213 191 Chychkan village, 52 chük, 236 Chygysh, 38, 39; — side, 38 chükö, 133-134 ChyƱyrdy, 61 cigarette smoke, 22 Chykkan kyz, chiƱden tyshkary, 45, 54 ci÷er, 133-134 chyny, 231 circulation of money, 182; — between Chynybaev, Sadykbek-, 220 urban and rural areas, 182 chyrak, 137, 138 circumciser, 235-237; figure of the —, chyrmook, 207 236 chickens, 174 circumcision, 227-228, 232-237; — chiƱ, 116, 118 ceremony, 228-229, 232, 234; — feast, 228, 230, 232-233; — feast of China, 29, 127, 128, 199; Great Wall of Mehmed, 115; — feasts, 235; — —, 128 house, 229, 232-234 Chinese, 98, 109, 148; — duan, 108, clan, clans, 40-41, 50, 63, 80, 87, 88, 101, 109; — sources, 22, 33, 98 103, 157; — organization, 97; — Chingis Khaan (Cengiz Han), 26, 37, structure, 101, 157 228 close kin, 194 chochok, 236; — kesüü, 227 cloth, clothes, 66, 68, 78-79, 120, 232; Cholok-Tuuma tarmag, — of the Bugo- — bags, 129 nak uruk, 65 coffee shops, 223 Cholponbek, 182, 181, 182 collective memory, 61 chong, — ata, 32, 44, 234; — biƱ, 28; — collectivization, 14, 183-184 ene, 32, 234; — uruu, 42 colt, 232 Chong Jar, 186, 194 commercial Places, 126 Chong Korumdu, 210 Communist Party, 15, 17 Chong Murun, 90, 186-187, 189-190; — lineage, 189; —yntymagy, 189 Congar, see Çongar and Çonkara Chong-Döbö, 82 containers, 206 Choro, 37 cook, see ashpozchu chum, 114 cotton, 236, 237 cow, see also uƱ courtyards, 229 chömüch, 137-138, 141 cousins, 56 Index 261 cow, cows, 61, 65, 68, 78, 86, 128, 132, daly, 133-134 181-184, 214, 220, 232; — milk, 224; DandybaƱ, 90, 186-187, 190; — group, —’s milk, 231 91; — yntymagy, 190; — lineage, 190 Cungar, Cungars, 163; — Khanate, 29, Danishmend Dynasty, 98 199 Danishmendli, 162, 166 Cungaria, 199 darbaza, 229 Currency Units, 126 darbyz, 136, 234 customs, 27 Dargins, 188 cuurat, 132 daryger, 140 Cyrillic alphabet, 47 dastorkon, 230; — jayuu, 230 adÕr, 113-114, 121, 139; see also tent Ç datka, 70, 145 Çardak, 162, 168 daughter (kyz), 25 çarúaf, 138-139; see also sheƱshep Dede Korkut KitabÕ, 160 çatal, 137-138 de÷irmen, 130-131, 141 çatma, 115; — ev, 115 de÷irmenci, 140 çattra, 113 Deli Mustafa, 166 Çavuúlar, — DivanÕ, 106; — village, 106 demir kaúÕk, 137 çaydanlÕk, 137-138 Deniz Han, 47 Çepni, — of AydÕncÕk, 162— of Göynük, depelik, 121 162 deri, 134, 141 çetr, 113 derici, 140 çÕra, 137-138 derik, 115 çiriú, 84 derim, 115-116, 120, 121; — ev, 116, çizmeci, 140 123, 169-170; see also derim evi çoban, 140-141, 168; see also chaban derim evi, 115-116, 120 Çongar, a nomadik group from Pehlu- dervaze, Persian word —, 229 vanlu, 163; see also Jungar Derviú Hasan, 88 Çongar Çepnisi, a district in Sivas, 163 destârhân, 230 Çonkara, a nomadic group from Varsak, 163; see also Jungar deve, 83, 139, 169; — dikeni, 84 Çonkara, a village in Bursa, 163; see also devlet, 57 Yi÷itali di-duan, 109 Çoúlu Yörüks, 91, 100 diken, 84 çömçe, 138, 141 dil, 134, 141 Çörüú, 162 dilci, 140 Çukur, 168 dilenci, 140 Çukurviran, 162 Dinar, 221 Daban, 201 dirreyt, dirreyt, 84 Dadabaev, Timur-, 14, 41 disco bar, 223 Dadhah, the title —, 70 distant, — kin, 194; — relatives, 97, 99 daily costumes, 17 district bazaars, 178 daldalchy, see ortomchu divan, 105-111, 201; structure of —, 107; the name —, 106 262 Nomads and Nomadism divanbaúÕ, 106, 107 düƱnük, 118 Divan-Õ Hümayun, 105 DüƱshö, 37 Divanü Lûgat-it Türk, 23, 26, 79, 121, dükkân, dükkâns, 126, 128, 141; see also 159, 169 dükön diver, 149 dükkâncÕ, 140; see also dükönchü Dobrovits, Mihaly-, 36 dükön, 126, 128-129, 141; see also doctor, 205 dükkân dog, dogs, 84, 174, 204, 209, 213 dükönchü, 140 dokumacÕ, 140, 141 dünlük, 118 Dolon BiƱ, 35-38, 47 Düzce district, 107 Domaniç, 164, 168, 170; — district, 166; East Anatolia, 102, 159, 167 — Mountains, 168 East Tenir Mountains, 199 Dombul BiƱ, 37 Eastern Asia, 128 donkeys, 204 Eastern Mongolia, 26 DordoƱ bazaar, 178 eb, 22, 94, 113, 120 Dostuk, 194 ebchi, 120; see also epchi Dostuk Mechit (Mosque), 172 ebe, 139 döböt, 209, 213 echki, 139, 211 Döölös, 36, 40 EdilbaƱ, 37 döúek, 138-139, 141 eer, 137-138, 141; see also eyer Döúemiú, 88 egin, 130; see also ekin dried foods, 135 E÷ribayad, 162 dual, — structure, 34, 50; — of the eje, 32 Kyrgyz community, 35; — wing Eki jakshy jaƱloogo chyksa kudalashyp structure, 50 tüshöt / Eki jaman jaƱloogo chyksa duan, 108-110 kubalashyp tüshöt, 81 duban, 108-111, 201 Eki tukum berdi, 55 Duban Kechüü Öröönü, 201 ekin, 130, 169 Dubanda saƱrap yrdasan / Turuptur köp ekmek (nan), 130 el tang kalyp, 109 el, 40; — balasy, 25 Dubandan chykkan külük, 110 elbise, 139 Dubandy buzgan jorgo elem / Topor elchi, 140; see also elçi boldum basyksyz, 110 elçi, 140 ducks, 174 elechek, 61 dûd, 95-96 elek, 130-131, 137 duhan, 95-96 Elji Han, 47 duman, 96 elma, 136 Dunghans, 17, 179 Elmaçukuru, 168 dur, 122 Elmalu, — center and the villages, 106; durluk, 122, 169 — divanÕ, 105, 106; — villages, 106; duwan, 108, 110 —’s tax revenue, 106; nefs-i —, 106 dü÷me, 137 elmas, 137, 138 Index 263

Elvan, 56, 89 Eurasian, — community, 49; — history, emerek, — dükönü-magazin, 128; — 49; — nomadic lifestyle, 86 mebel, 129 Europe, 84 Emet, 88 European, 188; — continent, 85 Emir, 88 ev, 94, 113-115, 121; the word — , 113 Emir, — of Mihaliç (Karacabey), 162 evlenme, 227 emir er, 30-31 Evrenoso÷ullarÕ, 31 en, 211, 212 eyer, 137, 138, 141 ene, 23, 32, 52, 59 Eymir, 56, 89 Ene-üƱdün kutu, uyutkusu, 23 Eymir, — of BeypazarÕ, 162; — of Er- epchi, 120; — jak, 120 menipazarÕ (PazarcÕk) 162; — of øne- göl, 162; — of Kirmasti (M. Kemal- er, 30-31, 59; — jak, 120; the terms —, paúa) and Ulubad, 162;— of Sirfihisar 146 (Seferihisar), 162 er jigit el chetinde, joo betinde, 31 Eymirli, 166 er jigit el kamyn jeƱt, 31, 147 Familial and social structures, 31 Er SoltonoƱ Baatyr, 147 family, 21-24, 26, 31, 32, 51, 54, 56, 57, Eraliyev, SüƱünbaƱ-, 156 59, 60; — formation and establishing, erbaú, 30 24; — line, 25; — members, 22; — Ercilasun, Güljanat Kurmangaliyeva-, 14, structure, 23, 32; — unit, 42; —’s 18, 41 essential seeds, 24; generations of the lineage of the —, 24; inter— social Ercilasun, Konuralp-, 202 relations, 27 erdin aty erge ten, 80 fanar, 137-138 ere gitmek, ere vermek, 31 far east, — of Asia, 126 erik, 136 fasol, 135; see also fasulye Erikli, 168 fasulye, 135 eriúte, 130-131 father, —’s blood tie, 24; —’s line of ermen, 207 genealogy, 45; —’s lineage, 27; —’s Ermeni Mountains, 168 seed, 51; —’s tukum (semen), 42 ErmenipazarÕ, 164, 168, 170 Fatiha, 232; see also Bata Ernazar, 187 Fatima, 150 Erzurum, 95; — hâneleri, 96; — homes, fellow countrymen, see aƱyldash 96 felt, 66, 68, 116, 121-122, 139, 165, 169; Esenaly, 53 see also keçe eshik, 117-119, 121, 231; alt —, 120; üst fener, 137-138 —, 120 field research, 21, 93 Eshkoco, 53 flour, 130-131; — products, 130 Eskiil, 102 forefather line, 52 eúküncü, 106 foreign blood, 24 et, 133, 134 France, 223 ethnic groups, 15 frontier region, see uc Eurasia, 49, 77-80, 83, 84-87; formation fruit, fruits, 136 of —, 49 Galieva, Farida-, 20 264 Nomads and Nomadism gamos, 62 Göynük, 164, 166 Gar, 163 göz, 134, 141 Gaz-24, 179 gözenek, 121 Gaz-52, 179 grandfather, 44 Gaz-53, 179 graves, 81 Gazi, 168; — YaylasÕ, 168 great greatgrandfather, 44 Gazi Hüdavendigar, see Murad I greatgrandfather, 44 geda, 60 Greek western, 33 geese, 174 green tea, 213, 231 Gegun, 33 groom, —’s guests, 234; —’s relatives, genç, 26 95; —’s side, 63 Gendarmerie Forces General Command, ground, 131; — material, 131 202 gum, 207 genealogical, — tradition, 47; — tree, 47 güldör dükönü-magazin, 128 genealogy, 40, 47; — of uruk, 44; — of güldör-svetÕ, 129 uruus and uruks, 47 Gülmana, 150 genetic, 227 Gülsara, 150 ger, 94, 122; — böli, 94, 98; — büli, 94, Gülshe, 70 98 gümüú, 137-138, 141 Germans, see Nemis Güncebükü, 162 Geroi Sotsialisticheskogo Truda, 149 güne bakan, 84 Geroi Sovetskogo Soyuza, 149 Gürleyik, 162 Geroy Sotsiyalisticheskogo Truda, 149 Güvendik, 88 geyik, 52 güzle, 86, 167 gÕcÕ, 84 güzlek, see güzle girl, girls, 25, 52, 65, 66-67 Haberci, 140 Gisar (Hisor), 199 HacÕ Bayram oba, 165 giyim (giysi), 138 HacÕ Emiro÷ullarÕ Beyli÷i, 106 Glasnost, memories of —, 15 HacÕ Selim, 115 Glavnoe Ovsevodsçeskoye Obyedinenie, 220 Halep Türkmenleri, 102 goats, 61, 78, 86, 128, 132, 182-184, 204, halÕ, 139, 138 212, 214, 232 Halil, 88 God, 234, 235 Halilo÷lanÕ, 162 gold manufacturing, 203 Ham, 47 GOO, 220 Hammer, Joseph von-, 168-169 göçer, 160; — evli, 160 hamur, 130-131, 141; see also kamyr Göçet, 162 hane, 94, 95 Gök Güvendik, 88 hares, 174 Göksu, 210; see also Kökö-Meren Harzemshahs, Turkish dynasty, 98 gömlek, 138, 139 hass reaya, 166 Gönen, 165 Haúim Mehmed, 95 Index 265 havlu, 119 Isyk-Köl, 38, 42, 111, 189, 191, 194; — hayme, 114 aƱmagy, 99; — dubany, 110; — oblast, 52; — province 173; — region, 177 haznedar usta, 72 yshkyn, 207 hediye, 232 Islam, 29, 63, 227-228, 235, 237 accept- hekim, doktor, 140 ance of —, 227, 237; —’s spread, 228 herd, see atar Islam, 150 herders, 225 Islam God, 234 Hero Mother, 157; see also baatyr ene ÕúgÕn, see yshkyn Hero of Socialist Labour, 149; see Geroy ÕúkÕn, 84, see also yshkyn Sotsiyalisticheskogo Truda brahim, 88 Hero of the Soviet Union, see Geroi ú Sovetskogo Soyuza ichegi, 133-134, 231 heroism, 145 ichköƱnök, 138, 139 HÕntÕ, 162 øçil, 103 HÕzÕr, 88 ødris, 150 hleb, 129; see also nan ø÷ciler, 106 home, 22-23 i÷ne, 137 homeland, 40 økikilise, 162 HonamlÕ, 91; — Yörüks, 100 ilik, 233 horizontally, 81 imam, 140 horse, horses, 56, 61, 65, 68, 79-80, 86, ømanaly, 65, 66 95-96, 128, 181-184, 204, 212-214, ømannazar, 65, 66 220, 232; — graze, 132; — harness, ømash, — of the Shapak, 55 120; — milk, 224; — riding, 83; —’s role, 204; the role of the —, 209; well- ønce Kethüda, 88, 89 trained —, 30 øne Hoca, 88 Horzum, 98 ønegöl, 164-165, 168, 170; — district, hoút gah gah gah, 84 166 house, 22, 23 inek, 83; see also cow hukukçu, 140 ini, 32, 87, 100 Hun, Huns, 50, 81-82, 98, 108, 114, 198, ip, 138-139 218; — groups, 98; period of the —, ipek, 138 22 irik, 220; see also rams hurma, 136, 141 ørtiú River, 199 Hüdavendigar, 165; — subprovince, 163, øsa, 53 165, 167-168, 170; rural areas of — subprovince, 162; the center of — øsaev, Kasym-, 53 subprovince, 164; yörük groups of — øsabek, 53 subprovince, 167 øsak, 65, 66 Ichkilik, 35, 38, 39, 102-103, 229; — øsakov, Baktybek-, 14, 18-19, 41, 172 uruus, 38 ishchi, 140 Iran, 114 øsmailov, Almaz-, 153 Isar (Hisor), 147 øsmailov, Altynbek-, 153 Isyk-Ata, 220 øsmailov, Berdibek-, 154 266 Nomads and Nomadism

østanbul, 115, 168 Jarban, 151, 153-155; — Baatyr, 153- østanbul State Printing Office, 72 156; — Baatyr monument, 155; — descendants, 154; — descent, 153; — iú eri, 31 yntymagy, 152; — line, 157; — iúçi, 140 monument, 154; — uruu, 152-153; it, 84, 204, 209; — ayak, 209 the descendants of —, 151-152, 157; the descendants of — Baatyr, 154; the øtelgi-Uya, 82 generation of —, 157; The monument iyne, 137 of — Baatyr, 155; the relatives of —, øznik, 165 154 Jag, 45 jargylchak, 129 jaƱ, 197, 198 Jarmat, 37 JaƱyl, ancector of Okatar uruk, 37 jashylja-jemish: dükönü-magazin, 128 JaƱyl Baatyr, KonurbaƱ uulu-, 147, 155, JavaƱ, 37 203 jaz jarysh küz kürösh, 197 JaƱyl raƱon, 220, 224 jaz, 197, 198 jaƱloo, 197-198 jazdyk, 138-139, 141 jak, 120 Jazdyn bir künü min küngö tete, 198 jaket, 138 jazdoo, 197 Jakyp, 61-62 jazuuchu, 140 Jakiev, Beksultan-, 156 Jedi Ögüz, 52 jakshylyk and jamandyk, 152 jeen, 32, 54 jal, 201 Jeen el bolboƱt / jelke ton bolboƱt, 54 Jalalabat, 38, 82, 111, 175, 177, 189, 191, Jeldeng, 53; — uruk, 52; line of —, 52 194, 198, 200, 224, 232; —oblast, jeldet, 140 188; — province, 173 jele, 212 Jamake, 37 Jemansart, 43 Jamal Suleiman, 177 jemish, 135, 141 Jamangul, 53 jene, 32 Jamgyr menen jer kögöröt / Bata menen el kögöröt, 231 Jerdesh, 190; — yntymagy, 189-191; the term — yntymagy, 190 jams, 231 Jerge-Tal village, 30, 152 jangak, 135 jete, 44 Jany tigilgen örgögö bata, 119 jeti ata, 45 Janybek, 64; — family, 64 Jeti atasyn bilbegen jetesiz, 45, 52, 161 Janyl Myrza, 148 Jeti atasyn bilbegen kul, 45 Janysh, 219 Jeti atasyn bilbegen myrzasy emes Kyr- Jankoroz, 41 gyzdyn, 161 JantaƱ, 43; — uruk, 43; genealogy of —, Jeti atasyn bilmegen-jetesiz, 45 43 Jeti dubandan kelgen konokdor, 109 Jantöböt, 43 Jeti jurt, 45 Japan, 96 Jetigen, 152 Japaraly, 65, 66 jezde, 32 Jyldyz Han, 47 Index 267 jylky, 132, 214, 233; — alarman, 177; kabile, 98 — alyjuu, 177; — turgan jer, 174; — kaburga, 133, 134; see also kabyrga ’s milk, 132; see also horse kadÕ, 102 jibek, 138 kadÕn, 71; — efendi, 71, 72; bash —, 71; Jibek Jolu, 203-204 ikinci —, 71; üçüncü —, 71 jigit, jigits, 59, 146, 232 kadimki kychy, 207 jilik, 233 Kagan, 166 jip, 138, 139 Kaganovich, Lazar-, 186 Jogorku Kenesh, 156 Kaganovich Sovkhoz, 186 Joldosh, 43 kaƱberen, 213 Joldubaev, ShaƱdilla-, 235 kaƱyn, 32; — aga, 32; — ata, 32; — eje, Joluke, 219; — uruus, 208 32; — ene, 32; — ini, 32 Jolumbet, 187 kaƱysh, 134; see also kayÕú Jookesek, 36 kaƱmak, 131, 213-214 jorgo, 80, 110 KaƱnazarova, Zuurakan-, 149, 150 Joto, 44 KaƱsar, 208, 217 Juji (Zuch), 26 kakym, 207 Jumake, 37 kalaƱ, 137; see also kalay Jumakmatov, Asankan-, 156 kalay, 137 Jumash uulu, 152 kalbyr, 137-138 Jumgal, 81, 82, 154, 201, 222- 224; — kalbur, 137-138; see also kalbyr district, 221; — raƱon, 18; — sovkhoz, Kalemin, N. H., 64, 65 221 kalfa, 72 Jungar Khanate, 163 Kalygul Oluya (Evliya), 69 Jungars, 163 kalyn, 63 Junusaly, 65-66 Kaljigitov, Alymkul-, 230 jupka, 130-131, 141 Kalmak, Kalmaks, 29, 146-147, 199, 203; Jusuev, SooronbaƱ-, 156 — Ashuu, 82; — attacks, 147; — Jusup, 43 invasion, 147, 199; — pressure, 151 Jusupov, Kalygul-, 43-44 Kalpak, 43 Jusup MamaƱ, — version, 109 Kamaz, 179 juurkan, 120, 138-139, 141 kamchy, 134 Jüdömüsh, 53; elder brother of Temir’s kamÕú, 236; see aalso kamysh grandfather —, 52 kamyr, 130-131, 141 jük, 120 kamysh, 84, 236 jün, 138-139, 141 Kampabekov, ShaƱloobek-, 177 jürek, 133-134 kanat, 56, 116-117, 120, 121, 161 jüz, 107 kanchyk, 209 jüzüm, 136, 235 kandek, 209 Kabak, 136 kandilci, 115 kabarchy, 140, 233 Kangdy, 36 kabyrga, 133-134 Kangly, see Kangdy 268 Nomads and Nomadism

Kant, 220 KarkÕn, — of Bursa, 162; — of Sirfihisar kapÕ, 118 (Seferihisar), 162 KaplÕ, 168 Karl Marks, — village, 228, 235, 237; village of —, 228-229 Kapsalan, 219 Karluks, 198 kara, 202; — kol, 202 karpuz, 136 kara ev, 115 kasap, 140 Kara Evli, 165 kashaa, 229 Kara Fakihler, 166 kashkulak, 213 Kara Han, 47 kashyk, 137; see also kaúÕk kara mal turgan jer, 174 Kasymbekov, Tölögön-, 156 Kara Mergen, 187 KâúgarlÕ Mahmud, 79, 159, 169 Karabagi, 166 kaúÕk, 137 Karaba÷, 166 katysh, 192 Karaba÷lÕ groups, 166 katmer, 130-131, 141; see also kattama KarabaƱ, 43 kattama, 130-131, 141, 231 Kara-Balta, 202-204, 222; town of —, 204 kavun, 136 Karaca, 88 kavurma, 133-134, 141 Karaca, — name, 166 KayÕ, — clan, 162; — nahiye of Mihaliç, 162; — of ErmenipazarÕ (PazarcÕk), Karacada÷, 166; — Yörüks, 166; the 162;— of ønegöl, 162; — of Mihaliç, name of —, 166 162; the name —, 162 Karacakoyunlu, 102 KayÕ nahiye, 162 Karacalar, 166 kayÕú, 134 Karakeçeli, 122, 165; — community, kaymak, see kaƱmak 165; — name, 165; —ler, 165-166; nomadic group named —, 165; Kayseri, 105 pronunciation of —, 165; Yörük kaz taman, 207 group by the name of —, 165 kaz tandaƱ, 207 Karakhanid, Karakhanids, 82, 108, 171, KazakbaƱ, 43 198, 218; — rulers, 227 Kazakh, Kazakhs, 18, 19, 57, 83, 87-88, Karakol, 110, 171; — dubany, 110 108, 110, 114, 116, 119, 121-122, 136, Karakol dubanyna Naryn da karaƱ tur- 147, 151, 161, 169, 179, 199, 218; — gan, 110 clans, 81; — community, 45, 107; — Karakozu, 53 folk song, 83, 200; — language, 117, 129; — Nation, 41; — nomads, 201; Kara-MoƱnok, 201-202 — society, 119-120, 147; — steppes, KaranaƱ, 37 81; — tradition, 45; — uruusu, 41 Karasaev, Husain-, 108-109 Kazakh kaƱyng saaganda / Kyrgyz Ysar karasu, 202 kirgen, 199 karatal, 116 Kazakh kaƱyng saap / Kyrgyz Ysar Kölöp- kö kachkanda, 147, 199 Karatekin region, 228 Kazakh Kyrgyz dubandan / Karasam Karaulus, 42, 102, 103 tappaƱym sendeƱdi, 110 karÕn, 133, 134 Kazakhstan, 136 karyndash, 32 Kazakov, Toktobolot, 214 Index 269 kazan, 137 kethüda, 89 Kazan, 20 Khwarazm Shahs, see Harzemshahs Kazarman, 175 Khokand, — Khanate, 171; — Khanate Kaziyayla, 168 period, 70; — sovereignty, 171 kebek, 130, 131 kychkach, 137 keche, 139; see also keçe Kydyrshaa, 36 kechüü, 201 kÕÕz, 100 keçe, 114, 138, 165 kyl chöp, 206 Keçelü, 165; Yörük group named —, Kylaa, 82 165 Kyljyr, 53 keçi, 83, 139 kymyz, 131-133, 206, 213-214, 222; Keçililer, 166; — group, 166 making of —, 213; weekly —drinking, 222 kedeƱ, 60 kymyzdyk, 207 kefen, 138 kÕna gecesi, 227 kefin, 139 KÕnÕk, — of Adranos (Orhaneli), 162; — kekik, 84 of Bergama, 162; — of Mihaliç kekilik chöp, 206-207 (Karacabey), 162; — of Sirfihisar kelin, 59, 119 (Seferihisar), 162; — of Yarhisar, 162 kelin alsam kolum uzarat, 68 Kypchak, 40 kemik, 134 Kyrbash, 55; — uruk, 55, 219; —pasture, 225; —’s sons, 55 Kemin, — raƱon, 152; — region, 191 KÕrgÕz, 33, 34, 47; see also Kyrgyz kench, 26; — kyzdar, 26; — ury, 26 Kyrgyz, Kyrgyzs, 19, - 27, 29, 33- 35, Kenesh, 186; the word —, 186 37-38, 40, 44-45, 47, 50, 53-54, 56-57, kenje, 25, 26 60, 63, 80, 82-83, 87-88, 91, 94, 98- KenjebaƱ, 26 99, 103, 108-111, 116, 119, 122, 125- Kenjebek, 26 128, 130-132, 134-136, 138-141, 147, 149-151, 153, 161, 169, 179, 187-188, Kenjegül, 26 197, 198-202, 204-209, 210, 213, 227, Kenjekan, 26 230, 231-233, 235, 237; — Kenjekul, 26 administration, 82; — capital of Bish- kek, 91; — citizens, 222; — clans, 29, kepek, 130-131 146, 147, 199; — clans of the Kyrgyz kepin, 138,-139; see also kefin community, 203; — community, 22, Kepsut, 164, 166, 168 26, 28-31, 34, 35-40, 42, 44, 46-47, kerbensaraƱ, 126-127 50-52, 54, 56, 59-64, 68-69, 71- 73, 87-88, 94-96, 99-101, 108, 118-120, kerege, 116-122, 169; — kanat, kanats, 125-126, 161, 213, 232-234, 237; — 118; — topçu, 116 community’s family tree, 50; — Kerimov, Mambet-, 153 cultural values, 229; — culture, 148; kerme, 210 — custom, 233; — epics and tradi- tions, 148; — families, 184, 212; — kerpiç, 209; see also kirpich family, 24-25, 62-65, 73, 191; — kervansaray, 126-127; see also kerben- family tree, 34; — folk song, 110; — saraƱ folklore, 109; — genealogies, 40; — Kesikköprü caravanserai, 128 genealogy, 47; — geography, 108, kesme, 130-131 228; — groups, 108; — hospitality, 270 Nomads and Nomadism

209, 225; — identity, 41, 56, 161; — Kyrgyz El Baatyry , the title of —, 156 independence, 203; — language, 41, Kyrgyz in the 20th Century: Oral History 44, 94, 108, 111, 117, 120-122, 157, of the Kyrgyz 1916-1991, 13 206, 229, 232, 237; — leaders, 15; — legends, 36; — line, 63; — literature, Kyrgyz-Kazakh bir tuugan, 59 232; — migration, 81; — name, 101; Kyrgyzstan, 17-19, 21, 23, 26, 29, 39, 42, — nation, 41-42, 56; — nationality, 52, 69, 81, 87, 90, 99, 103, 105, 108- 15; — nomad community, 46; — no- 111, 128-129, 153, 155-157, 171, madic community, 79, 94, 102, 186; 175-176, 178-179, 182-184, 188, 198- — nomadic group formation, 56; — 201, 203-204, 207, 209, 217, 218-219, nomadic groups, 51, 82, 83; — no- 227- 229, 232-234, 235, 237; — area, mads, 55, 85, 87, 89, 93, 103, 113- 228; — geography, 200, 228; —’s 114, 116, 161; — nomads of Central geography, 38-39, 109, 205; —’s Asia, 103; — of Central Asia, 122; — independence, 206; —’s provinces, pastoralist families, 183; — people, 91; —’s social and economic life, 209; 31, 35, 39-41, 46, 98, 110, 129, 145, —’s southern region, 237; adminis- 153, 185, 191, 193, 198, 219, 227, tration system of —, 193; districts of 230, 231; — people of Central Asia, —, 178; geography of —, 108; moun- 227; — period, 81; — pronunciation, tainous regions of —, 65;north of —, 29, 70, 232; — proverb, 45, 64; — 237; northern —, 229; northern region regions, 203; — representatives, 188; of —, 228; plants of —, 207; rural — Republic, 14, 156, 171-173; — rule, areas of —, 219; rural places of —, 218; — society, 23- 25, 30, 40, 42, 195; south of —, 228; southern —, 38, 44-45, 93, 145-147, 151, 157, 183, 229, 232, 237; the area of —, 108; the 184, 227-229, 233; — SSR, 17; — geography of —, 161 state, 156; — tongue, 232; — tradi- Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, 13, tion, 30, 43, 46, 117, 148, 154; — 18, 41 ulusu (nation), 161; — ulut (nation), kÕrkÕn çÕkmasÕ, 227 42; — uruu, 41-42; — uruus, 28- 30, 38, 39, 41-42, 148; — words, 141; KÕrkÕz, 33 certificate of honor of the — Republic, KÕrúehir, 89, 105, 128; — region, 88 156; epics of the —, 148; essential kysh, 197, 209; — kirpiç, 209 values of — society, 148; familial and social structure of the — people, 21; kÕúla, 87 formation of the — nation, 30; kÕúlak vergisi, 209 formation of — nomadic groups, 50; kyshtan aman esen chyksak, 197 genealogical tree of — society, 39; kyshtoo, 197, 208, 212 Hero of the — People, 156; name of the — tribe, 33; nomadic — commu- kÕsrak, 56 nity, 64; nomadic — family, 212; KytaƱ uruu, 42 non— nationalities, 194; rural — kÕz, 87, 100 community, 95; socio-cultural struc- tures of the —community, 93; struc- Kyz SaƱkal, female baatyr, 148 ture of the — family, 24; the ancestors KÕzÕk, — of Bursa, 162; — KÕzÕk of of — society, 151; the mother hero- Sirfihisar (Seferihisar), 162 ines of the — Republic, 150; the name KÕzÕl, 88 —, 33, 50; the protection and preser- kyzyl chymyndyk, 207 vation of the — community, 94; tradi- tional — family resembles, 26; tradi- kyzyl kulak, 177 tional — life, 26 Kyzyl Kulboldu, 187 Kyrgyz baƱysa katyn alat, Özbek baƱysa kyzyl kuuraƱ, 207 tam salat, 64 KÕzÕlcatuzla, 165 Index 271 kyzylcha, 136 Kojomkul (8th Mart), — village, 208, Kyzyl-OƱ, 208, 217 217; —’s name, 2008 kyzyltal, 116 Kojosh, 55 KÕzlar A÷asÕ, 72 KojotaƱ, 219; — uruk, 211 KÕzpÕnar, 168 Kokiki, 96 Kichi Korumdu, 210 kokon tikenek, 207 Kichi Shalta, 194 kol, 202 KichinebaƱ, Anarbek-, 177 kol aarchy, 138 kidis ög, 114 kolkhoz, 15, 152, 185-186, 188, 193, 212, 215, 219, 220; — worker, 149; system kiƱim, 138, 139 of — of sovkhoz, 193 kiƱit, 234 Kolkhozbek, 193 kiƱiz, 116, 138, 139 komando er, 30 kiiz, 114; — üƱ, 114, 116, 120, 122 Komatsu, Hisao-, 13-41 kilem, 138, 139; see also kilim konar-göçer, 160 kilem: dükönü-magazin, 128 Konduchalova, KülüƱpa-, 156 kilim, 138 kontroler, 177, 179 kindik, 201-202 konur bash jylgan, 207 Kindik-Too, 202 Konya, — plain, 102 kinship, — networks, 41; — relations, koon, 136, 234 181, 185, 190, 192 Koran, 154; see also Kuran KirazlÕ, 168 korgoshun, 137 Kirgiz, 33; see also Kyrgyz Korkutlar, 166; the name —, 166 Kirov, SergeƱ-, 186 koroo, 119, 209, 212, 229, 230 Kirov Sovkhoz, 186 koru, 229 kirpich, 209 Korumdu-Too, 201 kirve, 230 KoshoƱ, Aksakal, 109 kis, kis, 84 KoshoƱ-Korgon village, 152 Kishi Jüz, 107 koyun, 83, 139, 169 kishi ölgöndö, 192 kozukaryn, 136 kishmish, 135 köchö, 90, 189 kitchen items, 137 köƱnök, 138-139 Kite, 164, 166; — region, 165 kök chaƱ, 213, 231 kitep: dükönü-magazin, 128 Kök Han, 47 kitep-knijnÕy, 129 kök, 116, 121 Kochkor, 81-82, 154, 171, 175; —bazaar, 175; — raion, 152; district of —, 175 Kök-Bulak, 82 Kochosh, 44 kökdal, 118 koƱ, 64, 139, 211, 233 kökleme, 121 koƱ echky turgan jer, 174 kökömeren, 207 koƱchus, 220 Kökö-Meren river, 200, 210 Kojobekov, Muratbek-, 14, 41, 172 Köksuu, 210; see also Kökö-Meren köktal, 116 272 Nomads and Nomadism

Köktürk, Köktürks, 81-82, 108, 198, kurgans, 81, 82 218; — letters, 120 kurjun söktürüü, 69 Kölbaev, Kuseyn-, 204 kurma, 136, 141 kön, 210 Kurmanjan, 70; — Datka, 69-70; — Kööbash, 37 Datka’s 200 hundreth birthday anni- köpek, 84, 204, 209 versary, 70 Köpek village, 162 Kurmankojo, 55; — uruk, 55 KöprübaúÕ, 106 kurúun, 137 köynek, 138-139 kurt, 213 köz, 117, 121, 133-134, 141 kuru erik, 135 kuaför, 126, 128 kurut, 132, 206, 214 kuba, 44 Kushchu, 19, 40; — uruu, 148 KudaƱberdi, 37 Kushubakova, 222 KudaƱnazar, 53 kuú kanatÕn er atÕn, 79 Kudayar, 43- 44 kuúak, 138 KuƱaly Baatyr, 148 Kutadgu Bilig, 121, 159 kuƱruk, 133-134 Kuu uul, 34, 36-37 Kulaaly taptap kush kyldym / Kurama kuul, 100 jyƱyp jurt kyldym, 146 kuurdak, 133-134, 141, 222 Kulagy, 45 Kuu-Söök tarmag, 64 Kulaka Tartuu movement, 91 kuzu kula÷Õ, 84 Kulakdonduraç, 168 küchük, 209 Kulanak raƱon, 152 küƱöö, 32, 59 Kulboldu, 90, 186-187; —’s descendants, kül, 129 187 Kül Tigin, 62; — inscription, 87, 94, 100 Kulfâl, 56, 88 Kül Tikin, 62; see also Kül Tigin Kuljygach, 55, 208 ; — uruk, 55 kül-azyk, 129 Kultuu, 186 kümüsh, 137-138, 141 kulun, 213 kün, 100 Kulyab (Kulab), 147, 199 Kün Han, 47 kum sheker, 135-136; see also toz úeker kündösh, 69 kumarbaz, 140; see also kumarpoz Küngöy, 39 kumarpoz, 140 Küntuu, 90, 185-188, 194; — commu- Kumushalieva, Sabira-, 156 nity, 186; — eli, 187; — nomadic kunduz, 200 group, 189; — people, 186, 189; — village, 91-92, 185-186, 189, 190-191, Kuran, 231 193, 195; village of —, 90, 194 ; Kurban, 70 people of —, 187; population of —, Kurban BayramÕ, 70 187; sons of —, 187; the name —, 186, 187; the village of —, 193 KurbancÕyan, 166 kürek, 133-134 Kurbanjan, 70; see also Kurmanjan kürüch, 135, 234; see also kürüç Kurbanjan BaƱbüce Dadhah, 69-70; see also Kurmanjan kürüç, 135 Index 273

Küsermambet, 37, 47 Mambet Kerim family, 152 Küsermambetov, Kazybek-, 37, 47; Mambetali, 43 genealogy of —, 37 Mambetaliev, ShamytaƱ-, 25, 43 Kütahya subprovince, 164 Mambetaliev, Stambulbek-, 14, 41, 202, küz, 197 207 küzdoo, 197 Mambetalieva, Kachkyn-, 25 Lambs, 212 Mambetjanov, Abdyjapar-, Aksakal, 30 Latin alphabet, 56 Mambetsydykov, Karagyz-, 211-214 leather, 134; — cord, 116; — products, Mamytov, Mitalip-, 156 134 mamleket, 41; — tili of Kyrgyz, 128 LeƱlek region, 232 Mamlekettik Gimn, Kyrgyz national Lenin Ordeni, 149 anthem, 205 Lepshakov, Konok-, 20 manap, 28, 29, 63, 68, 71, 73, 145, 148, 152, 236 Leshoz village, 20 Manap BiƱ, 151, 154, 155-156; — liberal market economy, 218 monument, 155; the monument of —, lineage tradition, 36 155; the revival of —, 154 LipskiƱ, V. I., Russian traveler, 82 Manap Kaljigitov, 38, 228-230, 234-236; Living History of the Central Asian —’s family, 228; —’s house, 229 People: The Case of Kyrgyzstan, 13, Manas, 19, 40, 61, 62, 109, 146; — 26, 30, 41 Baatyr, 73, 148; — Baatyr of Kyrgyz luo, 98 society, 146; — epic, 146, 148, 173; Lyapidevskiy, Anatoliy-, 149 — legend, 56, 61, 73, 109; epic of —, 40; name of —, 40; Radloff variant of Maaniker, 80 the — legend, 56 Macmu at-tavarih, 34, 35 Manas Airport, 228 Madaniyat, 151; — village, 20; the vil- Manastyn urpaktary, 88, 100 lage of —, 151-154 manat, 29 magazin, 126, 128; also see ma÷aza Manchu, 199 Magazin-Dükönü, 128 mandalina, 136; see also mandarin ma÷aza, 126, 128 mandarin, 136 mahalle, 50, 57, 97, 101, 160-161 mankind, 77 MahmudhisarÕ, 162 mankind, nature and animals, 83, 85, 123 Makishov, Japarbek-, 217 Mankiev, Toktomurat-, 191, 192 mal, 83, 86; — algandar, 177; — tartkan, mantar, 136 177, 179, 182; — tartkan group, 179; the term —, 86 mantÕ, 130-131; see also manty malbazarÕ, 126, 128; see olsa malpazarÕ manty, 130-131 male dog, 209 Marka, 37 Malika, 150 market economy, 177 malpazarÕ, 126, 128 markets, 182; local —, 180 Maltepe University, 13 marriage, — principle of exogamy, 24 Mamakeev, Mambet-, 156 Masaliev, Absamat-, 156 Mambet Kazy family, 152 mashak, 130 maúa, 137 274 Nomads and Nomadism

Mat’ Geroinya, see baatyr ene Minsterstvo ÇrezveçaynÕh Situatsiy, 208 maternal uncle, 56 Mirlan, 42-43, 55 meal, 231 Mirrahimov, Mirsaid-, 156 meat, 131, 133-134, 213; — pilav, 231; MirzataƱ, 53 — products, 133 moƱnok, 202 Mediterranean, 123 moldo, 236; see also molla mee, 133-134 molla, 236 Mehanizasiya Jivotnovodcheskaya Molotov, Vyacheslav-, 186 Stansiya, 220 Molotov Sovkhoz, 186 Mehanizatorskaya Traktornaya Stansiya, 220 money exchange, see akcha almashtyruu Melis, 193 Mongol, Mongols, 86, 98-99, 101, 108, 163, 169, 198, 218, 228; — menâb, 29 administration, 82; — communities, menaf, 29 99; — Kalmaks, 29; — period, 22; — MendebaƱ, 53 pressure, 159; — state, 228; —Ilhan influence, 98; nomadic life of the —, Mendi, 37 86 mendil, 138 Mongolia, 114; northeastern —, 29 Menteúe, — region, 98; — subprovince Mongolian, 94, 98, 101, 122, 132; — of Anatolia province, 164 origin Kamalks, 199; — states, 50; — mera, 121 word Jegün, 163; Mongolian tradi- merchant, merchants, 222-225 tions, 34 Meren, 210 Monoldor, 40, 152; — uruu, 64, 65 Mersin region, 103 moral values, 40, 41; — of Kyrgyz society, 148 mesken, 121 Moskva, 220 Mesud, 88 Moslem, Moslems, 235; — families, metal, 136; — items, 136 228; — groups, 227 mÕh (çivi), 137 motels, 223 myk, 137 Mother Heroine, 149 Myrzakul, 53 mother’s side, 25 Myrzakulu, 53 möngü, 205, 210; — suu, 205 Middle East, 78 möngü water, see möngü migration, 30; — movement of the mörön, 210 Kyrgyz, 81 Mövküshova, Gülbübü-, 150 Mihaliç, 162, 164, 165, 166 muallim, 140, 141; see also mugalim Mihalo÷ullarÕ, 31 mugalim, 140, 141 militsia, 179, 180, 181 Muhammedova, Zuuran-, 20, 150 milk, 131-132, 134, 206, 214; — of horses, 132; — of young jylky, 133; Munduz, 40 — product, 214; — products, 206, Murad, summer pasture, 168 214, 131-132; fermented —, 132; Murad I, Ottoman Sultan, 163 mill, hand —, 129 Murad III, Ottoman Sultan, 115 millet, 103 murun, 133, 134 Min Bulak, 210; — of Taldy Suu, 210 Murzakulu, 53 Index 275

Musa, 88 nomad, nomads, 21, 31, 49, 79, 80-84, Muslim cemetery, 193 87, 95, 97-98, 100, 115, 139, 164, 169, 197-198, 209, 218; — community, müren, 210 103, 212; — community of Anatolia, Müren, Zeki-, 210 103; — families, 211; —’ philosophy, Mürök, 171, 173; — bazaar, 172-173, 57; — groups, 80; —’s home, 95; the 175-182, 184; — bazaar community, lifestyle of —, 213 175 nomadic, 86; — civilization, 21, 141, Nadyr, 187 200;— clans, 50, 101; — community, 78, 80, 186; — culture, 145; — group, nahiye, 106, 162 groups, 25, 33, 39, 42, 46-47, 50, 56- nâib, 29; —i manap, 29 57, 81-83, 87-92, 97-103, 105, 107, NaƱman, 40 113, 122, 138, 159-163, 165-170, 200, 210, 212, 218; formation process of nal, 137 — groups, 92; — identity, 57; — Namangan province, 63 leaders, 50; — life, 57, 159, 161; — nan, 130-131, 213, 231-234 lifestyle, 49, 50, 78, 86, 132, 134, 161, nan: dükönü-magazin, 129 214, 218, 227; —nation, 46; — oral history, 153; — origin, 107; — people, Naniva, 96 79, 218; — peoples, 21, 94, 113, 125, nar, 136 198-199, 201, 218; — philosophy, Naryn, 37-38, 81-82, 91, 110-111, 175, 161; — traditions, 219; — tribes, 114; 181, 189-190, 194, 200; — aƱmagy, — units, 97; — way, 183; 99; — dubany, 110; — oblast, 30, 188, characteristic of — life, 86; 192; — province, 152, 173; — raion, characteristics of — fam, 64; creation 30, 152; — region, 177, 218; province of — civilization, 115; formation of of —, 191; the area of —, 151 the — groups, 49; formation of — groups, 85, 87, 90, 91; features of — Naryndyktar, 91, 191-192, 195; — group, lifestyle, 185; interaction between — 192 tribes, 115; large — groups, 22; NarlÕ, 162 leaders of Kyrgyz — groups, 218; NarodniƱ: Magazin-Dükönü, 128 nomadism, 21, 49, 77-78, 93, 125, 183; nation, 40-41, 80, 103; term —, 41 birthplace of —, 83; characteristics of nature, 77 —, 93; emergence of —, 85; special nature of —, 93; the source of —, 161 Nazaralieva, Fauziya-, 20, 150 Nooruz, 191 near relatives, 97, 99 Norozaly, 43 neighborhood, 47, 97, 179, 182, 189, 194, 224, 225 nökörs, 146 Nemis, 187-188 Nuh, Hz., 47 Nintoku Tennou, Japan Emperor, 97; Nurbek, 221 legendary Emperor —, 96 Nurdin, 150 niúan, 227 Nurdöölöt Baatyr, 156 Niva vehicle, 202 Nüzüp BiƱ, 156 niyabet, 107 Oba, 50, 57, 97, 100-101, 160-161; the NogaƱ, 20 formation of an —, 100; the term —, 101 nohut, 135; see also nokot obog (oboȖ), 101 nokot, 135 obug, 101 obuv, 129; see also but kiƱim 276 Nomads and Nomadism oca÷Õn sönsün, 96 ortomchu, 177, 180 oca÷Õna incir dikmek, 96 orun basar, 194 oca÷ÕnÕ söndürmek, 96 Osaka, 96 ocak, 96; see also ochok Osh, 38, 39, 82, 91, 111, 177, 189, 191, ochok, 67, 96 194, 200, 204, 211, 217, 223-224, 232; —bazaar, 178; — oblast, 191; — October 1917 Revolution, 70, 73; see province, 173; — region, 207, 218, also 1917 Revolution 232; — road, 211; — uyazy, 70; — oduncu, 140 Bishkek highway, 39; city of —, 204; O÷uz (Türkmen), O÷uzlar, 34, 50, 87, province of —, 191 159, 162; — structure, 34; — clans, Oshtuktar, 91, 191-192, 195; leader of 162, 165; — legend, 47 —, 191 oƱmochu, 140 Osmangazi district, 163 ok, 50, 98 Osmonov, Almaz-, 177 Okatar uruk, 36 Osmonov, Öskön-, 153 oklava, 131 otau, 119 Okotur uruk, see Okatar uruk otko kirgizmek, 95 Old Turkic, 60, 113, 121, 200; — fami- otlak, 121 ly, 62; — inscriptions, 88, 91; — states, otluk, 209 50, 113; — texts, 22 Ottoman, Ottomans, 48, 94, 98, 102-103, Old Uighur, 23; — texts, 23, 26, 95; — 106, 108, 127, 159, 164, 166-168, 170, Turkic texts, 159 201; —administration, 93, 159; — omog, 101 administrative organizations, 96; — Omor Jamangulov, 179 Anatolia, 105; — nomads, 93; — archival documents, 33, 114; — omug, 101 archival records, 87, 162; — archival omurga, 134, 141 sources, 98; — archives, 160; — omurtka, 134, 141 clerks, 114; — community, 103; — On Kanat, 28, 34-36, 38-40, 50, 53, 102, dynasty, 165; — Empire, 41; — 103, 145, 186; — uruu union, 38 geography, 105; — history, 106; — nomadic community, 97; — Palace, oomin (amin), 231 71-73; — period, 60, 93, 98, 101, 103, ooz tiyüü, 233 105, 107-108, 163, 201; — orak, 137 principality, 159, 162; — provinces, 102; — raiders, 31;—records, 107; — oral history, 61, 65, 93; — project, 19 rulers, 71; — scribes, 98; — settled or Oral Sources, 13 nomadic people, 96; — society, 94; Ordu, 105-106; — area, 107; — region, —society’s nomads, 93; — sources, 105 33; — spelling rules, 33; — State, 115, Orhan, Ottoman Sultan, 168 160, 170; — Sultan, 166; — times, 50, 56, 90, 95, 97-98, 100-101, 103, 105, Orkhon inscriptions, 60, 87, 100, 159 107-108, 110-111, 113, 116, 209; — Ormon Baatyr, 148 world, 108; forefathers of the —, 168; Ormon Handyn urpaktary, 88, 100 the classic — period, 103 orok, 137 otu küƱüshpödü, 95 Orozbakty, 53 Otunbaeva, Roza-, ex-President of the Kyrgyz Republic,157 Orta Jüz, 107 otunchu, 140 Orta Pare, 107 Index 277

Otuz oglan (Thirty Sons), 91; — group, Persian, 60, 95, 113, 128, 237; — 91 language, 229, 234 Otuz uul, 36, 39; see also Otuz oglan petroglyphs, 81-82, 213 oymacÕ, 140; see also oƱmochu pigeons, 174 oymak, 97, 101; the term —, 98 pilav, see paloo Ögüz Han, 47 Pir Ahmed veled-i Mahmud A÷a, 106 ÖƱdö chekti, 219 pirinç, 135 öƱrök, 134 piyaz, 136 Ölbögön janga jaz da keler, 198 policemen, 183; local —, 183 ölöng chöp, 206 polygamy, 62-63, 68, 71-73; — tradition, 63 Ömürbek, 43 polys, Greek word, 62 örgöö, 119 post-seven forefathers relative, 25 örmeci, 140; see also örmöchü post-Soviet, — Kyrgyz, 218; — örmöchü, 140 Kyrgyzstan, 185; — period, 151, 154; örük, 136, 235 — time, 145, 183; — transition, 225 ösümdük, 206 pre-Ottoman times, 103 ötükchü, 140 pre-Soviet, 17; — times, 146, 177, 183 öy, 122 privatization, 14, 218 Özbek, 64 Prophet Muhammed, 234 Pehluvanlu, — of the Bayad clan, 163 Prophet of Islam, 234 Palace (Saray), 71, 72 Provincial Council, see Beylerbeyi palatka, 224 DivanÕ paloo, 233 Qara-KhitaƱ, 198; — period, 228 pancar, 136 Radlov, V. V., 200 Panfilov, 224; — raion, 224 Raf (Rigiskaya Avtomobilnaya Fabrika), parda, 138; see also perde 183 pare, 107 Rahatbek, brother of Stambulbek Mambetaliyev, 209 Paris, 223-225; — Center, 224 raiders, — of the Ottoman founding, 203 pastoral, — life, 183, 225; —organi- zation, 220 RaƱymdar Kibarov, 235-237 paternal uncle, 56 rams, 220 patlÕcan, 136 Rashid, 47 patriarchal, — character, 24, 51; — razor, 236 ethnic groups, 24; — family structure, Razzakov, Iskhak-, 156 44; — clan traditions, 66 reindeer, 78 patrilineal family structure, 87 relations, 181 Pax Mongolia, 83 relationship between nation and family, Pax Ottoman, 83 26 pazar, 126, 128; see also bazaar relatives, 32, 59; the group of —, 181 Peçenek, — of BeypazarÕ, 162 religious rituals, 15 perde, 138 repair shops, 223 Perestroika, memories of —, 15 278 Nomads and Nomadism resm, 95; —i dud, 95, 209; —i duhan, 95, sancak beyi, 102 209; —i tütün, 95 sandyk, 120 restroom, see tualet sanjyra, 40, 42 reyhan, 84 Sanskrit word , 113 roots, 41 saray, 209, 221 ru, 88 Sary, 43 rug, 232 sary samur, 200 ruler’s family, 26 Sarybagysh, 40, 53, 208; — clan, 43, 53; Rum province, 105 — nomadic group, 91; — uruu, 28, Runic letters, 113 152, 189; — uruu, 151 rural areas, 180-182, 235 Sarybagyshev, ømash-, 52, 53 Russia, 17, 188; administration of Tsarist sarymaƱ, 214, 231 —, 214 sarymsak, 136 Russian, 14, 18, 128-129, 200; — oblast, sarÕmsak, 84, 136; see also sarymsak 111; — Czarist administration, 82; — sarpaƱ, 234 families, 188; — population, 214; — sovereignty, 171-172 Saruu, 19, 37, 40; — uruu, 36 Russians, 18, 148, 179, 187-188 satÕcÕ, 140 SatykeƱ Baatyr, 156 Sabirov, Mahmutjan-, 177 Satymkul, 187 sable, 217 satuuchu, 140 sacred animal, 52 Sayak, 40, 43, 152, 208; —period, 198; saç, 128 — rule, 198; — uruu, 25, 37, 55, 211 Sadykov, TurgunbaƱ-, 156 saz chöbü / ölöng chöp, 206 Sadybakas, leader of Naryndyktar, 192 Scythian, Scythians, 114, 218; — kings, Sadyr Ake, 156 82; — period, 81 Sadyr Baatyr, 148 Second World War, 15, 17-18, 150, 153, Sadyrbaev, Dooronbek-, 156 229 Sadovaya, 190 Security General Directorate, 202 Safar Shaa, 47 security guards, 181 Sa÷ Kol, 163 seed family, 27 SaƱmaly Tash summer pasture, 198 Selçuk domination, 159 Saka, Sakas, 82, 108; see also Scythian sellers, 181 sakchy, 179 semiz mal, 206 salads, 231 Serhanlar, 164; — group, 164 salt shops, 175 serpmeç, 121 Salusbek, — Bulgachy, 36 Service Center, 224 Sam, 47 seven, — ancestors, 45; — climates, 110; — duban, 110; — forefather samannyƱ kirpiç, 209 concept, 100; — forefather link, 52; samyr, 200, 217; see also samur — forefathers, 24-27, 44-45, 51, 52, Samsun, 105 88, 161; — forefathers link, 52; — samur, 200 generations, 45; — motherlands, 45; — provinces, 110 sanat eri, 31 seven forefather concept, see 100 Index 279 seventh forefather, 44-55 synykchy, 140; see also sÕnÕkçÕ Sevindik, 88 sÕnÕkçÕ, kÕrÕkçÕ, çÕkÕkçÕ, 140 sewing clothes, 66 sÕrÕm, 121 Seydi Ahmed Kethüda, DivanbaúÕ, 106 syƱ tamak, 230 Seyfeddin Ahsikendî, 34, 36 Siberia, 114 shabdaaly, 136 Siezdbek, 193 Shabdan Baatyr, 155 Sifrihisar, 164 Shabolot, 219 Sifrihisar-AydÕnbeylü, 166 shadow, 113 sihirci, 140 ShaƱbek, ancestor of Bakachy uruk, 43- Silk Road, 77, 128, 171, 199, 204, 217, 55; —’s friends, 44 223; see also Jibek Jolu ShaƱhidin, 53 silver metal, 127 ShaƱhidinev, ømash-, 53 Sim, 47 Shalta, 194 Sinop, 159 Shamshy kolkhoz, 152-153 Sinor, Denis-, 85 Shanyrag, 116, 119 Sivas, 95; — region, 105, 107, 111; — Shapak, 27, 42, 52-53, 88; — uruk, 42, subprovince, 163; south of —, 167; 52-53, 55; — uruu, 53; — village, 52; southern —, 102 seventh forefather —, 52 skin, 134 Sharipov, Salican-, 156 snowball, 15; — technique, 19 Sharkyratma bolush, 65 Sobra, 168 sheep, 65, 68, 78, 84, 86, 128, 132, 139, social network, 189 166, 181-184, 204, 212, 214, 220, 232, sogon, 207 234; —’s milk, 132; see also koƱ, 184 so÷an, 84, 136 sheƱshep, 138, 139 Sohta, 168 sheker, 135 sokmo, 209 Sheker, 42; — aƱyl, 20; — village, 20; ancestor —, 42 Sokso, 109 shelters, 221 Sokuluk, 171, 220; — raƱon, 185 sheperd, shepherds, 168, 204, 213, 215, Sol Kanat, 28, 34-35, 38- 40, 50, 102- 221 103, 145 Sherifo÷lu,VeƱsel-, 235 Sol Kol, Mongol administrative and military system, 163 shish kebap, 134; see also shish kebek solidarity, 190; — of fellow countrymen, shish kebek, 134 190 Shopokova, Kerimbübü-, 150 Solodkov, Leonid Mikhailovich-, 149 shops, 223 Solto, 40, 186, 208; — clan, 44; — clan shorpo, 222, 233 of the Kyrgyz, 203; — uruu, 90, 186 short-term borrowing, 182 son (uul), 24, 25, 67 shükür, 187 Son-Köl, 81-82, 183; — summer shybak, 207 pastures, 81, 82, 99 Sydygaliev, Ashymbek-, 173, 179 Sooronkul, 37 Sydykbekov, TugelbaƱ-, 156 Sooronkulov, Syrgak-, 36, 37; geneal- ogyof —, 37 syƱkyrchy, 140 280 Nomads and Nomadism

Sopubekova, Zamira-, 191 sucuk, 133-134, 141 Sorkun, 162 sugar factory, 203 sorpo, 233 Sugihara, Kiyotaka K., 202 Sosnovka, 204 Sultanbekova,Tamara-, 19 Sotsialisttik Emgektin Baatry, see Geroi sulu, 207 Sotsialisticheskogo Truda suluuluk salonu, 126, 128 Sovetter Soyuzunun Baatyry, see Geroi summer, 27 Sovetskogo Soyuza summer pasture, 27, 30-31, 46, 80-84, 87, Soviet, — authorities, 185; — citizen, 18, 90, 167-170, 176, 198, 204, 206, 210, 149, 157; — civilians, 149; — 212, 214, 215, 218, 219; — areas, economy, 221; — man, 148; — 208; — locations, 92 period, 14, 17-18, 149, 152, 156, 171- 172, 177, 179, 184, 191, 220, 221; — summer season, 80, 220, 223 practice, 172; —regime, 148, 157, SunkursarayÕ, 162 185; — rule, 185-186, 219; — rural surcha, 213 entities, 15 — soldiers, 149; — state, Susamyr, 200; see also Suusamyr 183, 220; — system, 15, 148, 172, 185, 208, 215; — times, 15, 177, 183, Suu bashynda üƱ bar / ÜƱ bashynda biƱ 221, 228, 235, 237 ; — Union, 125, bar, 56 148-149, 151, 153, 156-157, 173, 184, suu, 130, 131, 141 185, 188, 191, 201, 203, 208, 212, suuchu, 140 218, 219, 221; — Union period, 91; collapse of the — Union, 187, 220; suur, 213 establishment of — Union Suusamyr, 82, 83, 183, 200-203, 205- administration, 214; Hero of the — 211, 214, 217-219, 220; — Öröönü, Union, 149; new — man, 148; targets 200-201, 205, 210; — pasture, 221; of the — economy, 220; the collapse — pasturelands, 224; — summer of the — Union, 157, 184; the word pasture, 81-82, 206-207, 219; — —, 186 Valley, 213, 217- 219, 221, 223, 225; Sovietbek, 193 — village, 208, 221, 223; summer pastures of — Öröönü, 214; ex- sovkhoz, 15, 152, 185-186, 193, 215, director of — sovkhoz, 220; head of 219-220, 222 — village, 223; population of —, 219; Sovkhozbek, 193 the center of —, 210-211, 214; The Sö÷üt, 164, 168, 170; — area, 165; — name —, 200, 217; the village of —, dispersal, 165; — region, 164; — 220; villages of —, 217, 219 Yörüks, 164, 165 sünnet, 227; see also sünnöt söök, 116, 118, 134 sünnöt, 227, 234, 237 söörü, see sörü sünnötkö oturguzuu, 227 sörü, 229 süt, 132, 231 spravka, 180 SütöƱ, 151 Stalinist period, 15; — repressions, 17 Sütüke, 151; see also Jarban statehood, 41 süü, 132 su, 130-131, 141 süzgeç, 137-138, 141 sub-clan, 41, 43, 50 süzgüch, 137-138, 141 sub-elements, 22 süzme, 132, 141 Suci inscription, 87, 100 süzmö, 132, 141, 214 sucu, 140 sword, 120 Index 281

ûahin, ølhan-, 14, 18, 141 talon, 181 ùammar, 167 Talpak, 43 ùark Pare, 107 tam, 208, 214 úeftali, 136 tamak-ash, 128-129 ùehzade, 166 tamga, 212 úeker, 135 Tamgak, 23 ùeyh, 168 tandyr, 130-131 Taajene, 32 Tang Dynasty, 127 tabak, 137 TanrÕvermiúler, 106 Tabyldy, 37 Tanzimat Period, 106, 167 TagaƱ, see TagaƱ BiƱ tarak, 137 TagaƱ BiƱ, 37, 53; — BiƱdin urpaktary, taraza, 137 88, 100 Tarhala, 164, 166, 168 Tahmina, 150 tarhun, 84 tahrir defters, 56, 106 tarla, 130 taƱ, 232-233 Tash-Döbö, 82 taƱake, 32, 37, 232 Tashrabat caravanserai, 128 taƱata, 32, 232 Tash-Tulga, 82 taƱeje, 32, 232 Taskulu, 37 taƱene, 32, 232 Tatak, 88 taife, 101; see also tayfa Tatar, Tatars, 20, 88, 179, 188; — family, taƱgan, 213 191 taƱjenge / taajenge, 232 Tatybek, 43 taƱjezde / taajezde, 232 tax, taxes, 25, 95, 97; — income, 102 TaƱlak, 187; — Baatyr, 1565 tayfa, 42, 101; also see taife TaƱlaryn kaƱaktan?, 233 Teferrüç, 168 TaƱlaryn kaƱsy cerden?, 233 Tegerek KaƱyn, 210-211 Tajik, — cultural values, 229; —culture, tegirmen, 69, 130-131, 141 237 tegirmenchi, 140 Tajikistan, 199, 228 TeƱit, 36, 40 taka, 137 tekeƱ chöp, 206 Takatsu-no miya Palace, 96 tekeƱ sakyz , 207 tal, 116, 118 TeltaƱ, 53 talaa, 130 Teltoru, 80 TalaƱbek Korgoldoyev, head of the Temir, 37, 52-53 village, 194 temir kashyk, 137 Talas, 19, 20, 82, 91, 111, 189-190, 194, Temir uruk, 27, 52-53, 88 200, 222-224; — oblast, 19; — region, Temirbek, 43 36, 38, 91, 200, 218; province of —, 191; Temircan, 219 Talastyktar, 91, 191, 195 teng-tengi menen, tezek kaby menen, 69 Taldy Suu, 210, 221 Tenir Mountains, 37-39, 198-199, 201, 205 282 Nomads and Nomadism tent, tents, 68-69, 169, 213; — of tokol, 31, 59-62, 64-69, 71, 73; — at, 61; nomadic groups, 114; — of the Tuvas, — buudaƱ, 61; — echki, 61; — 114; — of the Yörük and Türkmen, elechek, 61; —jygach, 61; — uƱ, 61; 169; — types, 115; — types of —’s children, 69; the word —, 60 Anatolia, 116; — types of the Yörüks, tokolduk, 61 123 tokolduu, 61 terash, 128 Toktobolot, ancestor of Okatar uruk, 37 terazi, 137 Toktogon uruk, 219 terbe ög, 114 Toktogul, 37, tereze, 120 Toktogul, ancestor of Okatar uruk, 222 teri, 134, 141 Toktogul, a famous Kyrgyz poet, 110 terichi, 140 Toktonazar, 65, 66, 67, 68; — family, 65, terici, 140 67 terzi, 140 Toktor, 219 TeskeƱ, 39 toktot, 234 textile, textiles, — goods, 138; — tokuuchu, 140-141 products, 139 Tokuz uul uruk, 37 TynaƱ, 64 Tokyo University, 41 Tynalu uulu Bapy, 152 Tombakçukuru, 168 Tynalu uulu Belek, 152 TonbaƱ, 187 TynymseƱit, 40 too chöp, 206, 209 tÕrpan, 137 Too Han, 47 tigilet, 118 too piyazy, 207 tikmechi, 140 Top ArabacÕlarÕ Oca÷Õ, 96 til, 134, 141 top ev, 115-116, 120, 123 tilchi, 140 topa÷ ev, 115-116, 120, 123 tilenchi, 140 topak, 115-116, 120, 123, tilki, 213 topak ev, 120, 169, 170; see also topa÷ Tilkü, 43 ev timar, 102, 106 topbashchylar, 194 tîr, 50, 97-98, 101, 160; Persian term —, topbashy, 191, 193 98 topchu, 137 Togan, øsenbike-, 98 Topçu Oca÷Õ, 96 Togan, A. Zeki Velidi-, 29, 98 topçu, 116 Toguz Toro, 81 Tophisar, 165 Tokat region, 105, 107, 111 TopkapÕ SarayÕ, 115 Toklukemen, 88; — group, 89; — nomadic group, 88, 89 topor, 110 Toklümen village, 89 topoz, 132 Tokmok, 171-173, 175-176, 178-179, torpok, 233 181-182, 184;— city, 155, 171; toz úeker, 135-136 outskirts of —, 172 TögölbaƱ, 53 TokoƱluu summer pasture, 221-223; — tökmö akyn, 177 summer pastures, 222 Index 283

Tökö, 187 Turkey, 202 töö, 64, 139 Turkic, 68; — communities, 227; — Töö Ashuu (Camel Pass), 204-205 clans, 62; — dialects, 23, 60; — in- scriptions, 36, 91, 98; — Khaganates, töö kuƱruk, 207 171; — language group, 125; — töö tikenek, see kokon tikenek, 207 languages, 83; — Mongol culture, 30; tör, 68, 120, 213, 230 — people, 56, 227; — peoples, 82, 141, 199; — ruler Toguluk Timur, Törökeldi Baatyr, 148 228; — runic inscriptions, 62; — tört tülük mal, 86, 184 tradition, 34; — tribes, 141; — tribes töshök, 120, 138-139, 141 of Central Asia, 114; — world, 132; trade, — and craft sectors, 125-126, 141; period of — Khaganates, 171 — places, 126 Turkish, 14, 22, 26, 50, 52, 60, 84, 94, 98, traditional, — administrative structure, 103, 113, 126-130, 132, 136, 168, 170, 26; — costumes, 17; — lineage sys- 210, 229; — culture, 96; — economic tem, 185 life, 127; — family, 62; — language, 41; — language of Anatolian, 30; — traditions, 27 groups, 227; — peoples and groups, transition period, 14, 155-156, 185, 193, 213; — Republic, 72; — sources, 47; 194 — texts, 60, 94; — word ‘erkek’, 30 tribal, — organization, 18; — relations, Turkish Cooperation and Coordination 15; — solidarity, 18; — structure, 18; Agency Directorate (TIKA), 13 — traditions, 18 Turkistan, 69, 70 tribalization, 91 Turkmen, 83, 121-122; tribe, tribes, 26; bronze-age —, 114 Turks, 98, 127, 179; — from Akhyska, truck owner, 182 18; —’ acceptance of Islam, 97 Tsarist period, 18 turluk, 113, 115-116, 121-123, 169, 170 Tsukuba University, 41 Turluk ev, 123, 169 tualet, 175 turug, 121 tugyr, 122 turuglag, 121-122 tugyrlyk, 122, 169 turuglug, 121-122 tuyr, 121-122 turuluk, 122 tuyrlyk, 122 tuugandyk, 32, 59 tukum, 51 tuugansyz bolsom da, tuurum bek, 122 Tulegenova, Bibigul-, Kazakh singer, Tuuma Kashka, 53 150 tuur, 121-122 Tulu, 26 tuurduk, 119, 121-122, 169 tulum, 134 tuurga, 122, 169 tun, 25; — bala, 25; — kyz, 25; — uul, TuvaƱ, 37 25 tuz, 135, 136; — salgych, 137, 138 Tunuk, 208, 217, 219; population of —, 219 Tuzla, 164 tur, 121 tuzluk, 137-138 Turat, 221 Tügöl, 37 Turgut, 102 Tülöberdi, 43-44 Turk Ancestor, 47 Tündük, 34, 35, 38, 39; the term —, 38 284 Nomads and Nomadism tündük, 116-119, 121; — cabuu, 119, urban, — animal markets, 182; — ba- 121 zaars, 182; — markets, 182 Tüp, — raƱon, 52; — village, 52 urpak, 100 Türgesh (Türgish), 82, 198, 218 urug, 40, 101; see aalso uruk Türk, 47 uruk, uruks, 25-31, 34, 38, 40- 42, 44- 47, Türk Ata, 37 50-56, 63, 87-88, 100-101, 145, 161, 185, 193, 218; — baatyr, 30; — Türkmân-Õ Halep, see Halep Türkmen- leaders, 63; leaders of the —, 63; — leri line, 52, 54-55; — structure, 55; —’s Türkmen, Türkmenler, 56-57, 103, 160- homogeneous social structure., 25; — 161, 168-169; — concept, 160; ’s genealogy, 42; creation of —, 42; structure of the —, 161; the name —, family trees in —, 54; family trees of 161; — Beyliks (principalities), 159; the —, 63; formation of the —, 27, 52, — clans, 159; — population, 159 89; formation of —, 52; the formation Tüshtük, 35, 38, 39; — Kyrgyz, 38; — of an —, 44, 47, 100; the name —, 87, Kyrgyz nomads, 103; — Kyrgyz 161 uruus, 39 Urumchi, 20 tüúöt, 81 uruu, uruus, 26-31, 34, 36, 38, 39- 42, tütme, 54 44-45, 47, 50-54, 56, 63, 69, 88, 101, 145, 161, 185, 193, 218; — baatyr, tütmek, 94 30; — leaders, 63, 68; — union, 34, tütün, 22-23, 54, 94, 95-96, 191, 192, 36; — yntymagy, 189; creation of —, 209 42; family trees in —, 54; family trees tütün bulata alyshpady, 95 of the —, 63; leaders of the —, 63; Uaz (Uralskiy Avtomobilniy Zavod), sub-units of the —, 38; leaders of —, 28, 73; the name —, 101 183 ury, 87, 100; see also uruk uc, 159; — region, 159 Usenbekov, KalyƱnur-, 149 uchar, 213 USSR, 17, 19, 149; — leaders, 15 u÷, 118, 121 usta, 140-141 uƱ, 64, 204, 211, 233 ustara, 236 UƱghur, Uighurs, 20, 83, 188; — written texts, 121 ustukan, 67, 233 ukukchu, 140 Usuns, 198 ul, 45 Usup, 53 Ulaú village, 95 Usupaliyev, Turdakun-, 156 Ulu Yörük, 107-108 uu chöp, 206 Uluda÷, 168-169 uuk, uuks, 116, 117-119, 121 Ulugir uruk, 64 Uulu joktun muunu jok, 24 ulus, 41-42, 103 uuz, 132, 141 Uly Jüz, 107 Uzbek, 83, 108, 179; — cultural values, 229; — cultures, 237 uly, 107 umbrella, 113 ÜgedeƱ (ÖgedeƱ), 26 un, 130-131 üƱ, 22, 56, 61, 94, 114, 213 uraan, 40; — of the Bagysh uruu, 41; — üƱ bülöö, 21, 22, 94, 98, 103 of the Basyz uruu, 41 ÜƱ bülöö kichine bir mamleket, 68 Ural-AltaƱ peoples, 85 Index 285

ÜƱ pul boloor, kul biƱ boloor, kün baƱ- Yafas, 47 biche boloor, 69 Ya÷cÕ Bedir, 122; — Yörük group, 88; ütü, 137-138 — Yörüks, 56, 89, 100 ütük, 137-138 Yahyalar, villages of —, 107 üzlük, 121 yaks, 78, 183, 184 üznük, 119, 121 Yakup, 88-89 üzük, 119, 121 yal çana÷Õ, 209 üzüm, 135, 136 yalak, 209 Valide Sultan, 71 YalgÕn, Ali RÕza-, 169 Varsak, — nomadic group, 88; — Türk- yan eri, 121 men of KÕrúehir, 163 yasdÕk, 139, 141 vegetables, 136 yatuk, the term —, 169 vertical, 81; — migrations, 81 YaycÕlar, 166 vertically, 81 yayla, 65, 86 veterinarian, 179-181, 183 yazar, 140 veterinarnaya apteka, see veterinary yazla, 86, 167 pharmacy yemiú, 135, 141; see also jemish veterinary pharmacy, 175 Yeniçeri Oca÷Õ, 96 vÕdra, 200 Yeniil, — Kanunnamesi, 60; — Türk- village deputies, see aƱyl deputattary men groups, 164; — Türkmenleri, Viranúehir subprovince, 106 102; — ulusu, 103; nomadic groups Vinnikov, Ya. R., 35, 40 of the — Türkmenleri, 167 watchman, 205 Yenisey, 37, 87, 127; — inscriptions, 23, 31, 87, 100, 120, 121 West Anatolia, 102, 122, 159, 160, 167, yÕlkÕ, 87, 100, 132 169, 170; — region, 159 Yi÷itali, 163 West Mongolia, 163 yntymak, 46-47, 190 Western Anatolia, 56, 113, 120, 167 yntymak bar jerde yrys (yrysky) tögülot, Western Chinese provinces, 17 46 wheat, 130 yoghurt, see yo÷urt White Camel, 41 yo÷urt (yoghurt), 84, 131-132, 206, 224 winter, 27; — pasture areas, 164; — yohsul, 60 pastures, 159; — quarter, 167; — quarters, 27, 30-31, 80-81, 83, 87, 90, yoksul, 60 95, 197, 198, 201, 212, 214, 215, 218; yorgan, 138, 139, 141 — season, 80, 197; — shelter, 221, Yörük, yörüks, 56-57, 87, 103, 114-116, 223; — tax, 95 118, 120-121, 160-161, 167, 168, 170; wood, 68, 116, 117 — civilization, 167; — concept, 160; wool, 66, 68, 138, 139, 141; — of sheep, — culture, 167; — district, 106; — 139 group, 122, 164, 167; — groups, 113, 165, 167, 170; — life and philosophy, Workers’ Day, 208 169; — origin, 162; — tents, 121; woven textiles, 139 structure of the —, 161; the meaning Xerxir, the name Kyrgyz in the first of —, 160; the name —, 159, 161; the Western sources, 33 term —, 160; the — name, 103; the 286 Nomads and Nomadism

— of the Bursa region, 168 yshgyn, Yüzde Pare, 107 207 Zaimlik (a military fief), 106 yufka, 129, 130 131, 141 zeamet (large fief), 102, 106 yurts, 221, 224, 225 zerger (kuyumcu), 140 Yusuf Balasagun, 159 Zil, 179 yün, 138, 141 yürek, 133, 134 Yürük, 160; see also yörük