Geologie Et Petrologie De L'ile De Rapa

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Geologie Et Petrologie De L'ile De Rapa DIRECTION DES CENTRES D'EXPÉRIMENTATIONS NUCLÉAIRES *** SERVICE MIXTE DE CONTRÔLE BIOLOGIQUE ~IDfi)Œl WJ-_L!-- RAPA DIRECTION DES CENTRES D'EXPÉRIMENTATIONS NUCLÉAIRES SERVICE MIXTE DE CONTRÔLE BIOLOGIQUE RAPA ISBN 2-11-085911-3 © DIRCEN, SMCB, 1986. Tous droits de traduction, reproduction et adaptation réservés pour tous pays. AVANT-PROPOS Après ses publications sur Mururoa, les Gambier, les Marquises, Tubuai et Rurutu, le Service Mixte de Contrôle Biologique, sous l'égide de la Direction des Centres d'Expérimentations Nucléaires et dans le cadre de son programme de recherches, poursuit l'étude de l'archipel des Australes. Voici donc les études consacrées à l'île de Rapa. Elles ont été effectuées grâce au concours de plusieurs organismes nationaux: - le Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, - l'Université des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, - la Faculté des Sciences d'Orléans, - l'Université de la Réunion, - l'Université de Paris-Sud. L'île de Rapa présente un très grand intérêt scientifique en raison de sa position géographique à l'extrême sud de l'archipel des îles Australes. Un accès maritime peu facile et l'absence de liaison aérienne en ont de tout temps rendu l'étude difficile. Les moyens mis en œuvre par les Armées ont permis de lever momentanément cette difficulté. La Direction des Centres d'Expérimentations Nucléaires se devait de diffuser les connaissances acquises lors de cette nouvelle mission. Puisse ce travail contribuer à accroître les connaissances scientifiques de la Polynésie française. Le Général de Corps Aérien MERMET Directeur des Centres d'Expérimentations Nucléaires. REMERCIEMENTS Fidèle à son programme d'investigations scientifiques en Polynésie française, la Direction des Centres d'Expérimentations Nucléaires a décidé de continuer les recherches entreprises dans l'archipel des Australes. En vue de réaliser ce projet elle a fournit les moyens logistiques d'une mission dans l'île de Rapa, la plus éloignée des Australes. En janvier et février 1984, des chercheurs, relevant de divers organismes de Recherche ou d'Enseignement Supérieur, ont profité de l'infrastructure ainsi mise à leur disposition: - R. BROUSSE et P. GELUGNE, Volcanologie et Pétrographie - M. DENIZOT, Récifs et flore marine, Coordinateur des stientifiques - J.P. EHRHARDT, Ornithologie, Chef de Mission - M. FAURE, Coraux et géomorphologie récifale - N. HALLE et J. FLORENCE, Flore terrestre - Y. PLESSIS, Ichtyologie - G. RICHARD, Malacologie - J. TRICHET et M. GROUZELLE, Pédologie et Géochimie des sédiments. Tous les participants adressent leur témoignage de reconnaissance à l'Amiral FAGES, Directeur de la Direction des Centres d'Expérimentations Nucléaires qui a accepté de programmer la mission australe et qui a souligné l'intérêt qu'il y portait en se rendant à Rapa pour la clôturer. Notre gratitude va aussi au Vice-Amiral MONTPELLIER, Chef du Centre d'Expérimentation du Pacifique, qui a bien voulu présenter la mission à Rapa. Nos remerciements s'adressent au Médecin en Chef PERRAULT, Chef du Service Mixte de Contrôle Biologique et au Docteur SARBACH, Chef de l'échelon Polynésien du Service Mixte de Contrôle Biologique à Tahiti, dont les efforts créatifs ont souvent été sollicités. Nous avons pu bénéficier du transport à bord du B.D.C. Trieux et du navire océanographique Marara. Nous tenons à exprimer notre reconnaissance aux Commandants M. PONS et M. PIZON et nous leur demandons de transmettre à leurs équipages l'expression de notre amicale satisfaction. L'accueil que nous avons eu dans l'île reste pour nous tous un grand souvenir. Il nous est difficile d'exprimer nos sentiments et notre gratitude à Monsieur le Maire Lionel WATANABE, à ses adjoints et à toute la population. Notre fierté est d'être leurs amis. Nos remerciements s'adressent enfin, à tous ceux qui, à Paris comme en Polynésie, ont procédé aux préparatifs de la mission, et qui, par leur dévoue­ ment et leur compétence, ont rendu cette campagne, efficace et agréable. Nous pensons plus particulièrement au Pharmacien Chimiste THIBAULT et au Major RIvIERRE grâce à qui tout a été réalisable. Monsieur le Professeur BROUSSE Université Paris-Sud Laboratoire de Pétrographie-Volcanologie. Robert BROUSSE et Pascal CELUGNE * , , GEOLOGIE ET PETROLOGIE DE L'ILE DE RAPA INTRODUCTION: L'ILE DE RAPA L'île de Rapa occupe la position la plus australe des îles de la Polynésie française. Elle se trouve par 27° 37' S et 144° 20' W (figure 1). Par son nom (Rapa Hi ou le petit Rapa), elle a été rapprochée de sa plus grande voisine à l'est - l'île de Pâques - alors dénommée Rapa Nui (ou le Grand Rapa). FIGURE 1 - Situation isolée de Rapa dans l'Océan Pacifique. • Laboratoire de Pétrographie Volcanologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Paris-Sud. 10 R. BROUSSE ET P. GELUGNE Elle a été découverte le 22 décembre 1791 par le capitaine britannique George VANCOUVER de la goëlette Discovery qui en retient: uA cluster of high craggy mountains, forming, in several places, most romantic pinnacles, with perpendicular cliffs nearly from their summits to the sea; the vacancies between the mountains would more probably be termed chasms than vallies, in which there was no great appearance of plenty, fertility, or cultivation; they were chiefly clothed with shrubs and dwarf trees" (VANCOUVER, 1798, p. 73). Dès 1867 et à la demande du roi Parima, la France en assura le protectorat, transformé, le 16 juin 1887, en un statut de Territoire français. 1. L'babitat bumain. L'île comptait, lors de sa découverte par les Européens, plus de 2000 personnes, réparties en 12 villages. Les épidémies, inévitables lots accompagnant le débarquement des navigateurs, créèrent de cruels ravages et la population chuta à 300 en 1834 et même 150 en 1864. Depuis, elle s'est stabilisée aux alentours de 362 (recensement de 1964) à 480 habitants (recensement de 1983). La conversion au christianisme date de 1817 (ELLIS, 1831; VÉRIN, 1968). L'île a gardé les vestiges de forts généralement placés au croisement de deux lignes de crêtes (figure 2), des forts au double rôle vraisemblable de surveillance et de refuge en cas d'attaque. La date de leur construction reste inconnue mais ils étaient fonctionnels aux alentours de 1337-1747 (datations 14C in HEYER­ DAHL et FERDON, 1965). La découverte de bois carbonisés dans les premiers 20 centimètres à partir de la surface de la dune de sable, comblant pour partie la caverne située au flanc sud de la baie d'Anarua, permet de proposer une date des premières colonisa­ tions de l'île. L'âge absolu 14C de ces bois (Laboratoire des Faibles Radioacti­ vités de Gif-sur-Yvette, grâce à la courtoisie de Mme G. DELIBRIAS) est de 370 ± 60 BP (nO d'analyse Gif 6488). Autrement dit, c'est aux alentours de 1574 (âge absolu compté par rapport au présent - Before Present (BP) -lui-même fixé à 1944) et, en tenant compte de la marge de précision analytique, entre 1515 et 1635, qu'aurait été visité Rapa. Il se peut que cela l'ait été par des pêcheurs non sédentaires, abordant l'île le temps d'une campagne, et trouvant, dans la caverne, un abri naturel. Les foyers qu'ils utilisèrent, furent installés à l'entrée de la grotte, et donc sur le toit de la dune de sable. Ultérieurement, le vent a balayé le sable et a enfoui les restes de bois carbonisés là où on les découvre actuellement. On remarquera que la datation proposée est proche de celles qu'ont données HEYERDAHL et FERDON (1965) de l'occupation des forts. Actuellement, la population est répartie dans les deux villages de Ahurei et de Area, placés de part et d'autre de la baie d'Ahurei. 2. Le climat. Rapa est soumis aux plus rudes conditions climatiques des îles polynésiennes. Sa température rend compte de sa position australe, avec seulement 17°C en GÉOLOGIE ET PÉTROLOGIE DE L'îLE DE RAPA II 14~U' Il' ~ + 5"- + o Ikm 1 ! ~ FIGURE 2 - Emplacement des forts (d'après PAULAY, 1980) sur les lignes de crêtes près ou sur les sommets (triangles). Site (croix) de la dune de sable recélant des foyers utilisés dans les années 1575 ± 60. août pour 24 oC en février pour des extrêmes enregistrés de 9 et 30 oc. Les précipitations annuelles sont de l'ordre de 2 à 3 mètres, inégalement distribuées et souvent présentes en violentes tempêtes que soutiennent de puissants ouragans. Les vents sont souvent forts. En raison de ces conditions relativement peu clémentes, l'habituelle végéta­ tion polynésienne manque. Cocotiers, arbres à pain, manguiers ou papayers sont rares. Les cultures sont essentiellement celles du taro (HANSON, 1974), jointes à la cueillette de bananes, oranges et café. Les zones cultivées sont localisées dans les parties avales des rivières, les anciennes tarodières, étagées tout au long du thalweg et irriguées à la faveur de petits barrages artificiels, étant abandonnées à l'exception de l'une d'elles, située à mi-pente de la baie d'Akatanui. 12 R. BROUSSE ET P. GELUGNE Indépendamment des zones cultivées, existe un tapis végétal limité aux herbes car les forêts ne sont présentes que dans les lits des thalwegs et, parfois, près des hauts sommets. Le large développement des troupeaux sauvages de chèvres et de bovins en est responsable. En de nombreux endroits, les destructions qu'ils ont faites, laissent le sol à nu et comme les pentes sont relativement fortes, les ravinements y sont intenses. De plus, les argiles du mamu glissent aisément en nappes de soli­ fluction. GÉOLOGIE 1. Historique des découvertes. Peu de scientifiques ont travaillé à Rapa en raison de l'éloignement de l'île et des rares visites des gôelettes. P. MARSHALL (1911,1917) puis W.C. SMITH et L.J. CHUBB (1927), à la faveur de deux expéditions du Saint-George, en 1924 et 1925, présentèrent les premières analyses volcanologiques et pétrographiques (figure 3).
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