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Cornwallis Watershed Water Quality Assessment

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Cornwallis Watershed Water Quality Assessment Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroallmentaire Canada Cornwallis Watershed Water Quality Assessment 2003 Cornwallis Watershed Water Quality Assessment March 2003 Prepared for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration Contract Number 6622-3-0-S1-4 By Acadia Centre for Estuarine Research Acadia University Wolfville, Nova Scotia and Dillon Consulting Limited Halifax, Nova Scotia © HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN RIGHT OF CANADA (2003) as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Publication No. 71 of the Acadia Centre for Estuarine Research AAFC-PFRA Cornwallis Watershed Water Quality Assessment EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An assessment of surface water quality, based on currently existing data, was carried out for the Cornwallis River watershed. The primary objective of the assessment was to determine the suitability of surface water for agricultural use. The results of the assessment indicate that the Cornwallis River experiences periods of poor water quality with respect to its use for agricultural purposes. The major problem is high fecal coliform bacteria levels, particularly during the summer when the demand for irrigation water is greatest. There is also evidence that some trace metals may be present at levels above those considered acceptable for livestock watering, but the available data is very limited, and not recent enough to determine the degree to which this currently poses a threat to livestock. Recommendations are presented for approaches and studies to determine the sources of fecal coliform bacteria, and for management strategies designed to improve bacterial water quality. ii AAFC-PFRA Cornwallis Watershed Water Quality Assessment Table of Contents Page 1.0 Overview of the Cornwallis River ………………………………………... 1 2.0 Historical Overview of Water Quality Studies …………………………… 3 3.0 Objectives of Water Quality Assessment ………………………………… 7 4.0 Development of Database ………………………………………………… 7 5.0 Water Quality Assessment ……………………………………………….. 11 5.1 Overview of Canadian Water Guidelines for Agricultural Water Use and Protection of Aquatic Life …….…………………………… 11 5.2 Physical Characteristics ……………………………………………… 13 5.2.1 Water Temperature ……………………………………………… 13 5.2.2 Suspended Solids, Turbidity and Colour ……………………….. 18 5.3 Chemical Characteristics ……………………………………….……. 21 5.3.1 Total Dissolved Solids, Major Ions, Conductivity, Alkalinity, pH and Sodium Adsorption Ratio …………………… 21 5.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen ………………………………………………. 29 5.3.3 Biological Oxygen Demand …………………………………….. 32 5.3.4 Micronutrients …………………………………………………… 34 5.3.5 Trace Metals …………………………………………………….. 37 5.3.6 Organochlorines ………………………………………………… 40 5.4 Biological Characteristics ……………………………………………. 42 5.4.1 Microbiology ……………………………………………………. 42 5.4.2 Microbial Pathogens …………………………………………….. 42 5.4.3 Fecal Coliform Bacteria …………………………………………. 43 5.4.3.1 Current Levels of Fecal Coliform Bacteria ………………… 44 5.4.3.2 Historical Comparison of Levels of Fecal Coliform Bacteria 46 iii AAFC-PFRA Cornwallis Watershed Water Quality Assessment 5.4.3.3 Seasonal Variation in Coliform Numbers ………………….. 51 5.4.3.4 Fecal Coliforms in Tributaries ………………………....…… 51 6.0 Discussion ………………………………………………………………… 53 7.0 Recommendations ………………………………………..………….…… 57 7.1 Specific Recommendations ……………………………….………….. 57 7.2 General Recommendations …………………………………………… 59 8.0 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………… 60 9.0 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………..…….. 61 10.0 References …………………………………………………………….... 60 Appendices Appendix I - List of Abbreviations …………………………………..…… 64 Appendix II - Annotated Bibliography of Data Sources …………………. 65 Appendix IIIA - Database Summary …………………………….………. 69 Appendix IIIB – Database of Physical Parameters …………………….... 111 Appendix IIIC – Database of Chemical and Biological Parameters …..… 127 iv AAFC-PFRA Cornwallis Watershed Water Quality Assessment List of Tables Page Table 4.1. Summary of sites for which surface water quality data exists ...... 9 Table 5.1. Results of temperature monitoring within the Cornwallis River watershed carried out by Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (MacMillan 2002) ………………… 15 Table 5.2. pH, total dissolved solids and major ions reported for the Cornwallis River (mg/L) …………………………………… 23 Table 5.3. Concentrations of chloride, calcium, sulphate and sodium (mg/L) reported for the Cornwallis watershed based on surveys carried out by NSDOE ……………………………………….. 26 Table 5.4. Concentrations of sodium, calcium and magnesium (meq/L) and the corresponding Sodium Adsorption Ratio based on values reported by NSDOE for samples collected on 12 May 1988 … 28 Table 5.5. Percentage of times dissolved oxygen saturation was less than or equal to 50 percent (based on observations made May through August during 1997, 2000, 2001 and 2002) ……………............. 32 Table 5.6 Concentrations of trace metals (mg/L) in Cornwallis River (NSDOE files) …………………………………………….…..... 39 Table 5.7. CCME guidelines for trace metals and range of values reported for the Cornwallis River (units are mg/L) ……………………… 40 Table 5.8. Concentrations (µg/kg) of chlorinated hydrocarbons in sediment reported by Musial (1975) at five sites in the Cornwallis River watershed ……………………………………………………..… 41 Table 5.9. CCME freshwater chlorinated hydrocarbon sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life (units are µg/kg dry sediment) ……………………………………………………….. 42 Table 5.10. Percentage of times fecal coliform numbers (as number/100ml) fell below various levels at main stem sites during the months of June July and August during 2001 and 2002 (from FOCS files) . 45 Table 5.11. Historical comparison of percentage of times fecal coliform numbers (as number/100ml) fell below various levels at main v AAFC-PFRA Cornwallis Watershed Water Quality Assessment stem sites during the months of June July and August during 1989-1991 and 2001 and 2002 ..................................................... 47 Table 5.12. Seasonal variation in percentage of times fecal coliform numbers (number/100ml) fell below various levels at main stem sites during 1989-1991 and 2001-2002 ……………………...…. 49 Table 5.13. Fecal coliform numbers (number/ 100 ml) measured at tributaries during August 1997 ………………………………… 51 vi AAFC-PFRA Cornwallis Watershed Water Quality Assessment List of Figures Page Figure 1.1. Location of study area ……………………………………… 2 Figure 2.1. Location of sites sampled by Menon (1988) ………………... 5 Figure 4.1. Location of main stem sampling sites (numbers refer to sites names listed in Table 4.1) …………………………………….. 10 Figure 5.1. Spatial and seasonal variation in average water temperature for main stem sites based on measurements made May through August in 1997, 2000, 2001 and 2002: (a) average temperature vs. distance upstream from Hwy 359 Bridge at Kentville; (b) average seasonal variation for all sites. (Error bars are one standard error of the mean.) …………………………………. 14 Figure 5.2. Mean water temperatures during August 1997 for selected North and South tributaries entering the main stem of the Cornwallis River (from Nelson 1998 and Allen 1998) ….….. 16 Figure 5.3. Location of sampling sites for water temperature survey carried out by NSDAF during 2001 and 2002 (stars indicate location of temperature loggers; orange tributaries have intermediate water temperatures and green tributaries have cool water temperatures) …….………………………………... 17 Figure 5.4. Mean suspended solids concentrations for main sites and tributaries based on values measured in 1997 (from Nelson 1998 and Allen 1998). Main site averages are for the period between 26 June and 8 August. Tributary averages are based on measurements made during August. (TPIM - Total Particulate Inorganic Matter; TPOM – Total Particulate Organic Matter) ……………………………………………….. 20 Figure 5.5. Relationship between conductivity and total dissolved solids and conductivity and alkalinity based on data for the Cornwallis River contained in NSDOE files ……………….… 22 Figure 5.6. Mean conductivity for main sites and tributaries based on values measured in 1997 (from Nelson 1998 and Allen 1998). Main site averages are for the period between 26 June and 8 August (error bars are one standard error of the mean). vii AAFC-PFRA Cornwallis Watershed Water Quality Assessment Tributary averages are based on measurements made during August …………………………………………………...…… 24 Figure 5.7. Mean alkalinity for main sites and tributaries based on values measured in 1997 (from Nelson 1998 and Allen 1998). Main site averages are for the period between 26 June and 8 August (error bars are one standard error of the mean) ….…………... 25 Figure 5.8. Mean pH for main sites and tributaries based on values measured in 1997 (from Nelson 1998 and Allen 1998). Main site averages are for the period between 26 June and 8 August (error bars are one standard error of the mean). Tributary averages are based on measurements made during August …... 27 Figure 5.9. Spatial and seasonal variation in average dissolved oxygen concentration for main stem sites based on measurements made May through August in 1997, 2000, 2001 and 2002: (a) average concentration vs. distance upstream from Hwy 359 Bridge at Kentville; (b) average seasonal variation for all sites. (Error bars are one standard error of the mean; S indicates location of Berwick STP.) ……………………………………. 30 Figure 5.10. Spatial and seasonal variation in percent dissolved oxygen saturation for main stem sites based on measurements made May through August in 1997, 2000, 2001 and 2002: (a) average saturation vs. distance
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