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Ecosystem Overview Report for the Minas Basin, Nova Scotia

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Ecosystem Overview Report for the Minas Basin, Nova Scotia Ecosystem Overview Report for the Minas Basin, Nova Scotia Prepared for: Oceans and Habitat Branch Maritimes Region Fisheries and Oceans Canada Bedford Institute of Oceanography PO Box 1006 Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2 Prepared by: M. Parker1, M. Westhead2 and A. Service1 1East Coast Aquatics Inc. Bridgetown, Nova Scotia 2Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceans and Coastal Management Report 2007-05 Oceans and Habitat Report Series The Oceans and Habitat Report Series contains public discussion papers, consultant reports, and other public documents prepared for and by the Oceans and Habitat Branch, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maritimes Region. Documents in the series reflect the broad interests, policies and programs of Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The primary focus of the series is on topics related to oceans and coastal planning and management, conservation, habitat protection and sustainable development. Documents in the series are numbered chronologically by year of publication. The series commenced with Oceans and Coastal Management Report No. 1998-01. In 2007, the name was changed to the Oceans and Habitat Report Series. Documents are available through the Oceans and Habitat Branch in both electronic and limited paper formats. Reports of broad international, national, regional or scientific interest may be catalogued jointly with other departmental document series, such as the Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Series. Série des Rapports sur l’habitat et les océans La série des Rapports sur l’habitat et les océans regroupe des documents de discussion publics, des rapports d’experts et d’autres documents publics préparés par la Direction des océans et de l’habitat de Pêches et Océans Canada, Région des Maritimes ou pour le compte de cette direction. Les documents de cette série reflètent les intérêts généraux, les politiques et les programmes de Pêches et Océans Canada. La série est axée principalement sur des sujets concernant la planification et la gestion des océans et des côtes, la conservation, la protection de l’habitat et le développement durable. Les documents de la série sont numérotés chronologiquement par année de publication, en commençant par le Rapport sur la gestion des côtes et des océans no 1998-01. En 2007, le nom de la série a été modifié pour devenir « Série des Rapports sur l’habitat et les océans » (son ancien nom était « Série des Rapports sur la gestion des côtes et des océans »). Les documents sont disponibles sous forme électronique et, en nombre limité, sur support papier auprès de la Direction des océans et de l’habitat. Les rapports d’intérêt général international, national, régional ou scientifique peuvent être catalogués à la fois dans cette série et dans d’autres séries de documents ministériels, comme celle des Rapports techniques canadiens des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques. Oceans and Habitat Report 2007-05 Ecosystem Overview Report for the Minas Basin, Nova Scotia Prepared by: M. Parker1, M. Westhead2 and A. Service1 Oceans and Habitat Branch Maritimes Region Fisheries and Oceans Canada Bedford Institute of Oceanography PO Box 1006 Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2 October 2007 1 East Coast Aquatics Inc. P.O. Box 129 Bridgetown, Nova Scotia, B0S 1C0 2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography CONTENTS Acknowledgements iv List of Figures and Tables v List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xi Executive Summary xiii Sommaire xv INTRODUCTION 1. PROJECT DEFINITION: THE MINAS BASIN INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PROJECT 1 1.1 Context and Purpose of Report 1 Outline of Report 2 1.2 Boundaries of Study Area 2 1.3 History of Research in the Minas Basin 5 1.4 The Minas Basin Ecosystem 5 General Overview 5 Area Description 6 2. METHODOLOGY OF STUDY 9 2.1 Information Use and Reliability 9 PART A – GEOLOGICAL SYSTEM 3. GEOLOGICAL COMPONENTS 10 3.1 Bedrock Features and Landscape Development 10 4. GEOMORPHOLOGY 20 4.1 Topography of Coastal Landscapes 22 4.2 Hydrography and Watersheds 24 4.3 Bathymetry and Seascapes 28 5. SEDIMENTOLOGY 31 5.1 Nature and Characterization of Surface Sediments 31 5.1.1 Distribution 34 5.1.2 Biogeochemistry: The Ecological Role of Sediments 36 5.2 Sediment Sources 44 5.3 Sediment Transport 46 6. GEOLOGICAL SYSTEM INFORMATION GAPS 47 PART B – OCEANOGRAPHIC SYSTEM 7. ATMOSPHERE/OCEAN EXCHANGE 51 i 7.1 Seasonal Climatic Patterns 51 7.1.1 Regional Patterns 51 7.1.2 Air Temperature 51 7.1.3 Precipitation 52 7.1.4 Prevailing Winds and Storms 53 7.2 Air Quality 53 7.3 Heat Exchange/Budgets 54 8. PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 55 8.1 Freshwater Inputs 55 8.2 Sea Level and Tides 57 8.3 Water Masses and Currents 59 8.4 Stratification, Mixing and Upwelling 60 8.5 Waves and Turbulence 62 8.6 Ice Cover 63 8.7 Underwater Sound: Sources and Propagation 64 9. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 68 9.1 Temperature 68 9.2 Salinity 68 9.3 Dissolved Oxygen: Areas of Hypoxia 70 9.4 Suspended Particulate Matter 70 9.5 Organic Carbon (DOC/POC) 71 9.6 Nutrients: Flux and Budgets 73 9.6.1 Nitrate 73 9.6.2 Phosphate 74 9.6.3 Silicate 74 9.6.4 Chlorophyll a 74 9.7 Dissolved Trace Metals and Organic Contaminants 75 9.7.1 Copper 78 10. OCEANOGRAPHIC INFORMATION GAPS 81 PART C – BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM 11. FLORA AND FAUNA 83 11.1 Planktonic Communities 83 11.1.1 Phytoplankton and Zooplankton 83 11.2 Benthic Communities 86 11.2.1 Macrophytes and Microalgae 86 11.2.2 Invertebrates 87 Crustaceans (Corophium and Balanus) 89 Polychaetes 90 Bivalves (Mytilus, Macoma and Mya) 91 11.2.3 Gastropods 92 11.2.4 Lobsters 92 11.2.5 Benthic and Ground Fish 92 11.3 Pelagic Communities 96 11.3.1 Pelagic Fish 96 Striped Bass 97 Salmon 98 ii Herring (Family Clupeidae) 99 11.3.2 Marine Mammals 101 11.4 Marine and Coastal Avian Community 101 11.4.1 Waterfowl 103 11.4.2 Shore Birds 105 11.4.3 Seabirds 109 11.4.4 Bald Eagle 110 11.5 Aquatic Invasive Species 110 12. BIODIVERSITY AND SPECIES AT RISK 111 12.1 Species at Risk: COSEWIC 113 12.2 Provincial Listed Species 115 13. HABITAT USE AND FUNCTIONAL AREAS 116 13.1 Spawning/Reproduction Areas 116 13.2 Rearing Areas 118 13.3 Foraging/Feeding Areas 119 13.4 Migration Routes 121 13.5 Critical Marine Habitats (SARA) 123 13.6 Coastal Habitats 124 13.6.1 Subtidal Zone 124 13.6.2 Intertidal Habitats 124 13.6.3 Salt Marshes 126 13.6.4 Cliff Habitats 127 14. TERRESTRIAL COMMUNITIES 128 14.1 Freshwater River Habitats 128 15. BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM INFORMATION GAPS 129 PART D – ECOSYSTEM RELATIONSHIPS 16. MARINE ECOSYSTEM RELATIONSHIPS 132 16.1 Physical–Biological Linkages 132 16.2 Biological Interactions 133 16.2.1 Marine Food Webs and Energy Flows 134 17. ECOSYSTEM RELATIONSHIPS DATA GAPS 137 PART E – CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 139 REFERENCES 141 APPENDIX A: SUMMARY OF SPECIES AT RISK IN THE MINAS BASIN WATERSHED 164 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank Denise McCullough and Jennifer Hackett, Oceans and Coastal Management Division of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, for their support and help in the collection and supply of data, documents and materials for this report. Thank you to Mark Elderkin, Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, and Phil Yeats, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, for their feedback on specific questions of interest. Thanks to the staff at Nova Scotia Department of Environment for providing review and feedback on the initial draft report. We would also like to thank the Offshore Energy Environmental Research Association for their contribution to the completion of this document. iv LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURES 1.1 The Gulf of Maine watershed, highlighting the Bay of Fundy 1.2 The Minas Basin study area showing the location and approximate size of the four eco-regions, major rivers and coastal communities 1.3 Minas Basin watershed showing the extent of the tidal flats exposed at low tide 1.4 County boundaries surrounding the Minas Basin, Nova Scotia 3.1 Geological map of the Minas Basin 3.2 General geological map of Nova Scotia, featuring the Inner Bay of Fundy 3.3 The sandstones and mudstones at Blue Beach along the Evangeline Trail, deposited along the shores of Mississippian lakes: A close look reveals preserved ripples (indicative of water), mud cracks (indicative of drying conditions), 350 million-year-old raindrop prints, and fossil plants, fish scales and amphibian footprints 3.4 Soft red Triassic sandstones fringing Cobequid Bay are surrounded by the somewhat more elevated and resistant Carboniferous rocks of the Windsor Lowlands: A westerly extension of the St. Mary’s Fault Block forms a dissected shoulder to the Cobequid Hills, from which short, steep rivers drain into the bay 3.5 Triassic rocks and red sediment of the Minas Basin in Economy 3.6 The fertile Annapolis Valley is underlain by red Triassic sedimentary rocks formed in lakes and rivers over 200 million years ago; these rocks form the cliffs, for example, at Blomidon 3.7 Tightly folded Mississippian sandstones and mudstones at Rainy Cove, overlain by almost flat- lying red Triassic sandstone beds and conglomerates (pebble rocks) 3.8 The boundary between the Mississippian and Triassic rocks (here seen at Rainy Cove), known as an unconformity, represents over 100 million years of “deep time” 3.9 Over 390 million years ago, two small continental fragments collided and slid against one another to form much of the geological structure of what we know today as Nova Scotia: The boundary, known as the Cobequid–Chedabucto Fault (here seen near Port Greville) is analogous to today’s San Andreas Fault in California and is a prominent feature of geological and topographic maps of the province 3.10 The Cobequid Hills descend abruptly along the Cobequid Fault to the lowlands fringing the Minas Basin; to the north, in contrast, the Cobequids merge gradually into the Cumberland Hills v 3.11 Jurassic lavas associated with the opening of the Atlantic Ocean form dramatic cliffs and headlands around the Minas Basin: The vesicular or bubbly tops of some flows were ideal for the precipitation of mineral crystals, such as zeolites and agates 4.1 Stages in the last retreat of glaciers from the Maritimes 4.2 General coastal morphology of the Minas Basin 4.3 The white gypsum cliffs at St.
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