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Feeding Ecology and Movement Patterns Of FEEDING ECOLOGY AND MOVEMENT PATTERNS OF ATLANTIC STURGEON IN MINAS BASIN, BAY OF FUNDY by MONTANA FRANCESCA MCLEAN Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Sciences (Biology) Acadia University Spring Convocation 2013© by MONTANA FRANCESCA MCLEAN, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS ________________________________________________________________________ List of tables ........................................................................................................... vi List of figures ....................................................................................................... vii Abstract .................................................................................................................. xi List of abbreviations and symbols used ............................................................ xii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ xiii General Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus Mitchill, 1815) ............................ 1 Feeding ecology ........................................................................................... 5 Minas Basin intertidal ecology ................................................................... 11 Movement in the intertidal ......................................................................... 12 Context for this research ............................................................................ 15 Chapter 1: Feeding ecology of Atlantic sturgeon on the infauna of intertidal mudflats of Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy ............................................................. 16 Abstract ...................................................................................................... 17 Introduction ................................................................................................ 18 Materials and Methods ............................................................................... 23 Study site ........................................................................................ 23 Fish sampling and stomach content analysis ................................. 25 Results ........................................................................................................ 30 Discussion .................................................................................................. 33 Acknowledgements .................................................................................... 38 iv Chapter 2: Quantifying movement patterns of acoustically tagged Atlantic sturgeon in the Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy ....................................................................... 39 Abstract ...................................................................................................... 40 Introduction ................................................................................................ 41 Materials and Methods ............................................................................... 44 Study site ........................................................................................ 44 Field methods ................................................................................. 44 Trajectory analysis ......................................................................... 49 Sediment composition at study site ................................................ 52 Results ........................................................................................................ 54 Trajectories and movement types .................................................. 54 Diel and tidal activity ..................................................................... 62 Sediment composition at study site ................................................ 62 Discussion .................................................................................................. 66 Acknowledgements .................................................................................... 73 General conclusion and recommendations ....................................................... 74 References ............................................................................................................. 77 Appendices ............................................................................................................ 96 List of appendices ...................................................................................... 96 Appendix I ................................................................................................. 97 Appendix II ................................................................................................ 98 v LIST OF TABLES ________________________________________________________________________ GENERAL INTRODUCTION Table 1.1 – Summary of diet composition for North American sturgeon species ................................................................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.1– Coded acoustic tag models used during Atlantic sturgeon tagging project in Minas Basin during summers of 2010 and 2011 (n = 83) ...................................... 47 Table 2.2– Summary of acoustic telemetry data for Atlantic sturgeon tracked in a Vemco Positioning System array at Kingsport Beach, Minas Basin ................................. 56 Table 2.3– Summary of trajectory analysis for Atlantic sturgeon tracked in a Vemco Positioning System array at Kingsport Beach, Minas Basin. The number of analyzed bursts for each sturgeon ID is given. The mean number of calculated relocations (± Standard Deviation; SD) was determined for all bursts for a particular ID. These measurements do not take into account time spent outside of the array between those detections ............................................................................................................... 58 vi LIST OF FIGURES ________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 1 Figure 1.1 – Map of the study site. Minas Basin is the north-eastern portion of the Bay of Fundy. It is separated into four distinct regions: Minas Passage, which connects Minas Basin to the rest of the Bay of Fundy, Central Minas Basin, Cobequid Bay, and the Southern Bight ....................................................................................................... 24 Figure 1.2 – Map of capture locations. Atlantic sturgeon were captured by otter-trawls carried out in several locations within the Southern Bight, Minas Basin. Inset indicates the number of individuals sampled at each trawl location for a total sample size of twenty-one .............................................................................................................. 26 Figure 1.3 – Length-frequency of all sampled Atlantic sturgeon (n = 21) captured by otter-trawl in Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy in summer 2011 .................................. 27 Figure 1.4 – Photograph of gastric lavage procedure. A 2-L pressurized water tank was attached to a medical-grade catheter which was carefully maneuvered down the sturgeon oesophagus until it reached the stomach. Continuous bursts of water forced food from the stomach back out through the mouth. Individual in photograph was 92 cm fork length ................................................................................................................................ 28 vii Figure 1.5 – Relative occurrence (%O), abundance (%N), and weight (%W) of taxa collected from the stomach contents of sub-adult and adult Atlantic sturgeon (n = 20) captured by trawling during summer 2011 in Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy. The percent index of relative importance (%IRI) of each taxa to the sturgeon diet is also presented. Prey taxa with %O < 10 were not included but the following: Goniadidae, Pyramidellidae, Scalibregmatidae, Oithonidae, Idoteidae, Diastyidae, Crangonidae, Arenicolidae, Tomopteridae, Gammaridae, and Paraonidae also were recovered ................................................................................................................ 32 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.1– Map of study site. The Minas Basin is the northern most portion of the Bay of Fundy. It is separated into four distinct regions, including: Minas Passage, which connects Minas Basin to the rest of the Bay of Fundy, Central Minas Basin, Cobequid Bay, and the Southern Bight .................................................................................. 46 Figure 2.2 – Map of study site. A Vemco Positioning System array deployed at Kingsport Beach, in the Southern Bight of Minas Basin to examine fine-scale movement behaviour of acoustically tagged Atlantic sturgeon. The array consisted of 15 VR2W receivers, 8 synchronization tags, and 3 temperature and pressure sensor tags..... 48 Figure 2.3 – A within group sum of squares plot against number of clusters was used to determine that the trajectory data set contained three separate clusters. These clusters were then referred to as movement type 1, movement type 2, and movement type 3 ................................................................................................................................ 51 viii Figure 2.4 – Trajectory data (n = 94) was partitioned into one of the three identified clusters (i.e., movement types 1, 2 and 3) using the k-means clustering method .. 52 Figure 2.5 – Sediment samples were collected from
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