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Deep Water Offshore Wind Technologies Deep water offshore wind technologies A thesis submitted for the degree of Master in Science In Energy Systems and the Environment Nikolaou Nikolaos University of Strathclyde Department of Mechanical Engineering September 2004 The copyright of this thesis belongs to the author under the terms of the United Kingdom Copyright Acts as qualified by University of Strathclyde Regulation 3.49. Due acknowledgment must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from this thesis. Acknowledgements The author would like to express his sincere gratitude to his supervisor Dr. Andy Grant for his encouragement, guidance and supervision given to the author, without whom I would have never been able to complete this thesis. I would like to thank the following companies and organizations for kindly responding to my enquires: Enercon Corporate Communication Department and Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES) of Greece. Finally, the author would like to take this opportunity to express his greater appreciation and gratitude, to his parents, his girlfriend and family members, for their encouragement and support throughout this work Table of contents 1. Introduction………………………………...………………………………….....pg15 2. Historical review………………………………………..………………………..pg17 2.1. Advantages of offshore wind parks………………..…………………………pg26 2.2. Disadvantages of offshore wind parks……………..……………………....…pg28 3. Design of offshore wind parks…………………………………………..……....pg31 3.1. Design of wind turbines………..………………………………………….….pg31 3.2. Wind turbine pylon design…………………...…………………………….....pg33 3.3. Foundation design…………………….…………………………………… ..pg35 3.3.1. Gravity based……………………………………………...………......pg35 3.3.2. Monopile……………………………………………………...…….…pg38 3.3.3. Tripod support structure…………………………………………….…pg38 3.3.4. Floating support structure……………………………………………..pg40 3.4. Evaluation of offshore wind……………………………...…………………...pg47 4. Connecting with the electrical grid……………………..………………………pg50 4.1. Connecting an offshore wind park with the grid……………………………..pg50 4.2. Grid stability………………………………………………………………….pg53 4.3. Power production forecast…………………………………………..……….pg54 5. Environmental impacts………………………………..….……………………..pg56 5.1. Manufacturing impacts………………………..……………………..……….pg56 5.2. Transportation impacts……………..………………………………………...pg57 5.3. Installation of the wind turbines……………………………………………...pg57 5.4. Cable installation……………………………………………………………..pg58 5.5. Operation and maintenance of the wind turbines……………………….........pg58 5.6. Physical presence of a Wind turbine…………………………………………pg59 5.7. Electromagnetic interference…………………………………………………pg60 5.8. Interference with ships……………………………………………..…………pg60 5.9. Sea bed morphology………………………………………………………….pg60 5.10 Impacts on birds……………………………………...………………………pg60 5.11 Impacts on sea mammals………………...……..……………………………pg61 5.12Biological impacts on fishes…………..………….…………………………..pg61 5.13Impacts on humans….…………………………………………….………….pg62 5.14Environmental impacts due to accident………………………………………pg62 5.15Decommissioning…………………………………………………….……….pg63 6. Worldwide offshore wind status and development……………….………..pg65 6.1 Development at E.U countries………………………………………………...pg65 6.1.1 Sweden………………………………………………………………………pg65 6.1.2 Denmark……………………………………………………………………..pg66 6.1.3 Holland……………………………………………………………………....pg66 6.1.4 France………………………………………………………………………..pg67 6.1.5 Germany……………………………………………………………………..pg67 6.1.6 United Kingdom……………………………………………………………..pg68 6.1.7 Ireland……………………………………………………………………….pg69 6.1.8 Belgium……………………………………………………………...............pg69 6.1.9 Finland………………………………………………………………………pg70 6.1.10 Poland……………………………………………………………………...pg71 6.1.11 Spain……………………………………………………………………….pg71 6.1.12 Rest of E.U countries………………………………………………………pg71 6.2 Development of offshore wind energy outside Europe………………………..pg72 7. Economical and technical data………………………………….……………pg73 7.1 Cost data for offshore wind parks…………………………………………..…pg73 7.2 Comparison between onshore and offshore wind parks………………………pg77 7.3 Ways of reducing the cost……………………………………………………..pg79 8. Horns Rev offshore wind park……………………………..………………...pg80 8.1 General information on Horns Rev offshore wind park…………………....…pg80 8.2 Types of wind turbines………………………………………………………...pg80 8.3 Type of pylon…………………………………………………………………..pg81 8.4 Type of foundation…………………………………………………………….pg81 8.5 Electrical network connection………………………………………..……….pg82 8.6 Environmental impacts……………………………………………….……….pg84 8.7 Cost figures……………………………………………...…………………….pg84 9. Feasibility study….............................................................................................pg85 9.1 Fossil fuel depletion problem……………………………………………….....pg85 9.2 Alternative energy resources……………………………………………….....pg86 9.3 Energy facts about Greece…………………………………………………….pg86 9.4 Case study specifications………………………………………..…………….pg89 9.4.1 Site location…………………………………………………………………pg89 9.4.2 Specific site location………………………………………………………...pg90 9.4.3 Wind turbine………………………………………………………………...pg92 9.4.3.1 Choice of wind turbine…………………………………………………….pg92 9.4.3.2 Wind turbine grid……………………………………………………….…pg93 9.4.3.3 Wind turbine direction…………………………………………………….pg94 9.5 Wind turbine foundations……………………………………………………...pg94 9.6 Environmental impacts………………………………………………………...pg95 9.6.1 Manufacturing impacts……………………………………………………...pg95 9.6.2 Wind turbine installation impacts…………………………………………...pg96 9.6.3 Wind turbine decommissioning impacts……………………….....................pg96 9.6.4 Ship collision risks…………………………………………………………..pg96 9.7 Further specifications and assumptions made for the operation of the offshore wind park…………………………………………………………………………..pg97 9.8 Cost components………………………………………………….....................pg98 9.8.1 Further economic details considering the case study of an 500 MW offshore wind park………………………………………………………………………….pg99 9.8.2 Specific costs………………………………………………………………pg101 9.9RETscreen software…………………………………………………………..pg102 9.10 RETscreen results……………………………………………………..……pg103 9.11 Assumptions made and reference values used for the completion of the 495 MW wind farm project………………………………………………………………...pg112 9.11.1 Foundation costs……………………………………………………….…pg112 9.11.2 Wind turbines cost………………………………………………………..pg113 9.11.3 Grid connection costs……………………………………………………..pg113 9.11.4 Cost of feasibility study…………………………………………………..pg114 9.11.5 Management costs………………………………………………………...pg114 9.11.6 Other cost factors…………………………………………………………pg114 9.12 Conclusions from the results of the case study……………………………..pg115 List of Tables: Table 1: Offshore wind parks installed…………………………………………. ….. pg25 Table 2: Percentage of wind turbines placed offshore………………………………...pg26 Table 3: The largest commercially available wind turbines……………………… ….pg32 Table 4: Largest prototypes currently under development……………………………pg32 Table 5: Foundations types, applications, advantages and disadvantages of each type………………………………………………………………………………….…pg36 Table 6: Type of foundation appropriate for each installation water depth…………...pg46 Table 7: CO2 emissions in tones per GWh from different sources of energy………...pg49 Table 8: Offshore wind parks in Sweden……………………………………………...pg65 Table 9: Offshore wind parks in Denmark……………………………………………pg66 Table 10: Offshore wind parks in Holland……………………………………………pg67 Table 11: Offshore wind parks in France……………………………………………..pg67 Table 12: Offshore wind parks in Germany…………………………………………..pg68 Table 13: Offshore wind parks in the United Kingdom………………………………pg69 Table 14: Offshore wind parks in Ireland……………………………………………..pg69 Table 15: Offshore wind parks in Belgium……………………………………………pg70 Table 16: Offshore wind parks in Finland…………………………………………….pg70 Table 17: Offshore wind parks in Poland……………………………………………..pg71 Table 18: Offshore wind parks in Spain………………………………………………pg71 Table 19: Non E.U offshore projects………………………………………………….pg72 Table 21: Additional investment expenses as a percentage of a wind turbine (870 Euro/kW) in relation to the distance from shore………………………………...pg75 Table 22: Main characteristics of Horns Rev wind turbines and view of wind turbine arrangement……………………………………………………………………………pg81 Table 23: Site location possible problems………………………………………….…pg90 Table 24: Average Temperature (° C) at Lat 38 and Lon 25 at 10 m above the earth surface…………………………………………………………………………………pg91 Table 25: Average wind speed at 50 m height (m/s)……………………………….…pg91 Table 26: Average wind speed at 10 m (m/s)…………………………………………pg91 Table 27: Average atmospheric pressure (kPa)……………………………………….pg91 Table 28: Costs of each component…………………………………………………...pg99 Table 29: Energy model……………………………………………………………...pg102 Table 30: Equipment Data…………………………………………………………...pg103 Table 31: Power and energy curves………………………………………………….pg104 Table 32: Cost analysis………………………………………………………………pg105 Table 33: Project background information…………………………………………..pg106 Table 34: Distribution of current electricity system of Greece………………………pg106 Table 35: Green house gases emission reduction summary…………………………pg107 Table 36: Annual energy balance and Financial parameters………………………...pg107 Table 37: Project costs and energy production costs………………………………...pg108 Table 38: Yearly cash flows…………………………………………………………pg109 Table 39: Graphical output of yearly cash flows…………………………………....pg110 Table 40: Yearly cash flows for a project life time of 50 years……………………...pg116 Table 41: Graphical output of cumulative cash flows for a project life time of 50 years………………………………………………………………………………….pg117 Table 42: Energy usage recalculated to kWh electricity (Net energy use)…………..pg119 Table
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