American Visionary John F. Kennedy's Life and Times

AMERICAN VISIONARY JOHN F. KENNEDY’S LIFE AND TIMES MAY 3 – SEPTEMBER 17, 2017

JFK Timeline 1906–1963

Information is excerpted from the book JFK: A Vision for America (HarperCollins),(HarperCollins), available in the museum store.

jfk_SAAM_01-16_DP_CS55_v6.indd 1 3/2/17 11:04 AM “ A MAN MAY DIE, NATIONS MAY RISE AND FALL, BUT AN IDEA LIVES ON.” — John F. Kennedy Greenville, North Carolina, February 8, 1963

In the early 1960s, during John F. Kennedy’s administration, America envisioned — and began to realize — a new, modern nation. Kennedy pushed the U.S. forward into the space race, laid the foundation for the environmental movement, outlined legislation to protect civil rights, advocated equal pay for women, and promoted federal health insurance for the elderly as well as immigration laws that would make America more diverse. He also focused attention on cultural issues, laying the groundwork for the National Foundations for the Arts and Humanities.

The timeline that follows reminds us about important events in Kennedy’s life, which are interspersed with key historical and cultural events and accompanied by photographs and ephemera that provide a rich context for the photographs in the exhibition.

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Photo, © Philippe Halsman, Magnum Photos 3/2/17 11:04AM 1906 John Francis “Honey July 28, 1929 Jacqueline Lee Bouvier is born in Southampton, Fitz” Fitzgerald is elected New York, elder child of stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III and mayor of Boston. socialite Janet Lee Bouvier.

October 7, 1914 Joseph October 29, 1929 Black Tuesday: Wall Street crash precipitates Patrick Kennedy, elder son of Patrick Joseph Kennedy, marries Great Depression, which will persist for 10 years. Rose Fitzgerald, eldest daughter of Boston mayor Honey Fitz, joining two prominent political families (and former rivals). 1930–31 “Jack” Kennedy is enrolled at Canterbury, a Roman Catholic boarding school in New Milford, CT, but withdraws May 29, 1917 John Fitzgerald Kennedy is born in Brookline, after developing appendicitis. MA, second of nine Kennedy children. 1931–35 Attends elite boarding school Choate, in Wallingford, June 19, 1917 Baptized at St. Aidan’s Roman Catholic Church. CT, earning only mediocre grades.

November 11, 1918 World War I ends. 1932 President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces New Deal, a series of initiatives and social programs in response to Great Depression. Spring 1919 Shortly before third birthday, Kennedy contracts scarlet fever. He is hospitalized for two months. June 6, 1934 Joseph Kennedy Sr. appointed by FDR as the ¡ rst president of Securities and Exchange Commission. October 28, 1919 Congress passes National Prohibition Act (over President Wilson’s veto) prohibiting sale of alcohol and Summer 1935 At 18, JFK makes fi rst trip abroad, to attend London spawning a proliferation of speakeasies across the country. School of Economics, following in footsteps of older brother, Joe.

August 26, 1920 The 19th Amendment, giving women the right January 1936 President Roosevelt names Joseph Kennedy as to vote, is formally adopted into U.S. Constitution. U.S. ambassador to Great Britain.

Summer 1926 Joe Sr. rents what will become the family summer Fall 1936 Kennedy begins fi rst year at Harvard University, home in Hyannis Port, MA, on Cape Cod. in Cambridge, MA.

He’s the man who put the Kennedy’s education was often “Fitzgerald” in “John Fitzgerald interrupted with bouts of illness Kennedy.” A Democratic and periods of recovery, though congressman and two-term he still managed to graduate cum mayor of Boston, JFK’s laude from Harvard in 1940. grandfather was known for a persuasive charm that earned him the nickname “Honey Fitz.”

The second born into a family of nine children, Kennedy began life in the suburbs of Boston, then resided in Riverdale and Bronxville, New York; boarding schools in Connecticut; and the family summer home in Hyannis Port.

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jfk_SAAM_01-16_DP_CS55_v6.indd 4 3/2/17 11:04 AM Summer 1937 Spends 10 weeks traveling through England, September 25, 1941 Enlists in U.S. Navy. France, Italy, Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands with child- hood friend Lem Billings. December 7, 1941 The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor. United States enters World War II. July 4, 1938 Sails to England with brother Joe Jr. to live at American embassy in London, where both work with Joe Sr. August 2, 1943 Japanese destroyer rams PT-109, patrol torpedo boat Lieutenant Kennedy commands, while it is on active duty Winter 1939 Spends second semester of junior year working in the Solomon Islands’ Blackett Strait, sinking the vessel and at American embassy in Paris. Travels through Poland, Moscow, killing two crew members. and Berlin. August 8, 1943 Kennedy and his 10 surviving PT-109 crew March 12, 1939 The Kennedy family attends the coronation of members are rescued. Pope Pius XII in Rome, and granted private audience with Pope the following day. June 11, 1944 Awarded U.S. Navy and Marine Corps Medal and Purple Heart for actions while in command of PT-109. August 1, 1939 His Harvard thesis, “Appeasement at Munich,” is published as his fi rst book, Why England Slept. August 12, 1944 Navy pilot Joe Jr. is killed in Europe when his plane explodes shortly after takeo¤ . September 1, 1939 Listens from visitors’ gallery at House of Commons as British prime minister Neville Chamberlain April 1945 JFK works as reporter for Hearst Newspapers, declares war on Germany. World War II begins. covering the creation of United Nations in San Francisco, the Potsdam conference, elections in London, and developing September 1940 Briefl y attends Stanford as graduate student, relationships with top-level U.S. offi cials. taking classes in business, economics, and political science. August 15, 1945 Following the August 6 U.S. atomic bombing Spring 1941 Assists father in writing his memoir on years as of Hiroshima and the August 9 bombing of Nagasaki, Japanese ambassador. Spends several weeks traveling South America: announce surrender. Surrender documents signed on September 2 Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile. o¥ cially end World War II.

The publication of Kennedy’s Harvard thesis and his brief but distinguished military career proved invaluable to Of privilege, and public shaping his political identity. service; Joe Kennedy’s appointments under President Roosevelt infl uenced a young JFK with an early life of world travel and close contact with political leaders and world dignitaries.

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jfk_SAAM_01-16_DP_CS55_v6.indd 5 3/2/17 11:05 AM September 1946 May 13, 1948 Kathleen “Kick” Kennedy Cavendish dies in plane Kennedy is diagnosed crash on ¦ ight from French Riviera to Paris. with Addison’s disease, potentially fatal disorder October 1, 1949 Mao Zedong proclaims People’s Republic of of adrenal glands. He is prescribed regimen of medications; China; it is recognized by USSR the following day. the condition is kept from the public. June 25, 1950 President Harry S. Truman orders U.S. Air Force November 5, 1946 Elected U.S. representative for Eleventh and Navy into Korean con¦ ict one day after North Korea invades Congressional District in Boston. the South.

December 19, 1946 War breaks out in Indochina as President December 19, 1950 Tibet’s Dalai Lama ¦ ees Chinese invasion. Ho Chi Minh attacks French in Hanoi. February 22, 1951 Fresh from fi ve-week European tour, Kennedy April 22, 1947 Congressmen Jack Kennedy and Dick Nixon travel testifi es before Senate Foreign Relations and Armed Services to western Pennsylvania for their little-known fi rst series of debates. Committees on how best to defend Europe against Soviet infl uence and control. June 25, 1947 The ¡ rst edition of Anne Frank’s diary is published in the Netherlands, as Het Achterhuis. May 1951 Meets Jacqueline Bouvier at dinner party.

November 20, 1947 Appealing to Italian voting bloc in October 6, 1951 Stalin announces that USSR has atom bomb. Massachusetts, JFK makes speech in Congress supporting $227 million aid package to Italy, calling it “the initial battleground May 9, 1951 JFK introduces bill to Congress seeking to restrict in the communist drive to capture Western Europe.” American and allies’ trade with “Red China.”

The loss of Kathleen Kennedy at age twenty-eight was particularly profound for JFK; the two shared the Kennedy was encouraged closest relationship among by his father to run for the Kennedy siblings. U.S. representative from Massachusetts in 1946; Joe Sr. was the driving force behind JFK’s entire political career, pulling favors, providing funding, and promoting the image.

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jfk_SAAM_01-16_DP_CS55_v6.indd 6 3/2/17 11:07 AM October 15, 1951 Arrives in Saigon, Vietnam, traveling with December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks is arrested in Montgomery, AL, brother Robert and sister Patricia on extended trip to Far East. for refusing to surrender her bus seat to a white passenger and move to the back of the bus. April 6, 1952 Tapes ad for Senate campaign, voicing support for government-sponsored low- and middle-income housing. September 9, 1956 Elvis Presley makes debut TV appearance as guest on The Ed Sullivan Show. November 4, 1952 Wins Senate seat, beating incumbent Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. November 6, 1956 Eisenhower is reelected, defeating Adlai E. Stevenson. September 12, 1953 Jack and Jackie’s wedding in Newport, RI, is social event of the season, attended by 1,200. Jacqueline’s May 6, 1957 Profi les in Courage is awarded Pulitzer Prize for stepfather, Hugh D. Auchincloss, walks her down the aisle. biography. Kennedy maintains he wrote the book, yet he offers adviser Ted Sorensen half the royalties for fi rst fi ve years of October 30, 1953 The newlyweds are interviewed from their publication. Boston apartment on Edward R. Murrow’s Person to Person TV show. November 27, 1957 The Kennedys become parents with birth October 24, 1954 Eisenhower pledges support to South Vietnam. of fi rst child, Caroline, named after Jackie’s sister, Lee.

February 25, 1955 Following highly risky back surgery that March 27, 1958 Nikita Khrushchev becomes Soviet premier brought him near death, Kennedy is taken by plane to Palm Beach, and ¡ rst secretary of Communist Party. FL, to begin convalescence. April 1, 1959 First fully organized campaign meeting for JFK’s May 23, 1955 Returns to the fl oor of Senate. 1960 presidential bid is held in Palm Beach, FL.

By the time he took offi ce as U.S. senator, Kennedy had traveled extensively through Europe, South Social prominence kept America, and the Middle the Kennedys under the and Far East. watchful eye of the press as early as 1957. The North American Newspaper Alliance broke the news of Jackie’s pregnancy with Caroline, writing, “A vital element has been added to the well-planned and generously fi nanced campaign to make Senator Jack Kennedy President of the United States.”

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jfk_SAAM_01-16_DP_CS55_v6.indd 7 3/2/17 11:09 AM January 2 Senator Kennedy announces July 5 Johnson o¥ cially announces candidacy. candidacy for president. July 9 Kennedy arrives in Los Angeles for the Democratic February Frank Sinatra records altered National Convention. version of his hit song “High Hopes,” with pro-Kennedy lyrics, which becomes the uno¥ cial song of the Kennedy campaign. July 10 Addresses a meeting of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, initially receiving boos from February 1 Four black students stage ¡ rst civil rights sit-in at crowd; vows to end segregation. a Greensboro, NC, lunch counter. July 10 Frank Sinatra and Judy Garland perform at dinner for April A pregnant Jackie is advised against travel due to prior Kennedy’s big donors, held at Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly miscarriage, so Kennedy sisters Eunice, Pat, and Jean take active Hills for nearly 3,000 guests. roles in campaign. July 13 JFK wins the nomination with 806 votes, exceeding April 5 Kennedy defeats Hubert Humphrey in Wisconsin 761 needed. Johnson secures only 409. primary by more than 106,00 votes, though party bosses remain skeptical of his broader appeal. July 14 Going against advisers and Bobby, Kennedy invites Johnson to be running mate. To his surprise, Johnson accepts. May 1 American spy plane shot down over Soviet Union. July 15 Delivers “New Frontier” nomination acceptance speech. May 4 Humphrey and Kennedy appear in televised debate. July 23 Briefed by CIA director Allen Dulles and General Charles May 10 Wins West Virginia and Nebraska primaries. The Cabell on planned guerrilla and military action in Cuba, but won’t following day, Humphrey withdraws from race. learn of plan for full-scale invasion until after taking offi ce.

June 10 Former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt endorses August 14 Meets with major Democratic power Eleanor Democrat Aldai Stevenson, though he is not o¥ cially seeking Roosevelt and promises to take a fi rm stand on civil rights; party nomination. Eleanor agrees to support him.

By the time Kennedy formally announced his run, he’d already made several “unoffi cial” campaign swings through four states and had rented, nearly a year prior, a suite of Washington offi ces to serve as campaign Kennedy sisters Eunice, Pat, and Jean’s headquarters. vigorous campaigning for JFK, along with sister-in-law Ethel, prompted a defeated Hubert Humphrey to grouse, “I feel like an independent merchant competing against a chain store.”

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jfk_SAAM_01-16_DP_CS55_v6.indd 8 3/2/17 11:09 AM September 3–5 General campaign begins, with stops in Maine, November 1 In TV interview, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Alaska, Michigan, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon; by Election concedes that Kennedy “served as a great force in making my Day, Kennedy will have visited 32 states. release possible” after King spent nine days in Reidsville, GA, jail.

September 12 In an address to the Greater Houston Ministerial November 4 Torchlight parade held through Chicago, with an Association, Kennedy assuages concerns over his Catholic faith: estimated 1.5 million people along parade route and listening to “I do not speak for my Church on public matters — and the Church JFK speak at Chicago Stadium. does not speak for me.” November 8 Jack and Jackie vote near their Boston home and September 26 Appears in fi rst nationally televised U.S. presi- then join family, friends, and core campaign staff in Hyannis dential debate with Richard Nixon, drawing estimated 70 million Port to monitor election returns. viewers and 15 million radio listeners. Kennedy is considered winner. Three debates to follow. November 9 Kennedy defeats Nixon in closest presidential election of 20th century after Minnesota’s 11 electoral votes put October 12 Meets with Mrs. Roosevelt for breakfast in New Kennedy over top. At Hyannis Armory, the presumptive winner York City and makes appearances at Columbus Day Parade, makes brief acceptance speech to press and supporters. Long Island Fair, and East Harlem Puerto Rican rally. Delivers speech before National Council of Women in New York. November 25 John F. Kennedy Jr. is born.

October 13 Third Nixon-Kennedy debate shows candidates on November–December Over month of November and into fi rst split screen, with Kennedy broadcast from New York and Nixon two weeks of December, Kennedy releases names of Cabinet. One from Los Angeles. controversial appointment: his brother Bobby as attorney general.

October 19 After rejoining the campaign a week prior, a very- December 11 Narrowly escapes suicide-assassination attempt pregnant Jackie appears with her husband at ticker tape parade outside Palm Beach home when leaving for Mass. Plan is through New York City and at Rockefeller Plaza rally. aborted when driver of car fi tted with explosives spots Jackie seeing her husband off. October 24 Life magazine endorses Nixon for president.

As Election Night stretched into the following morning, with a Kennedy Electoral College win likely, Nixon’s statement at 3:30 a.m., as votes John Jr.’s birth, just two weeks after were still being counted, stopped just short of a concession. “Why should his father’s presidential win, amplifi ed he concede?” Kennedy remarked to the frustration of aides and family America’s obsession with the First Family. members gathered in Hyannis Port to watch returns. “I wouldn’t.”

jfk_SAAM_01-16_DP_CS55_v6.indd 9 3/2/17 11:09 AM January 3 President Eisenhower closes March 28 Initiates largest and quickest defense buildup in U.S. American embassy in Havana; United States peacetime history. ends diplomatic relations with Cuba. April 12 Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes ¡ rst human to January 11 White students riot after University of Georgia orbit Earth. admits ¡ rst two black students, ending 160 years of segregation. April 17 Fourteen hundred CIA-trained Cuban exiles attempt January 20 John F. Kennedy is inaugurated as 35th president to overthrow Fidel Castro in ill-fated Bay of Pigs invasion. Three of the United States. days later Kennedy accepts responsibility.

January 25 Appears in fi rst live telecast of presidential news April 23 Judy Garland records double album Judy at Carnegie conference, addressing famine in Congo, plans for nuclear test ban Hall, for which she later becomes ¡ rst woman to win Grammy for treaty, and release of two American aviators from Soviet custody. Album of the Year.

January 31 United States sends ¡ rst hominid, Ham the Astrochimp, May 1 Pulitzer Prize awarded to Harper Lee for her novel To Kill into space. He returns alive after ¦ ight of 16 minutes, 39 seconds. a Mockingbird.

March 1 JFK establishes Peace Corps and names R. Sargent May 25 In an address at Rice University in Houston, President Shriver its director. Kennedy proposes landing Americans on moon before 1970.

March 11 Barbie gets a boyfriend: Mattel introduces Ken doll at June 3 Meets with Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna. American International Toy Fair. Khrushchev orders Allies to leave Berlin.

March 13 Kennedy proposes Alliance for Progress, a 10-year, June 30 Signs bill to extend Social Security benefi ts and the multibillion-dollar aid program for Latin America. most comprehensive housing bill in U.S. history.

From the early months of the campaign to his inauguration, Kennedy’s win pointed to a new direction in American politics, and one in which the infl uence of television proved irrevocably infl uential.

The Soviets had already launched the fi rst successful probe to the moon, and surpassed America with the fi rst human orbit of earth; the space race had accelerated.

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jfk_SAAM_01-16_DP_CS55_v6.indd 10 3/2/17 11:09 AM July 20 Lee Harvey Oswald, his wife, and daughter apply to Soviet October 18 The ¡ lm adaptation of Tony Award–winning musical Union for exit visas after living and working for two years in Minsk. West Side Story is released.

July 23 Nicaraguan leftists Carlos Fonseca, Silvio Mayorga, November 2 Kennedy announces United States will resume and Tomás Borge found Sandinista National Liberation Front. atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons.

August 7 First U.S. national seashore park established. November 11 Joseph Heller’s satirical World War II novel, Kennedy signs Cape Cod National Seashore Act, fi rst major Catch-22, is published. addition to park system in 16 years. November 22 Kennedy approves plan authorizing 15,000 August 13 Construction of Berlin Wall begins in East Germany. military advisers for Vietnam.

August 30 Citing increased international tensions, Soviet Union December 2 Fidel Castro declares he will lead Cuba into resumes atmospheric nuclear testing. communism.

September 23 JFK names NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall December 11 Elvis Presley’s album Blue Hawaii hits No. 1. to U.S. Court of Appeals. December 12 Martin Luther King Jr. and 700 demonstrators are October 3 The Dick Van Dyke Show premieres on CBS. arrested in Georgia during e¤ ort to desegregate public facilities.

October 4 President Kennedy appoints bipartisan commission December 14 By executive order JFK establishes Commission to study campaign fi nance reform. on the Status of Women.

October 6 Encourages American families to build nuclear December 16 First Lady addresses crowds in Spanish on fallout shelters. presidential visit to Venezuela and Colombia.

Forever wary of U.S. involvement in Vietnam, Kennedy was nonetheless genuinely concerned about the Communist threat in Southeast Asia, and increased America’s role in the region.

Of his fi rst meeting with Khrushchev in Vienna, Kennedy later confessed that it was “the worst thing in my life. He savaged me.”

jfk_SAAM_01-16_DP_CS55_v6.indd 11 3/2/17 11:10 AM January 18 United States begins spraying April 21 Space Needle opens at Century 21 Exposition. Agent Orange over Vietnamese jungles to expose Viet Cong guerrillas. Spring Helen Gurley Brown’s book Sex and the Single Girl is published, encouraging women to pursue single life, a career, February 3 JFK bans all trade with Cuba, with the exception ¡ nancial independence, and sexual liberation. of food and drugs. May 19 Marilyn Monroe sings “Happy Birthday” to President February 14 The First Lady leads 80 million American TV Kennedy at a Democratic Party fund-raising event in Madison viewers on unprecedented tour of newly renovated White House. Square Garden. The broadcast earns her an honorary Emmy Award. June 4 Lee Harvey Oswald departs Rotterdam on SS Maasdam February 20 Aboard Friendship 7, John Glenn becomes to United States. the first American astronaut to orbit Earth, circling the globe three times during a flight lasting 4 hours, 55 minutes, and June 8 Kennedy creates Offi ce of Science and Technology, 23 seconds. building on Truman’s Science Advisory Committee.

March 4 World’s only nuclear power plant is activated in June 13 Stanley Kubrick’s ¡ lm Lolita, based on Nabokov’s Antarctica. controversial novel, is released to adult audiences.

March 12 Jacqueline Kennedy makes goodwill tour through June 25 Under Chief Justice Earl Warren, Supreme Court rules India and Pakistan, traveling with her sister Lee Radziwill. school prayer unconstitutional in Engel v. Vitale.

March 19 Bob Dylan’s eponymous first album is released June 29 The Kennedys travel to Mexico for 48-hour state visit, to favorable reviews. meet with President Adolfo López Mateos.

Astronaut John Glenn helped even the score in the U.S.-Soviet space race, taking America one step closer to Kennedy’s goal to put a man on the moon.

Jackie’s tour of the White House drew 80 million viewers and earned the First Lady an honorary Emmy. All three major TV networks carried the special.

The JFK birthday tribute was Marilyn Monroe’s last major public appearance before her death on August 5.

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jfk_SAAM_01-16_DP_CS55_v6.indd 12 3/2/17 11:10 AM July 9 Andy Warhol shows his Campbell’s Soup Cans in his October 16 President is briefed on U-2 spy plane photos showing ¡ rst one-man exhibition as pop artist. Soviet-made nuclear-capable ballistic missiles stationed in Cuba — 90 miles from American coastline. Cuban Missile Crisis July 5 Algeria gains independence from France. begins.

July 23 Jackie Robinson becomes first African American October 28 After 13 tense days of brie¡ ngs and debates over inducted into Baseball Hall of Fame. course of action, followed by U.S. naval quarantine, one military casualty, and series of strained negotiations, Soviets agree to July 24 Revising previous policy, President Kennedy issues proposed solution, and Cuban Missile Crisis ends. Memorandum on Equal Opportunity for Women in the Federal Service. November 1 By executive order, president prohibits federal agencies from denying housing or funding for housing to September 11 Soviets threaten nuclear war if United States anyone based on race, religion, or national origin. attacks ships carrying aid to Cuba. November 6 Edward M. Kennedy elected U.S. senator from September 23 ABC debuts its ¡ rst color TV series, The Jetsons. Massachusetts.

September 27 Environmentalist Rachel Carson’s book Silent November 20 Soviet Union agrees to remove IL-28 jet bombers Spring is published, raising awareness of harmful effects of from Cuba; United States lifts blockade. synthetic pesticides. December 29 Bay of Pigs POWs released. September 29 JFK authorizes federal troops to integrate University of Mississippi. U.S. Marshals escort an African December 31 North Vietnamese leader, Ho Chi Minh, promises American Student the next day, setting off riot that kills two. to wage guerrilla war for 10 years if necessary.

One month after establishing a U.S. Special Forces camp to monitor the North Vietnamese Army in Khe Sanh, the urgency of the Cuban Missile Crisis required a U.S. naval blockade around Cuba. Kennedy disclosed the details in a televised address.

James Meredith’s hard- fought legal battle against the state of Mississippi was a fl ash point of the civil rights movement. The youngest of the Kennedy siblings enters the political fray; in a special election, Ted Kennedy fi lls the Senate seat once held by his brother John.

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jfk_SAAM_01-16_DP_CS55_v6.indd 13 3/2/17 11:11 AM January 8 As facilitated by Jacqueline March California Medical Association declares cigarette Kennedy, the Mona Lisa travels to United smoking harmful. States for three-week exhibition at National Gallery in Washington, DC. March 18 Supreme Court orders states to provide free legal counsel to criminal defendants who can’t a¤ ord attorney. January 11 JFK declares voting rights and medical care for elderly among top domestic legislative priorities for the year. April 25 Premier Khrushchev rebuffs Western effort to renew nuclear test ban negotiations. President Kennedy tells press that January 14 In State of the Union address, calls for $8 trillion “time is running out” for such a treaty. tax cut, the biggest in U.S. history. May 8 First James Bond ¡ lm, Dr. No, premieres in United States. January 14 Democrat George Wallace is sworn in as Alabama governor, promising “Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, May 8 Kennedy offers assistance against aggression toward Israel. segregation forever.” June 9 Signs Equal Pay Act. January 30 Kennedy asks Congress for new $6 billion, fi ve-year education program. The funds would help states build schools June 11 Proposes Civil Rights Act, after sending National Guard and raise teacher pay. to University of Alabama; Governor Wallace promises to block admission to its first black students. Civil rights leader Medgar January 30 Outlines new approach to mental illness using “new Evers assassinated in Mississippi the following morning. medical, scientific, and social tools and insight.” He will ask Congress to approve plans to stimulate state and private efforts. June 11 President discusses pending legislation governing admission of immigrants to United States. February 21 Kennedy submits Medicare plan to Congress. June 12 Cleopatra, four-hour epic starring Elizabeth Taylor February 25 Beatles release first single in United States, and Richard Burton, premieres in New York. Taylor is ¡ rst actress “Please Please Me.” to earn $1 million for single ¡ lm.

Elizabeth Taylor’s record-breaking salary was starkly juxtaposed to women’s average pay of 59 cents to a man’s dollar.

Jacqueline Kennedy’s commitment to promoting appreciation for the arts hit a high note with the Mona Lisa exhibition, the fi rst time the painting had traveled outside Europe.

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jfk_SAAM_01-16_DP_CS55_v6.indd 14 3/2/17 11:11 AM June 23 Kennedy begins tour through Western Europe, and September 15 Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, delivers message of solidarity in West Berlin to crowd of 450,000: AL, is bombed by members of Ku Klux Klan, killing 4 young girls “Ich bin ein Berliner.” and injuring 22 others.

July 2 Travels to Rome and Naples; meets with President Antonio September 20 President Kennedy proposes U.S.-Soviet voyage Segni, makes stop in Vatican City for audience with Pope Paul VI. to moon. Premier Khrushchev is noncommittal.

July 29 France rejects nuclear test ban treaty. September 26 Lee Harvey Oswald travels by bus to Mexico, visits Cuban consulate. August 2 JFK calls on citizens to encourage dropouts to return to classroom. He allocates $250,000 from Presidential October 7 Kennedy signs nuclear test ban treaty. Emergency Fund to pay guidance counselors. October 25 Anti-Kennedy “Wanted for Treason” pamphlets are August 7 Patrick Bouvier Kennedy is born by emergency distributed in Dallas. C-section. He dies two days later due to complications from infant respiratory distress syndrome. October 26 Speaking at Amherst College, Kennedy acknowledges role of artist in society, honoring work of Robert Frost, who died August 13 After revisions by Treasury officials and House in January. Democrats, Kennedy administration submits to Congress greatly revised tax program; reducing taxes of upper-income taxpayers November 21 President and First Lady arrive in San Antonio more than originally proposed, lower-income taxpayers less. for a two-day, five-city tour of Texas to unify Democratic Party leaders ahead of 1964 election. August 28 Martin Luther King Jr. delivers “I Have a Dream” speech at March on Washington. November 22 On 10-mile route through downtown Dallas, motorcade drives through Dealey Plaza. At approximately August 30 Teletype “hotline” between Kremlin and Pentagon 12:30 p.m., President Kennedy is assassinated. At 2:38 p.m. is established. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson takes oath of office.

Although the March on Washington was an unprecedented success, Kennedy initially showed little enthusiasm for the idea.

Insiders urged JFK not to make the Dallas trip due to a hostile political climate Possessing no talent for foreign languages, there, but he felt the visit Kennedy decided to use his phonetic necessary to secure support German notes only after he saw the size of for the ’64 election. the crowd assembled in West Berlin to hear him speak. 15

jfk_SAAM_01-16_DP_CS55_v6.indd 15 3/2/17 11:11 AM The exhibition is presented by the Smithsonian American Art Museum in cooperation with the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation.

Generous support for the exhibition has been provided by the Governance Institute and the Blanche and Irving Laurie Foundation. Additional support has been provided by Stephen Kennedy Smith, Wiener Schiller Productions, and Getty Images.

The presentation in Washington, DC is made possible by the Margery and Edgar Masinter Exhibitions Fund and the Bernie Stadiem Endowment Fund.

JFK: A Vision For America, compilation © 2017 by Stephen Kennedy Smith. Text and photographs © 2017 by their respective copyright holders. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. No part of the timelines may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission of HarperCollins Publishers, 195 Broadway, New York, NY 10007.

Timelines excerpted from JFK: A Vision for America, edited by Stephen Kennedy Smith and Douglas Brinkley, 2017, HarperCollins (original book pages. 32-33, 54-55, 96-97, 196-197, 258-259, 350-351). Used with permission.

Page number references for timelines are listed as follows: top row, left to right, followed by subsequent rows, left to right. 1906-1945; Pages 4-5 Getty Images: 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 5A, 5B, 5D, 5E; Heritage Auctions: 4G; John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum: 4A, 4F, 4H, 4I, 5C, 5F, 5G, 5H. 1946-1959; Pages 6-7 Getty Images: 6B, 6D, 6F, 7D; Heritage Auctions: 7B, 7C, 7E, 7G; John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum: 6A, 6C, 6E, 7A, 7F; Private Collection: 5H. 1960; Pages 8-9 Getty Images: 8E, 9A, 9H; William Everheart: 8D; John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum: 8A, 8B, 8C; Private Collection: 9B, 9D, 9E, 9F, 9G; Lawrence Schiller: 9C. 1961; Pages 10-11 Getty Images: 11A, 11B, 11D, 11E, 11G; Heritage Auctions: 10E, 10F; John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum: 10B, 10D; NASA: 10C; Private Collection: 10A, 11C, 11F. 1962; Pages 12-13 Everett Collection: 12E; Getty Images: 12F, 12H, 13A, 13D, 13G, 13H, 13I, 13J; Heritage Auctions: 12C, 12G, 13B, 13K; John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum: 12B, 13C, 13E, 13F; Private Collection: 12A, 12D. 1963; Pages 14-15 Getty Images: 14D, 14E, 14G, 14H, 15C; Heritage Auctions: 14C, 14F, 15B, 15D; John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum: 14A, 15F Private Collection: 14B, 15A, 15E. All images are copyrighted by their respective owners, who reserve all rights. In case of any inadvertent errors or omissions in credit, please e-mail [email protected]

Smithsonian American Art Museum

jfk_SAAM_01-16_DP_CS55_v6.indd 16 3/2/17 11:04 AM