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Evaluación De La Toxicidad Del Endosulfán, La Tesis Doctoral Evaluación de la toxicidad del endosulfán, la cipermetrina y un fungicida de uso comercial, solos y en mezclas sobre el desarrollo temprano de Rhinella arenarum (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) Svartz, Gabriela Verónica 2014-06-26 Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Svartz, Gabriela Verónica. (2014-06-26). Evaluación de la toxicidad del endosulfán, la cipermetrina y un fungicida de uso comercial, solos y en mezclas sobre el desarrollo temprano de Rhinella arenarum (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cita tipo Chicago: Svartz, Gabriela Verónica. "Evaluación de la toxicidad del endosulfán, la cipermetrina y un fungicida de uso comercial, solos y en mezclas sobre el desarrollo temprano de Rhinella arenarum (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae)". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2014-06-26. Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Evaluación de la toxicidad del endosulfán, la cipermetrina y un fungicida de uso comercial, solos y en mezclas sobre el desarrollo temprano de Rhinella arenarum (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área Ciencias Biológicas Lic. Gabriela Verónica Svartz Director de tesis: Dra. Cristina S. Pérez Coll Consejero de estudios: Dr. Dante Paz Lugares de trabajo: Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental- Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud- Fundación PROSAMA. Buenos Aires, 2014 Fecha de defensa: 26 de junio de 2014 Evaluación de la toxicidad del endosulfán, la cipermetrina y un fungicida de uso comercial, solos y en mezclas sobre el desarrollo temprano de Rhinella arenarum (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). RESUMEN Se evaluó la toxicidad aguda y crónica de dos insecticidas, endosulfán (ES) y cipermetrina (CY), y del fungicida Maxim® XL (2,5% fludioxonil, 1,0% metalaxil- M), sobre el desarrollo embrio-larval de Rhinella arenarum, un anfibio autóctono de Argentina. Los resultados mostraron que los insecticidas fueron más tóxicos (el ES en el período agudo y la CY en el periodo crónico) en relación al fungicida. La susceptibilidad a estos agroquímicos fue estadio-dependiente encontrándose un patrón diferente para las tres sustancias de acuerdo al modo de acción de cada una de ellas. La toxicidad de los insecticidas aumentó significativamente en los estadios tardíos, siendo el periodo larval el más sensible y causando severas alteraciones en el comportamiento en concordancia con su acción neurotóxica. Por el contrario, la mayor toxicidad del Maxim® XL fue observada en los estadios embrionarios tempranos (blástula el más sensible), con severos efectos teratogénicos. La interacción de ES y CY en mezclas, mostraron tanto un efecto antagónico como aditivo durante los periodos agudo y crónico corto, así como sinergismo durante el periodo crónico. La toxicidad de un formulado comercial con CY resultó hasta 7 veces mayor que la del ingrediente activo, hecho muy relevante considerando que es el producto comercial el que efectivamente se aplica en los cultivos. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados de toxicidad y el análisis de peligrosidad, estos tres agroquímicos utilizados a nivel mundial, y en particular en nuestro país, podrían poner en riesgo la continuidad de las poblaciones de esta especie representativa de la herpetofauna regional asociada a los agroecosistemas de nuestro país. Palabras clave: Anfibios; Toxicidad en el desarrollo; Endosulfán; Cipermetrina; Fungicida; Susceptibilidad estadio-dependiente; Bioensayos estandarizados. Toxicity assessment of endosulfan, cypermethrin and a commercial fungicide isolated and in mixtures on the early development of Rhinella arenarum (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). ABSTRACT The acute and chronic toxicity of two insecticides, endosulfan (ES) and cypermethrin (CY), and of the Maxim® XL fungicide (2.5% fludioxonil, 1.0% metalaxyl- M) was assessed on the embryo-larval development of Rhinella arenarum, a native amphibian of Argentina. The results showed that the insecticides were more toxic (ES during the acute exposure period and CY during the chronic exposure period) than the fungicide. The sensitivity to these agrochemicals was stage-dependent establishing a different pattern for the three substances according to their mode of action. The toxicity of the insecticides was significantly increased in later stages, the larval period being the most sensitive, and causing severe alterations in behaviour consistent with its neurotoxic action. In contrast, the greater toxicity of Maxim® XL was observed at early embryonic stages (blastula stage being the most sensitive), with severe teratogenic effects. The interaction of ES and CY in mixtures showed antagonistic and additive effects during the acute and short term chronic periods, and synergism during the chronic period. The toxicity of a CY commercial formulation was 7 times greater than the active ingredient, a very relevant fact considering that the commercial product is actually applied on crops. Taking into account the results of toxicity and hazard assessment, these three agrochemicals worldwide used, and particularly in our country, could threaten the continuity of populations of this species, representative of the regional herpetofauna associated to agroecosystems of our country. Keywords: Amphibians; Developmental toxicity; Endosulfan; Cypermethrin; Fungicide; Stage-dependent sensitivity; Standardized bioassays. AGRADECIMIENTOS A la Dra. Cristina Pérez Coll, mi directora de tesis, por su confianza desde el primer momento, por todo lo que me enseñó y me ayudó, por su paciencia, muchas gracias! Al Dr. Jorge Herkovits, director del Instituto ICAS (Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales- Fundación PROSAMA), por abrirme las puertas de mi primer lugar de trabajo, con todas las herramientas a disposición. Al Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas que a través de las becas de estudio me posibilitó los medios necesarios para llevar a cabo este trabajo de investigación. Al Dr. Damian Marino por su colaboración en las mediciones químicas, en el Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente, Departamento Química, Facultad Ciencias Exactas, UNLP. Al Instituto Argentino Massone por las donaciones de hormonas hCG. A mis compañeras del laboratorio, Ianina y Carolina por acompañarme durante todos estos años en el laboratorio, aconsejándome, escuchándome y brindándome su apoyo y amistad. A los de antes Abelardo, Julie y a los de ahora Joni, Caro. A mis dos amores y motores de mi vida: Hernán y mi pimpollo Elina. Gracias por el aguante incondicional y la fuerza que me dan todos los días. A mi familia, Nori, José, Ale, Nati, Mati, Gus, Gra, Ri, flia. Gowez y a los peques, por apoyarme y darme fuerza en los malos momentos y darme toda esa alegría infinita cuando las cosas salen bien. A mis amigas de siempre, Gise, Noe y Yani, por brindarme su corazón, y por enseñarme a explicar lo que hago de una forma sencilla. DEDICATORIA A Hernán por todo su amor, apoyo y comprensión A Elina mi fuerza de hoy y mañana ÍNDICE GENERAL ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Y TABLAS ................................................................................................... 1 GLOSARIO Y ABREVIATURAS ..................................................................................................... 5 CAPÍTULO 1: INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL .................................................................................... 7 1.1 Plaguicidas: Situación agroquímica a nivel nacional e internacional .............................................. 8 1.2 Incorporación de los plaguicidas en los ecosistemas ....................................................................12 1.3 Situación de los anfibios ..............................................................................................................14 1.4 El modelo biológico: Rhinella arenarum.......................................................................................17 1.5 Estudio de la toxicidad mediante bioensayos ...............................................................................24 1.6 Evaluación de peligrosidad ..........................................................................................................25 1.7 Objetivos generales .....................................................................................................................29 1.8 Hipótesis .....................................................................................................................................30 CAPÍTULO 2: MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS GENERALES ............................................................... 31 2.1 Obtención y mantenimiento del material biológico .....................................................................32 2.2 Criterio de aceptación
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