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Refined Ecological Risk Assessment for Atrazine

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Refined Ecological Risk Assessment for Atrazine UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AG ENCY WASHINGTON D.C ., 20460 OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION DP Barcode: D418317 PC Code : 080803 Date: April 12, 2016 MEMORANDUM Subject: Refined Ecological Risk Assessment for Atrazine To: Marianne Mannix, Chemical Review Manager Kelly Sherman, Branch Chief Risk Management and Implementation Branch 3 Pesticide Re-evaluation Division (7508P) From : Rosanna Louie-Juzwiak, Risk Assessment Proc ss Leade '/11 , Dana Spatz, M .S., Branch Chie ~~ - ~ ~.-Jo-----~ Environmental Risk Branch Ill ' ~ Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P) Attached is the preliminary ecological risk assessment conducted by the Environmental Fat e and Effects Division for the Registration Review of Atrazine. REFINED ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ATRAZINE This refined assessment presents the ecological risks posed by the use of the herbicide atrazine. Based on the results from hundreds of toxicity studies on the effects of atrazine on plants and animals, over 20 years of surface water monitoring data, and higher tier aquatic exposure models, this risk assessment concludes that aquatic plant communities are impacted in many areas where atrazine use is heaviest, and there is potential chronic risk to fish, amphibians, and aquatic invertebrates in these same locations. In the terrestrial environment, there are risk concerns for mammals, birds, reptiles, plants and plant communities across the country for many of the atrazine uses. EPA levels of concern for chronic risk are exceeded by as much as 22, 198, and 62 times for birds, mammals, and fish, respectively. For aquatic phase amphibians, a weight of evidence analysis concluded there is potential for chronic risks to amphibians based on multiple effects endpoint concentrations compared to measured and predicted surface water concentrations. The breadth of terrestrial plant species and families potentially impacted by atrazine use at current labeled rates, as well as reduced rates of 0.5 and 0.25 lbs. Frank T. Farruggia, Ph.D. a.i./A, suggest that terrestrial plant biodiversity and Colleen M. Rossmeisl, D.V.M., M.S. communities are likely to be impacted from off-field exposures James A. Hetrick, Ph.D. via runoff and spray drift. Average atrazine concentrations in Melanie Biscoe, M.E.M. water at or above 5 µg/L for several weeks are predicted to Environmental Risk Branch III lead to reproductive effects in fish, while a 60-day average of Environmental Fate and Effects Division 3.4 µg/L has a high probability of impacting aquatic plant Office of Pesticide Programs community primary productivity, structure and function. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency April 12, 2016 The authors would like to acknowledge the following people who contributed to and/or reviewed portions of this risk assessment. Contributors: Jonathan Becker, Ph.D. (OPP/BEAD) Russell Erickson, Ph.D. (ORD/NHEERL/MED) Matthew Etterson, Ph.D. (ORD/NHEERL/MED) Kevin Flynn, M.S. (ORD/NHEERL/MED) James Hook, M.S. (OPP/EFED) Rodney Johnson, Ph.D. (ORD/NHEERL/MED) Steven Lennartz, M.S. (OPP/EFED) Charles Peck, M.S. (OPP/EFED) Reviewers: Catherine Aubee, M.S. (OPP/EFED) Amy Blankinship, M.S. (OPP/EFED) Rochelle Bohaty, Ph.D. (OPP/EFED) Sigmund Degitz, Ph.D. (ORD/NHEERL/MED) Kris Garber, M.S. (OPP/EFED) Dale Hoff, Ph.D. (ORD/NHEERL/MED) R. David Jones, Ph.D. (OPP/EFED) Brian Kiernan, M.S. (OPP/EFED) Rosanna Louie-Juzwiak (OPP/EFED) Patricia Schmieder, Ph.D. (ORD/NHEERL/MED) Dana Spatz, M.S. (OPP/EFED) Nelson Thurman, M.S. (OPP/EFED) 1 ABSTRACT This refined assessment presents the ecological risks posed by the use of the herbicide atrazine. Based on the results from hundreds of toxicity studies on the effects of atrazine on plants and animals, over 20 years of surface water monitoring data, and higher tier aquatic exposure models, this risk assessment concludes that aquatic plant communities are impacted in many areas where atrazine use is heaviest, and there is potential chronic risk to fish, amphibians, and aquatic invertebrates in these same locations. In the terrestrial environment, there are risk concerns for mammals, birds, reptiles, plants and plant communities across the country for many of the atrazine uses. EPA levels of concern for chronic risk are exceeded by as much as 22, 198, and 62 times for birds, mammals, and fish, respectively. For aquatic phase amphibians, a weight of evidence analysis concluded there is potential for chronic risks to amphibians based on multiple effects endpoint concentrations compared to measured and predicted surface water concentrations. The breadth of terrestrial plant species and families potentially impacted by atrazine use at current labeled rates, as well as reduced rates of 0.5 and 0.25 lbs. a.i./A, suggest that terrestrial plant biodiversity and communities are likely to be impacted from off-field exposures via runoff and spray drift. Average atrazine concentrations in water at or above 5 µg/L for several weeks are predicted to lead to reproductive effects in fish, while a 60-day average of 3.4 µg/L has a high probability of impacting aquatic plant community primary productivity, structure and function. 2 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................... 23 Nature of Chemical Stressor ..................................................................................... 23 Environmental Exposure Assessment ........................................................................ 23 Risk to Terrestrial Animals and Plants ....................................................................... 24 Birds, Mammals, Reptiles and Terrestrial Phase Amphibians ................................. 25 Terrestrial Invertebrates .......................................................................................... 28 Terrestrial Plants ...................................................................................................... 28 Risk to Aquatic Animals, Plants and Plant Communities ............................................ 29 Fish ........................................................................................................................... 30 Aquatic Phase Amphibians ...................................................................................... 30 Aquatic Invertebrates .............................................................................................. 31 Aquatic Plants .......................................................................................................... 31 Aquatic Plant Communities ..................................................................................... 32 Geographic Distribution of Risk to Aquatic Animals, Plants and Aquatic Plant Communities ............................................................................................................ 32 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 35 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................... 35 MECHANISM OF ACTION ................................................................................................ 36 OVERVIEW OF PESTICIDE USE AND USAGE ..................................................................... 36 Formulations ............................................................................................................ 38 Application Methods ................................................................................................ 39 Application Timing on Crops with the Highest Use .................................................... 39 Non-Agricultural Use Sites ........................................................................................ 40 Agricultural Usage Data ............................................................................................ 40 Screening Level Usage Analysis Data ....................................................................... 40 Typical Use Patterns (2006-2013) ............................................................................ 41 Top Crops and States with Highest Use (2006-2010) .............................................. 44 National Mapping of Use Data ................................................................................. 44 Non-Agricultural Usage ............................................................................................ 46 ANALYSIS PLAN .............................................................................................................. 46 Conceptual Model .................................................................................................... 46 Risk Hypothesis ........................................................................................................ 47 Conceptual Diagram ................................................................................................. 47 Measures of Exposure .............................................................................................. 50 Measures of Effect ................................................................................................... 52 Integration of Exposure and Effects .......................................................................... 53 Additional considerations for the analysis of exposure and effects data .................... 54 Additional Considerations for Aquatic Plant Communities ..................................... 54 Additional
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