The Intellectual in Modern Chinese History Timothy Cheek Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02141-9 - The Intellectual in Modern Chinese History Timothy Cheek Index More information

Index

Academy of Chinese Culture, 241–2 Chang, Jung. See Zhang, Rong Ai, Weiwei, xi, 268, 310–11, 332 Charter 08, 263–5, 283, 285, 295–6 Alashan League, 283 309–10, 312 Aldis, William B., 61–2 Chen, Boda, 142, 177 Alitto, Guy, 23, 98 Chen, Bulei, 117, 130, 132, 134–5, 136, anti-Party clique, 180–2 332 Anti-Rightist Movement, 137, 164, 167, Chen, Duxiu, 89, 105, 305 169, 174, 189, 192, 200, 213 Chen, Fong-ching, 241 April 5th Movement, 5, 188, 243 Chen, Guanzhong. See Chan, Koonchung arrest and imprisonment. See names Chen Guangcheng, xi, 285, 332 of individual intellectuals Chen, Weilei, 134 Chen, Yinke, 150, 151, 294, 297, 329 Bai, Hua, 222, 241 Chen, Yiyang, 202–3, 303 Bai, Tongdong, 265, 268, 270, 308, 326, Chen Zhongping, 59 332 Chen, Ziming, 243–4, 268, 332 Bao, Zunxin, 241 Ch’en, C.C. (Chen Zhiqian), 102–3 Barmé, Geremie, 243, 248–9, 274 Chiang, Kai-shek, 113 Beijing Social and Economic Sciences modernizing China, 109 Research Institute, 244 and national salvation, 77–8, 114 Beijing University (Beida). See Peking the New Life Movement, 119–20 University and the two Chinas, 113–14, 117–18, Bell, Daniel, 308 123, 159 Bender, Thomas, 10–11 China Bitter Love. See Bai, Hua awakening, 75–80 Bo, Xilai, 267, 286, 290 in the 1910s, a republic, 66–9 Bo, Yang, 255–6, 269, 295, 332 in the 1930s, a time of crises, 108–12 Boxer Movement and Indemnity Funds, in the 1950s, two Chinas, 159–62 40–1, 58, 133, 153 in the 1970s, Mao’s death, 214–16 Brown, Jeremy, 12, 202 in the 1990s, twilight of the intellectual, Buddhism/Buddhists, 3, 11, 34, 47, 51–2, 259–61 60, 80, 82, 93, 96–7, 109, 201, 207, in the 2010s, three images, 315–19 208, 283, 284 Chinese culturally and racially distinct, 105–6 Callahan, William, 290, 311 identity and ethnicity, 49–52, 64–5, calligraphy, 52, 138, 212, 312, 325 156–7, 313–14, 326–7 Carter, James, 96 population, 2, 161, 216 Center for Chinese Government “Redness” years, 212 Innovations, 291 Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Chai, Ling, 246 (CASS), 189–90, 273 Chan, Koonchung (Chen Guanzhong), Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 119–25, 262–3, 302–4, 332 223–4 Chang, Carson. See Zhang, Junmai See also Mao Zedong

365

366 Index

Chinese Nationalist Party. See Guomindang education. See under elites (GMD) (Kuomintang) educational journalism, 35–7, 323 Chinese People’s Political Consultative elites Conference (CPPCC), 150, 172, 173 educated, 2, 33–4, 67–9 Chong, Woei Lien, 236 examination, 52–3, 129–31 Christians/Christianity, 3, 60–2, 284–5 provincial, 52–6 Chu, Anping, 21 enduring ideas: the people, Chinese, Cleanse the Class Ranks Campaign, 171, democracy 190, 196, 204 discussed, xvi–xvii, 5, 12–15 Cohen, Paul, 61 the twentieth century, 1–4 communication. See social media/Internet 1905, 63–5 Confucianism/New Confucianism, 2, 23, 1920s, 105–7 45–7, 50, 51, 61, 82, 83, 93, 97, 99, 1940s, 156–8 101, 109, 112, 186, 243, 268–270, 291, 1965, 211–13 295, 306–9, 314, 327, 329 1985, 256–8 constitutional monarchy, 29–30, 48 2008, 313–14 criticism, mass, 171, 180–7, 198–206 Er-er-ba shijian. See 2–28 Incident Cui, Zhiyuan, 286–91, 332–3 Esherick, Joseph, 58, 208, 230 Cultural Revolution, 164, 167, 169–70, 179–88, 214–16, 218–19, 221–2 Fairbank, John King, 26, 151 See also Red Guards Fang, Lizhi, 11, 177, 182, 187, 195–8, 200, 209, 213, 218, 222, 230–4, 239–41, danwei. See work unit 258, 293, 325, 333 Dao/Daoism, 5–6 Fat Years, The (Chan Koonchung), 303–4, Davies, Gloria, 276–7, 287, 292 305, 312, 316, 332 debates, 183–4 February 28 Incident. See 2–28 Incident Delury, John, 16–17 Feng, Youlan, 19, 185 democracy (minzhu) Fewsmith, Joseph, 25, 252 the best form of, 314 Fisher, Tom, 144 as democratic centralism, 257–8 Fitzgerald, John, 45 a good thing, 264 Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, as an idea, 65 160 and the New Culture Movement, 106–7 Fogel, Joshua A., 35, 54 in the provinces, 52–6 Fukuzawa, Yukichi, 36 in the 1940s, 157–8 Furth, Charlotte, 51 and science, 230–4 serving the people, 212–13 Gan, Yang, 238–9, 242, 306, 333 true, 219–20 Gang of Four, 167, 186, 226, 250 Democracy Wall Movement, 222–4, 241, Ge, Zhaoguang, 19–20 263 Geng, Xiufeng, 209 Democratic League, 97, 114–16, 118–19, globalization, 24–6 122, 136–7, 154, 172–3, 180, 195, 249 Goddess of Democracy, 245 Deng, Tuo, 130, 138–41, 144–7, 163–4, Goldman, Merle, 21–3, 174–5, 244 178, 180–3, 195, 333 Great Leap Forward, 169, 175–6, 178 Deng, Xiaoping, 219, 223–5 Great War. See World War I Ding, Ling, 87–92, 94, 141–2, 144, 174–5, Grieder, Jerome, 16, 86 333 Guangming Daily, 183, 227–9 Ding, Wenjiang, 81–4, 132–3, 149, 325, 333 Guomindang (GMD) (Kuomintang), 77–8, directed public sphere. See public sphere: 116–25 directed See also Chiang Kai-shek; Sun Yat-sen; dissent/dissidents, 21–4, 97–8, 125–6, Taiwan 285–6, 309–13 Gyatso, Tsultrim, xi

Economic Weekly, 244 Habermas, Jürgen, 128–9 educated youth. See zhiqing Halliday, Jon, 206

Index 367

Hamrin, Carol, 6, 130 Westerners studying, 21–8 Han Chinese, 50, 106, 156–7 what they tell us, who they are, xi–xvii Hao, Zhidong, 16 and the world, 328–31 Haraszti, Miklós, 129 See also names of individual Hayford, Charles, 61, 102 intellectuals; public good, serving the He, Baogang, 5–6 people He, Weifang, 312 Internet/social media, 9–10, 262–5, 267, history, intellectual. See intellectual history, 274–6 telling Ho, Daphon, 135 Jamal, al-Din al-Afgani, 17 Hobsbawm, Eric, 86 Japan, 30, 40, 53, 62–3, 76–8, 110–11, Hsü, Immanuel, 40 113–14, 120–2 Hu, Feng, 21 Jessup, Brooks, 96 Hu, Jiwei, 217–18 Jian, Bozan, 146, 159, 195 Hu, Shi, 84–7, 116, 149, 333 Jiang, Qing (Madame Mao), 175, 183, 185–6, Hu, Yaobang, 224, 244 194, 198, 218–19, 243 hukou (residence permit), 279 Jiang, Qing (New Confucian), 307 Hunan peasant uprisings, 71–2, 77, 104 Jin, Guantao, 220, 241 Hundred Days Reform, 29, 34, 40 Johnson, Matthew D., 117 Hundred Flowers Movement and policy, Judge, Joan, 39 21, 161, 164, 168–9, 172, 174, 192, 195–9, 209, 212, 225, 249–50, 259 Kang, Xiaoguang, 306, 333 Hurley, Patrick J., 113–14 Kang, Youwei, 31–2, 61, 307, 333 Kant, Immanuel, 235–6 ideological moments Kelly, David, 229 building a New China, 116–19 Kenez, Peter, 126–7 the Chinese Dream, and perils, 262–8 Kongzi (Confucius) Research Center, 306 discussed, xvi, 5, 7–8, 15–18, 34–5 Koselleck, Reinhart, 13 making socialism work, 166–7 Kuhn, Philip, xiv–xv, 26, 207 the people, China, and democracy, 63–5 reforming the revolution, 221–2 Lee, Teng-hui, 255, 270 revolution, 72–5 Leninism, 110–12 imperialism, Euro-Western, 32–3 Levenson, Joseph, 16, 23, 236 industrialization, 119–25 Li, Dazhao, 85 intellectual history, telling, 15–20 Li, Gongpu, 115–16 intellectual life, worlds of Li, Shenzhi, 331, 333 academic, 281 Li, Zehou, 19, 222, 234–9, 334 associational, 282–5 Li, Zhengtian, 202–5 commercial, 281–2 Li Yizhe group, 198–9, 202–5, 333–4 discussed, xvi, 10–12 Liang, Ji, 66, 97 ofﬁcial, 280–1 Liang, Qichao, 8, 19, 29–30, 35–6, 43–8, popular culture, 95–6 53–5, 99, 334 intellectual public sphere. See public sphere Liang, Shuming, 86, 96–106, 114–15, intellectuals (zhishifenzi) 133–4, 334 cadre/establishment, 129–32, 215–16, Liang, Sicheng, 149, 334 249, 259–60, 266–8, 286–91 Liangxiao (Two Schools)writing group, and China, 320–8 167, 185–6, 192–4, 197, 204, 215, 241 connected to the wider world, xiii–xiv, liberalism/liberalism, 84–7, 118–19, 132–4, 30–1 172–5, 291–302 deﬁned, 5–7 the third road, 116 other/minority, 305–6 Liberation Daily, 128, 141, 228 overseas, and returnees, 147–56 Lin, Biao, 164, 167, 171, 184–6, 192, 193, “Stinking Ninth” category (chou lao jiu), 194, 199–200, 202–4, 213, 306, 334 189, 211 Lin, Xiling, 199–200, 334 rural and regional, 207–11 Link, Perry, 26–7

368 Index

literati (wenren), 33, 35, 36, 52, 59, 97, 254 Nationalist Party. See Guomindang Liu, Binyan, 221–2, 225–7, 241, 334 (GMD) (Kuomintang) Liu, Dong, 297–9, 334 New Culture Movement, 74, 75, 106–7, Liu, Ji, 252 134–5, 333 Liu, Shaoqi, 169, 184 New Left/New Leftists, 286–91 Liu, Wennan, 119–20 New Life Movement, 119–20, 156, 307 Liu, Xiaobo, xi, 238–9, 263, 266, 268, newspapers, journals, magazines. See public 285, 295–6, 309–10, 334 sphere: print capitalism Lu, Jinfu, 210 Ng, Leen-tuck (Wu Lien-teh), 148–9, 334–5 Lu, Xun (Zhou Shuren), 62–3, 74–5, 94–5, Nobel Peace Prize, xi, 268 105, 141, 208, 243, 334 Luesink, David, 38 “On the Correct Handling of Luo, Longji, 132, 173–4, 334 Contradictions among the People.” Lynch, David, 25 See Mao, Zedong Osnos, Evan, 275–6 Ma, Jianzhong, 61 Ownby, David, 208, 309 Ma, Wenbin, 311–12 Oxford Consensus, 295–6 MacFarquhar, Roderick, 177 Madsen, Richard, 21–2 Pan, Wei, 267–8, 286, 335 Major, Ernest, 35 pan-Asianism, 121–2 Manchu Dynasty. See Qing Dynasty Pang, Fei, 308–9 Mao, Zedong, 113 pedagogical state. See public sphere: anticommercial supply system, 175–6 propaganda state death of, 214–16 Peking University, 37, 63, 74, 81, 85, 98, and democracy, 212–13 132, 147, 150–1, 167, 185–6, 189, leading ideological ﬁgure, 324–5 194–6, 201, 234, 242, 245, 267, 286, “On the Correct Handling of 291, 302, 308, 312 Contradictions among the People,” Peng, Pai, 103–4, 335 168, 172, 257 Peng, Zhen, 225 “Report on the Peasant Movement in People’s Daily, 146, 181–3, 280–1 Hunan,” 71–2, 79, 104 People’s University. See Renmin University serve the people, 1 Pickowicz, Paul, 209 Thought, 166 political tutelage. See public sphere: two Chinas, 113–14, 117–18, 122–4, 159 propaganda state See also criticism, mass; Cultural postmodernism, 253–4, 294 Revolution; Red Guards Potter, Pitman, 277 Maoism, 145–6, 260, 278–9, 315–16 “Preserve the Emperor Society,” 43, 48 martial law, 217, 219, 245 print capitalism. See public sphere: print Marxism/Marxists, 85, 109–10, 228–9, capitalism 232–3, 239, 250–1 prosperous age (shengshi Zhongguo), 263–72 Mass Education Movement, 79, 98, 102, public sphere 208 directed, 260–1, 272–6 May Fourth Movement, 16, 74, 88, 93–4, discussed, 8–10, 183–4, 321–3, 326–7 246, 292, 298 Internet/social media, 9–10, 262–5, 267, May Thirtieth Movement, 70, 156–7 274–6 Mazur, Mary, 136–8 print capitalism, 35–9, 323 Meade, James, 289 print communism, 126, 322 medicine, 148–9 propaganda state, 125–32, 225–30, 327 Mishra, Pankaj, 17 Pusey, James, 37 Mitter, Rana, 16 Mo, Yan, 240 Qian, Mu, 19 Mukden Incident, 77 Qian, Xuesen, 152–4, 177–8, 230, 335 Qian, Zhongshu, 189–92, 335 Nanfang zhoumo. See Southern Weekend Qin, Benli, 222 national essence (guocui), 50, 51, 329 Qin, Hui, 205, 268, 270, 297–8, 335 National People’s Congress (NPC), 172, Qing Dynasty (Manchu Dynasty), 1–4, 202, 217, 222, 225, 311, 313, 314 39–43, 55–6, 59, 66–7

Index 369

Qinghua University (post-1949), 135–6, Southwest United University, 117, 135 165, 173, 200, 267, 286, 288, 297, Soviet Union, 110–11, 126–7, 166 300–1, 308 Spence, Jonathan, 16 Qiu, Jin, 29–31, 335 Starbucks, 262–3 Su, Shaozhi, 251 Rectiﬁcation Movement, 124 Su, Shuangbi, 249–53 Red Guards, 169–71, 183–4, 198–206 Su, Tong, 240 reform, xvi, 7, 32–4, 221–2, 225–30, 244–9 Su, Xiaokang, 242–3, 335 rejuvenation, xvi, 7–8, 116–19 Sun, Yat-sen, 335 religions/religious life, 59–62, 208–9, and Chinese identity, 106, 156–7 284–5, 309, 317–18 father of the Republic, 41, 118 Ren, Jiyu, 306 ideological leadership, 324–5 Renmin University, 199, 284 national construction program, 72 “Report on the Peasant Movement in and political tutelage, 107, 125 Hunan.” See Mao, Zedong the Revolutionary Alliance, 44 Republic of China (Zhonghua minguo), 65, the Three People’s Principles, 85, 109, 67–8, 72–5, 78–9, 105–6 118 See also Chiang Kai-shek; Sun Yat-sen suzhi (personal quality), 65, 313, 327 revolution discussed, xvi, 7, 73–5 Taiwan, 20, 40, 86, 123, 132, 159–61, the ideological moment, 72–5 255–6, 270 liberal, 84–7 Tang, Dan, 194 the 1920s to the 1970s, 108–9 Tang, Erhe, 38 rural and moral, 86–105 Tang, Jie, 275–6 in science, 80–4 Tang, Yijie, 167, 185–6, 192–5, 335 social media, 272–6 thinkers and writers. See intellectuals surviving, 189–98 (zhishifenzi) urban, 78–80 Three People’s Principles, 85, 109 women’s, 87–92 Tiananmen Square, 22–3, 200–1, 220–1, See also Cultural Revolution 239–48 River Elegy, 242–3 Tibet/Tibetans, 270–1, 305–6 Rural Reconstruction Movement, 79, Tohti, Ilham, 306 98–102, 133–4, 283–4, 308 Tsinghua University, 38, 82, 149–50, rustication movement, 170–1, 198–9, 189, (after 1949 see Qinghua 201–2, 210–11 University) Tu, Wei-ming, 307 Schell, Orville, 16–17 Tuchman, Barbara, 66 Schmalzer, Sigrid, 211 two Chinas. See China: in the 1950s, two scholars/scholarship, 2–4, 33, 49–53, 325–6 Chinas scholar-ofﬁcial (shidaifu), 26, 33, 36, 67, 96, 2-28 Incident (Er-er-ba shijian), 123 108, 129, 130, 164, 321 Schwartz, Benjamin, 13 U, Eddy, 155 science, 80–7, 195–7, 230–4 Serge, Victor, 129 violence, 76–7, 86–7, 110–11, 116–17, 171, “serve the people,” xii, 1, 7, 226 246–7 Shenbao,35 voices Shibao (The Times), 35–6, 39, 44, 47–8 1902, Kang Youwei, 31–2 sinophone, 10, 276–80 1903, Zou Rong, 32 Snow, Edgar, 102 1927, Mao Zedong, 71–2 social Darwinism, 54–5 1929, Hu Shi, 72 social media/Internet, 9–10, 262–5, 267, 1941, Liang Shuming, 114–15 274–6 1975, Wang Meng, 164–5 socialism, state, 109–10, 129, 142–3, 1978, Wei Jingsheng, 219–20 165–7, 288–9 2006, Yu Keping, 264 Southern Weekend (Nanfang zhoumo), 282 from civil society, 302–6

370 Index

Wakeman, Frederic, Jr., 26, 46 Yang, Kaidao. See Young, Cato Wang, Dan, 245, 335 Yao, Wenyuan, 180–1, 336 Wang, Hui, 19, 277, 300–1, 335 Ye, Chongju, 57 Wang, Juntao, 244, 268 Ye, Chongzhi, 56–9, 336 Wang, Meng, 164–5 Ye, Fangying, 210 Wang, Ning, 152, 178, 255 Ye, Shanrong, 58 Wang, Ruoshui, 8, 147, 178–9, 217–18, Yeh, Wen-hsin, 93–4 227–30, 250, 335–6 Yen, James. See Yan, Yangchu Wang, Ruowang, 222, 224 Yenching University, 38, 101, 102, 149, Wang, Shiwei, 98, 115, 140, 142–5, 336 150 Wang, Shouxin, 336 Young, Cato (Yang Kaidao), 101–2, 337 Wang, Shuo, 336 Young Men’s Christian Association Wang, Tao, 60 (YMCA), 38, 62, 75, 284 Wang, Xizhe, 202–5, 333–4 Yu, Dan, 309 Wang, Yuanhua, 6, 294, 330 Yu, Guoming, 292 Wasserstrom, Jeffrey, 274 Yu, Hua, 240 Wei, Jingsheng, 219–20, 224, 336 Yu, Keping, 264, 286, 291, 336–7 Weigelin-Schwiedrzik, Susanne, 131 Yu, Pingbo, 191 Wen, Jize, 115 Yu, Rizhang, 38 Wen, Tiejun, 284 Yuan, Longping, 211 Wen, Yiduo, 98, 115–16 Yuan, Shikai, 42–3, 66 White, Theodore, 157 Yue, Daiyun, 147, 189, 192–5, 198, 301–2, Williams, James, 196, 232 337 Woeser (Tibetan: Özer), 306 women, 88–91, 104, 142, 161, 193, 236, Zaize, 29, 30 246, 317, 328 Zarrow, Peter, 209, 324 See also Ding, Ling; Lin, Xiling; Qiu, Jin; zawen (polemical essays), 92, 141–2, 180–2, Yang, Jiang; Yue, Daiyun 243 words, ideas, and thought, 34–5 Zeng, Guofan, 56 work unit (danwei), 8, 24, 128, 188, 189, Zhang, Binglin (Zhang Taiyan), 49–52, 64, 200, 214, 221, 225, 268, 278, 279 65, 96, 105, 148, 157, 328, 337 World Economic Herald, 222, 244 Zhang, Bojun, 137, 173 World War I, xiii, 73, 76, 90, 99, 120, Zhang, Chunqiao, 167, 175–7, 187–8, 218, 296, 329 227, 337 writers and thinkers. See intellectuals Zhang, Junmai (Carson Chang), 81–4, 99, (zhishifenzi) 154, 337 Wu, Han, 135–8, 180, 336 Zhang, Rong (Chang, Jung), 206 Wu, Lien-teh. See Ng, Leen-Tuck Zhang, Taiyan. See Zhang, Binglin Wu, Zhipu, 177 Zhang, Xudong, 299–300 Wu’er, Kaizi, 246 Zhang, Yimou, 240 Zhang, Zhidong, 37, 237–8 Xi, Jinping, 266, 317, 318 Zhao, Suisheng, 300 Xi'an Incident, 78 Zhao, Yuezhi, 300 Xing, Bensi, 249, 250, 251, 253, 259 Zheng, Banqiao, 181–2 Xu, Jilin, 19, 254–5, 268, 270, 277, zhiqing (educated youth), 170, 198, 206, 291–302, 313, 330, 336 210, 211, 216, 241, 242 Xu, Youyu, 308, 336 Zhou, Enlai, 151, 160, 161, 186, 188, 314 Xu, Zhiyong, xi, 312, 336 Zhou, Shuren. See Lu, Xun Zhou, Yiliang, 116, 147, 149–55, 159, 167, Yan, Fu, 54–5, 63, 336 185–6, 189, 192, 196, 329, 337 Yan, Yangchu (James Yen), 61–2, 208, Zhou, Zuoren, 121 336–7 Zhu, Xi, 45, 82, 83, 101, 102 Yan-Zhao Poetry Society, 141, 144 Zhu, Yong, 6, 267 Yan’an Talks, 103, 140–2 Zou, Rong, 32, 49, 53, 337 Yang, Jiang, 167, 189–92, 336 Zou, Taofen, 78, 157, 337