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A Study of the Leadership Practices of Elected Public Officials in Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

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A Study of the Leadership Practices of Elected Public Officials in Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Pepperdine University Pepperdine Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations 2012 Public leadership: a study of the leadership practices of elected public officials in Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Florie Nadine Manglona Mendiola Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd Recommended Citation Mendiola, Florie Nadine Manglona, "Public leadership: a study of the leadership practices of elected public officials in Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands" (2012). Theses and Dissertations. 266. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd/266 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology PUBLIC LEADERSHIP: A STUDY OF THE LEADERSHIP PRACTICES OF ELECTED PUBLIC OFFICIALS IN GUAM AND THE COMMONWEALTH OF THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in Organizational Leadership by Florie Nadine Manglona Mendiola July, 2012 June Schmieder-Ramirez, Ph.D. – Dissertation Chairperson This dissertation, written by Florie Nadine Manglona Mendiola under the guidance of a Faculty Committee and approved by its members, has been submitted to and accepted by the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION Doctoral Committee: June Schmieder-Ramirez, Ph.D., Chair Andrew Harvey, Ed.D. Farzin Madjidi, Ed.D. © Copyright by Florie Nadine Manglona Mendiola (2012) All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………...…viii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………..……..ix TRIBUTE…………………………………………………………………………...……..x DEDICATION………………………………………………………………..…………..xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………..……………...xii VITA……………………………………………………………………………………..xv ABSTRACT…………………………………………..………………………………...xix Chapter One: Introduction…………………...…………………………...........................1 Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………………....5 Problem Statement……….……………………………………………………......7 Purpose of the Study……………………………………………………………....9 Research Questions………………………………………………………………10 Significance of the Study………………………………………………………...11 Methodology……………………………………………………………..............12 Limitation of the Study…………………………………………………………..12 Definition of Key Terms…………………………………………………………13 Organization of the Study………………………………………………………..15 Summary……………………………………………………………………...….16 Chapter Two: Review of Literature……………………………………………………...18 Overview of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.…18 History of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands……………………………………………………………………19 Guam: Geography, Demographics, Economy, and Government…….….27 Geography………………………………………………………..27 Demographics……………………………………...…………….27 Economy………………………………………………………....28 Government……………………………………………………....28 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: Geography, Demographics, Economy, and Government……………..…...……….…29 Geography…………………………………………………..……29 Demographics……………………………………………………30 Economy…………………………………………………………31 Government…………………………………………………...….32 Role and Purpose of a Leader…………………………………………....33 Leadership Roles………………………………………………....34 Structural frame……………………………………………….…35 Human resource frame………………………………………...…36 Political frame…………………………………………………....37 Symbolic frame……………………………………………….….38 Characteristics of an Effective Leader…………………………………...40 Trust……………………………………………………………...40 Having and communicating the vision…………………………..41 Knowing and managing self………………………………..……42 Traditional Leadership Theories…………………………………………………43 Transformational Leadership…………………………………………….43 Transactional Leadership………………………………………………...44 Contingent reward………………………………………………..44 Management by exception…………………………………….…45 Laissez-faire…………………………………………………..….45 Transactional versus transformational leadership……………………..…45 Contingency Theory…………………………………………………..….46 Path-Goal Theory……………………………………………………...…48 Leader-Member Exchange Theory………………………………………49 Servant Leadership……………………………………………………….51 Approaches to Leadership………………………………………………..53 Traits approach………………………………………………..….53 Skills approach…………………………………………………...54 Style approach……………………………………………………55 Situational approach…………………………………………..….56 Public Leaders and Leadership……………………………………………….….58 Defining Leadership……………………………………………………...58 Public Leaders: Political Leadership Theories…………………………..59 Political leadership frame………………………………………..65 Public Leaders: Effective Leadership Practices………………………….69 Present…………………………………………………………....70 Civic engagement……………………………………………...…70 Confront reality……………………………………………..……71 Legacy: Vision, mission, and beliefs…………………………….72 Leader and follower…………………………………………...…72 Adaptive practices………………………………………………..73 Kouzes and Posner……………………………………………………………….74 Kouzes and Posner on Leadership……………………………………….76 Kouzes and Posner’s Leadership Theory……………………………...…77 Kouzes and Posner on Leadership Context……………………………...78 Kouzes and Posner’s Five Leadership Practices………………………....80 Modeling the way……………………………………………..…80 Inspiring a shared vision…………………………………………81 v Challenging the process…………………………………….……81 Enabling others to act…………………………………………….81 Encouraging the heart……………………………………………82 The Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI)……………………………….82 Summary……………………………………………………………………...….84 Chapter Three: Research Design and Methodology………………………………….….86 Research Question……………………………………………………………….87 Research Design……………………………………………………………….…87 Participants in the Study…………………………………………………………88 Research Instrument…………………………..………………………………….90 Instrumentation…………………………………………………………..90 Validity and reliability…………………………………………………...91 Protection of Human Subjects………………………………………………...…94 Data Collection Procedures…………………………………………………...….97 Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………...100 Research question one…………………………………………………..101 Research question two………………………………………………….101 Assumptions of the Study………………………………………………………102 Limitations of the Study………………………………………………………...102 Summary………………………………………………………………………..103 Chapter Four: Research Results………………………………………………………...104 Purpose Statement………………………………………………………………104 Research Questions……………………………………………………………..105 Data Collection Procedures……………………………………………………..105 Characteristics of the Respondents……………………………………………..107 Gender…………………………………………………………………..107 Ethnicity………………………………………………………………...108 Age Group……………………………………………………………....109 Years of Service……………………………………………………...…109 Educational level……………………………………………………..…110 Frequency of Leadership Training……………………………………...111 Area of Representative………………………………………………….112 Description of the Instrument………………………………………………..…113 Analysis of the Findings………………………………………………………..113 Summary of the Findings……………………………………………………….126 Summary……………………………………………………………………..…129 Chapter Five: Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations …………..130 Summary of Findings and Implications……………………………………...…130 Research Question One…………………………………………………130 Research Question Two………………………………………………...133 vi Research Limitations…………………………………………………..……….135 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………..137 Recommendations for Further Study………………………………………...…139 Summary………………………………………………………………………..141 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………..…………..143 APPENDIX A: Human Participant Protection Certificate and Approval…………...…152 APPENDIX B: Permission Letter to Use the LPI……………………………………...154 APPENDIX C: Informed Consent Form………………..…………………………...…156 APPENDIX D: Introduction and Research Information Letter to Participants………...160 APPENDIX E: Reminder Email to Participants………………………………………..164 APPENDIX F: Leadership Practices Inventory – Self (LPI-Self) Questionnaire……...167 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Research Sample………………………………………………………………..89 Table 2. Steps: Data Collection Process..…..……………………………………...…...100 Table 3. Frequency Counts for Gender………………………………………………...108 Table 4. Frequency Counts for Ethnicity…………………………………………….…108 Table 5. Frequency Counts for Age………………………………………………….....109 Table 6. Frequency Counts for Years: How many years of service overall do you have as a public official?..............................................................................................................110 Table 7. Frequency Counts for Education: What is the highest level of education you have completed?...............................................................................................................111 Table 8. Frequency Counts for Leadership………………………………......................112 Table 9. Frequency Counts for Representation: Area of representation as a public official…………………………………………………………………………………..112 Table 10. Descriptive Statistics for Selected Variables………………………………...117 Table 11. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Table with Selected Variables Modeling the Way……………………………………………………………………………………..120 Table 12. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Table with Selected Variables Inspiring a Shared Vision………………………………………………………………………..….121 Table 13. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Table with Selected Variables Challenging the Process………………………………………………………………………………….122 Table 14. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Table with Selected Variables Enabling Others to Act……………………………………………………………………...…….124
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