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Universidade Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Centro De Educação E Humanidades Instituto De Letras Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Centro de Educação e Humanidades Instituto de Letras Jayme Soares Chaves A ucronia transficcional: Em busca de um subgênero oculto no fantástico contemporâneo Rio de Janeiro 2019 Jayme Soares Chaves A ucronia transficcional: em busca de um subgênero oculto no fantástico contemporâneo Tese apresentada, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor, ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Letras da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Área de concentração: Estudos de Literatura. Orientador: Prof. Dr. João Cezar de Castro Rocha Rio de Janeiro 2019 CATALOGAÇÃO NA FONTE UERJ/REDE SIRIUS/BIBLIOTECA CEH/B C512 Chaves, Jayme Soares A ucronia transficcional: em busca de um subgênero oculto no fantástico contemporâneo / Jayme Soares Chaves. - 2019. 195 f. Orientador: João Cezar de Castro Rocha. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Letras. 1. Histórias alternativas (Ficção) – Teses. 2. Crossover (Ficção) – Teses. 3. Ficção científica – Teses. 4. Literatura fantástica – Teses. 5. Mito na literatura – Teses. I. Rocha, João Cezar de Castro. II. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Letras. III. Título. CDU 82-344 Bibliotecária: Eliane de Almeida Prata. CRB7 4578/94 Autorizo, apenas para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta tese, desde que citada a fonte. ________________________________________ _________________ Assinatura Data Jayme Soares Chaves A ucronia transficcional: em busca de um subgênero oculto no fantástico contemporâneo Tese apresentada, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor, ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras, da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Área de concentração: Estudos de Literatura. Aprovada em 25 de março de 2019. Banca Examinadora: _________________________________________ Prof. Dr. João Cezar de Castro Rocha (Orientador) Instituto de Letras – UERJ __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Júlio França Instituto de Letras - UERJ __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Flávio Garcia Instituto de Letras - UERJ __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Felipe Charbel Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Enéias Tavares Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Rio de Janeiro 2019 DEDICATÓRIA A meus pais, Sylvio e Leda, in memorian, que me proporcionaram o encontro com os universos de Jules Verne, H.G. Wells e Hergé, entre outros, desde a mais tenra infância. AGRADECIMENTOS À minha esposa, Heliana, e minha filha, Alice, pela infinita tolerância. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. João Cezar de Castro Rocha, pela paciência e pelos comentários certeiros. Aos professores Júlio França, Flavio Carneiro e Marcus Vinicius Nogueira Soares, e aos colegas Pedro Sette-Câmara e Bruno Anselmi Matangrano, pelo apoio e pelas ótimas conversas. Ao Prof. Dr. Enéias Tavares, pelo apoio e reconhecimento. Alguns argumentam que sem o maravilhoso um poema não passa de história posta em versos, ou de uma história alterada sem motivos – afinal, qual seria o motivo para substituir as causas e circunstâncias naturais e verdadeiras de um acontecimento por outras, igualmente plausíveis mas falsas? Alessandro Manzoni RESUMO CHAVES, Jayme Soares. A ucronia transficcional: em busca de um subgênero oculto no fantástico contemporâneo. 2019. 195 f. Tese (Doutorado em Letras) – Instituto de Letras, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2019. Este trabalho pretende criar uma classificação para determinadas obras literárias de fantasia e ficção científica que reúnem dois elementos comuns: a ucronia ou história alternativa, e o recurso ao crossover, ou transficcionalidade. Partindo do estudo das relações entre literatura e história, das possibilidades da novela histórica e do seu negativo, a ucronia, e da criação de novos mundos ficcionais a partir da arqueologia de elementos romanescos e mitológicos preexistentes, tenta-se chegar a um denominador comum para várias obras que se apresentam nesta forma peculiar, inclusive obras que se valem de outras formas narrativas, como o cinema e as histórias em quadrinhos. Para tanto, faz-se uso de referenciais teóricos que vão das reflexões de Aristóteles sobre as relações entre poesia e história e de Alessandro Manzoni sobre o romance histórico, passando pela defesa da história contrafactual contra a ficção de Niall Ferguson, pela constatação da inevitabilidade das ficções de Hans Vaihinger e pelas ferramentas da narratologia para a análise de mundos ficcionais transmidiaticos. Palavras-chave: Ucronia. Crossover. Ficção científica. Fantástico. ABSTRACT CHAVES, Jayme Soares. The Transfictional Uchronia: in search of a hidden subgenre in contemporary fantastic. 2019. 195 f. Tese (Doutorado em Letras) – Instituto de Letras, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2019. This work intends to create a classification for certain literary works of fantasy and science fiction that bring together two common elements: ucronia or alternative history, and the use of crossover, or transfictionality. Starting from the study of the relations between literature and history, the possibilities of the historical novel and its negative, ucronia, and the creation of new fictional worlds from the archeology of preexisting elements of mythology and romance, we try to arrive at a common denominator for several works that appear in this peculiar form, including works that use other narrative forms, such as cinema and comic books. In order to do this, theoretical references are used, ranging from Aristotle's reflections on the relations between poetry and history and Alessandro Manzoni on the historical novel, through Niall Ferguson’s defense of the counterfactual history against fiction, Hans Vaihinger’s realization of the inevitability of fictions, and by the tools of narratology for the analysis of transmidia storytelling. Keywords: Uchronia. Crossover. Science fiction. Fantastic. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................... 10 1 WHAT IF? .......................................................................................... 12 1.1 O romance histórico: um gênero híbrido ....................................... 12 1.2 Ucronia: o romance histórico e o seu negativo ............................. 26 Estudo de caso: O sonho de ferro: Adolf Hitler, escritor de ficção 1.3 42 científica ............................................................................... 1.3.1 Ucronia como vanguarda ................................................................... 42 1.3.2 Tudo é possível .................................................................................. 46 1.3.3 Intertextualidade ................................................................................. 48 1.4 Estudo de caso: A casca da serpente, a retificação do mundo e o 53 wishful thinking ............................................................................ 1.4.1 O ponto de divergência ....................................................................... 60 1.4.2 Crossover histórico ............................................................................. 65 1.4.3 A retificação da história ...................................................................... 67 1.4.4 A retificação do mundo: Deus e o Diabo na terra do sol .................... 69 2. AS IF ................................................................................................... 73 2.1 A filosofia do como se e a fabricação de mitos ............................. 73 2.2 Mundos ficcionais nas fissuras da razão ....................................... 79 2.3 Poética da transficcionalidade ........................................................ 104 2.4 As metamorfose de Frankenstein ou Frankenstein Libertado ..... 122 3. A UCRONIA TRANSFICCIONAL ...................................................... 139 3.1 História alternativa e mitos literários .............................................. 139 3.2 The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ............................................ 141 3.3 Ucronia transficcional e fantasismo brasileiro ............................. 158 CONCLUSÃO ..................................................................................... 182 REFERÊNCIAS .................................................................................. 186 10 INTRODUÇÃO O presente trabalho é o desdobramento da minha dissertação de mestrado. Nesta, eu me propus a fazer uma espécie de arqueologia dos elementos que constituíram a estética de um subgênero da ficção científica, o steampunk. A discussão sobre o que é, afinal de contas, o steampunk, esbarrava em duas perspectivas diferentes: a dos que viam o steampunk como um gênero, rigorosamente circunscrito, inclusive circunscrito a outros fenômenos literários recentes, como o neovitorianismo; e a dos viam o steampunk como uma estética, algo mais abrangente, que influenciaria não apenas um espectro maior de gêneros e obras, mas também outras linguagens e mídias. Isso remete, inevitavelmente, a uma discussão mais antiga: sobre se o fantástico é um gênero – perspectiva de Todorov – ou um modo – perspectiva de Ceserani (GARCIA in: TAVARES; MATANGRANO, 2018, p. 10). Naquela ocasião, eu adotei a perspectiva do steampunk-modo – se é que se pode falar assim – e recolhendo pistas e opiniões esparsas aqui e ali, dediquei-me a comprovar que a estética steampunk era muito mais devedora de imagens do que de textos;
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