DOCSLIB.ORG

Juror.Stress.Gilg

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Juror.Stress.Gilg feature article Juror Stress in High Profile or Violent Crime Trials by Deborah R.Gilg • In Scottsbluff, Nebraska, investigators described how high-pitched that at first the dispatcher mistook the former Adam, 3 years old, was chopped up by his mother’s boyfriend, Marine for a woman.3 and fed to the dog. Parts of the little boy were stored in the Fifteen percent of the American adult population is sum- 1 basement of the house and the freezer. monsed to state or federal courts for jury duty annually.4 The • In Connecticut, two men tormented a family in an upscale United States Constitution guarantees the right to trial by jury.5 neighborhood. The father was brutally beaten, the mother was Jury duty, in addition to exercising the right to vote, is one of sexually assaulted and strangled; the 11 year old and 17 year the most important civic responsibilities of all Americans. old daughters were strapped to their beds while the 11 year old was sexually assaulted; the children were doused with gasoline Some Causes of Juror Stress 2 and then the house was set on fire and was reduced to ashes. It’s not easy being a juror. It is burdensome and inconve- • In the District of Columbia and surrounding area, a belt- nient. In addition to the disruption to a juror’s work and per- way sniper shot and killed multiple random victims. At trial, sonal life, there are very long days in court, boredom and rela- the scene of death for one of the female victims was projected tively little control over the course of a trial. The typical juror is on a large screen, depicting the victim sprawled on her back an average citizen with little or no prior exposure or experience with half of her face blown away. An audio tape of the 911 with the actual courtroom. The only context many have is call by the husband calling police after his wife was shot was from sitting in their living room watching “Law and Order” or played to the jurors. His wailing voice was so tortured and “The Good Wife”. Many civil trials involve complex theories of law not to mention listening to conflicting expert witnesses Deborah R. Gilg expound on difficult scientific, technical or medical testimony. This can lead to difficulty and frustration in understanding the Deborah R. Gilg is the United testimony which may affect the outcome of the trial. States Attorney for the District of Nebraska. She was appointed The inability of jurors to discuss trial testimony with other by U.S. Attorney General Eric jurors, their spouses or significant others during the course of Holder to chair a Federal Task a lengthy trial leads to a sense of emotional isolation by jurors. Force on Violence Against Native Sharing an experience with another person is one of the prima- American Women. She also ry methods of relieving stress. The National Center for State chairs the Department of Justice Courts produced a 1993 study entitled “Through the Eyes of U.S. Attorney Working Group the Juror: A Manual for Addressing Juror Stress.”6 This study on Child Exploitation. She is indicated that about one-third of jurors surveyed experienced also a member of the Attorney some stress. More than half of the jurors thought “the other” General’s Native American Issues 7 subcommittee, National Security subcommittee and Civil jurors showed signs of stress. Rights subcommittee. ➡ THE NEBRASKA LAWYER 35 MAY/JUNE 2014 JUROR STRESS The Trauma of Graphic Evidence A murder trial in Louisville, Kentucky in 1991 involved a defendant, a prominent teacher in the community, who fatally In criminal trials, jurors may be exposed to gruesome, shot his wife and tried to hide the identity of the victim by graphic crime scene visuals. Emotionally disturbing testimony decapitating her. In a bizarre twist, the defendant buried the by victims and witnesses may be heard. In high profile cases, head in a garden and tried to burn the rest of the body in a this evidence combined with the intense media scrutiny can vacant house. In this case, the jurors saw a police videotape of produce high levels of stress for jurors. Several judges in the the severed head being dug up from the garden and photos of study recommended that jurors be warned early in the proceed- the charred body remains. ings that graphic photos will be shown. These judges felt that warning the jurors once or twice before the graphic evidence is In both of these cases, the jurors were debriefed after the shown or heard by the jurors helps to “desensitize” the jurors to trial by psychiatrists. A common thread between the two juries the gruesome nature of the evidence.8 In the study, some judg- was the stress over viewing the graphic evidence. Jurors felt es viewed timing of this type of evidence an important factor in unprepared for what they saw and heard. Juror frustration and minimizing the juror shock. For example, the judge may call anger was vented towards the attorneys and the expert wit- a recess after such evidence is presented or try to avoid having nesses. Jurors felt the prosecution introduced too much graphic this type of evidence produced directly before or after the lunch evidence, the defense attorneys tried to confuse the jurors and break. Of course, in this author’s experience, the prosecutor the expert psychological testimony from both sides was mean- usually tries to time this type of evidence so that it does leave a ingless due to the excessive jargon. Interestingly, the jurors lasting impression on the jurors with the hope that such a last- had strong positive feelings towards the judges in both cases ing impression will lead to a guilty verdict. Obviously, there because the judges were sensitive to the juror stress and the are competing interests at play here which a judge may or may jurors felt the judges acknowledged that stress and supported 10 not be able to anticipate and/or control effectively. them by having a post-trial debriefing. The infamous 1992 Jeffrey Dahmer trial in Milwaukee Safety Issues and Shielding Jurors from (murder of young boys, necrophilia and cannibalism) caused jurors “sleep disturbances, intrusive thoughts, restlessness, agi- the Media in the High Profile Trial tation and disturbing dreams”.9 High profile trials can generate extensive media scrutiny. In 1345 Wiley Road, Suite 121, Schaumburg, Illinois 60173 Telephone: 847-519-3600 Fax: 800-946-6990 Toll-Free: 800-844-6778 www.landexresearch.com THE NEBRASKA LAWYER 36 MAY/JUNE 2014 JUROR STRESS turn, the media attention can make jurors fearful for their safety their services before the conclusion of the trial. Jurors were and that of their family. Average citizens are not accustomed told of the time, location and availability of the counseling to dealing with violent crime or gang-related crime. Hearing debriefing. Many of the jurors took advantage of the debrief- about this type of crime in the jurors’ community can heighten ing. This author attended the debriefing and observed that a juror’s sense of anxiety for their own well-being and safety. many of the jurors stated that they were shaken by the graphic After all, the juror is already feeling out of their normal sphere testimony. One juror stated that the defendant always wore a of daily living by being thrust into the gladiator arena with asser- certain type of popular cologne and that whenever she smelled tive prosecutors and defense counsel. Sitting in a courtroom a that cologne, she thought of the defendant and images of the few feet away from a defendant on trial for a drive-by shooting, trial. The debriefing session afforded jurors an opportunity to sexual assault or some other type of violent crime can cause a discuss and share their emotional reaction to the trial in a non- juror to fear that he or she may be the subject of retaliation by judgmental setting. The therapists used the opportunity to the defendant or the defendant’s family and friends. describe symptoms commonly associated with juror stress and Most court facilities are designed to protect jurors from give recommendations on stress-management techniques. This interaction with the public, i.e. jury room with private door to ad hoc approach seemed to have helped some of the jurors as the courthouse exit and private juror bathroom. However, in a follow-up survey weeks later with the group indicated that a rural state like Nebraska, this segregation is not always easily jurors felt relieved to know that others felt the same emo- accomplished in the rural areas. The jurors may be taken to a tions as he/she did. Interestingly enough, the juror with the public café for lunch or dinner and the jurors may share court- negative memory associated with the defendant’s cologne still house parking with witnesses, defendants and court personnel. reported that she would forever remember that trial whenever Anonymity is difficult, if not impossible in these settings. she smelled that particular cologne. Some judges refrain from discussing safety measures with In the Connecticut trial, one of the jurors said his experi- jurors in an effort to not prejudice the jury toward the defen- ence gave him nightmares of a child tied to a bed while burn- dant. A few general words by the judge after jury selection ing up in a house fire. Despite the child’s cries for help, in the which describes general security precautions may reassure juror’s nightmare, the juror is unable to reach the child. The nervous jurors.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A View from the Other Side of the Bench Shirley S
    Marquette Law Review Volume 69 Article 2 Issue 4 Summer 1986 A View From the Other Side of the Bench Shirley S. Abrahamson Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr Part of the Law Commons Repository Citation Shirley S. Abrahamson, A View From the Other Side of the Bench, 69 Marq. L. Rev. 463 (1986). Available at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol69/iss4/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marquette Law Review by an authorized administrator of Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MARQUETTE LAW REVIEW Volume 69 Summer 1986 No. 4 A VIEW FROM THE OTHER SIDE OF THE BENCH* SHIRLEY S. ABRAHAMSON** After serving on a jury, G.K. Chesterton wrote: Many legalists have declared that the untrained jury should be altogether supplanted by the trained judge .... The Fabian argument of the expert, that the man who is trained should be the man who is trusted would be absolutely unan- swerable if it were really true that a man who studied a thing and practised it every day went on seeing more and more of its significance. But he does not. He goes on seeing less and less of its significance .... .... [T]he horrible thing about all legal officials, even the best, about all judges, magistrates, barristers, detectives, and policemen, is not that they are wicked (some of them are good), not that they are stupid (several of them are quite intelligent), it is simply that they have got used to it ...
    [Show full text]
  • The Lady, Or the Tiger? a Field Guide to Metaphor & Narrative
    Scholarly Commons @ UNLV Boyd Law Scholarly Works Faculty Scholarship 2011 The Lady, or the Tiger? A Field Guide to Metaphor & Narrative Linda L. Berger University of Nevada, Las Vegas -- William S. Boyd School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub Part of the Legal Education Commons, Legal Writing and Research Commons, and the Other Law Commons Recommended Citation Berger, Linda L., "The Lady, or the Tiger? A Field Guide to Metaphor & Narrative" (2011). Scholarly Works. 663. https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/663 This Article is brought to you by the Scholarly Commons @ UNLV Boyd Law, an institutional repository administered by the Wiener-Rogers Law Library at the William S. Boyd School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BERGER_MACRO_FINAL 3/29/2011 1:03:25 PM The Lady, or the Tiger? A Field Guide to Metaphor and Narrative Linda L. Berger* We can no longer take language for granted as a medium of communication. Its transparency has gone. We are like people who for a long time looked out of a window without noticing the glass—and then one day began to notice this too.1 I. INTRODUCTION Metaphor and narrative reassure us that things hang together, providing a sense of coherence to the patterns and paths we employ for perception and expression. Without the metaphorical process that allows us to gather them up, group them together, and contain them, our perceptions would scatter like marbles thrown on the ground.2 Without the ability to tell stories that link discrete events together, place them into a storyline with a beginning and end, and compose a coherent accounting, our lives would be constructed of “One Damn Thing After Another.”3 In this field guide, I hope to illustrate—with images and stories when possible—how better understanding of metaphor and narrative can guide those engaged in legal rhetoric and persuasion.
    [Show full text]
  • Judges' Perspectives on Stress and Safety in the Courtroom
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association American Judges Association 2009 Judges’ Perspectives on Stress and Safety in the Courtroom: An Exploratory Study David M. Flores University of Nevada - Reno Monica K. Miller University of Nevada - Reno, [email protected] Jared Chamberlain Argosy University - Phoenix Campus James T. Richardson University of Nevada - Reno, [email protected] Brian H. Bornstein University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ajacourtreview Flores, David M.; Miller, Monica K.; Chamberlain, Jared; Richardson, James T.; and Bornstein, Brian H., "Judges’ Perspectives on Stress and Safety in the Courtroom: An Exploratory Study" (2009). Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association. 293. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ajacourtreview/293 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the American Judges Association at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Judges’ Perspectives on Stress and Safety in the Courtroom: An Exploratory Study David M. Flores, Monica K. Miller, Jared Chamberlain, James T. Richardson, & Brian H. Bornstein he courtroom represents a critical component of the injured,4 or killed5 while on the job. Some judges have also American justice system. The legal system asks judges experienced violence outside of the courtroom; for instance, in Tand juries to deliver justice for injured parties through 2005, a man killed U.S. District Judge Joan Lefkow’s husband the cases that they decide.
    [Show full text]
  • Juror Stress Debriefing: a Review of the Literature and an Evaluation of a Yukon Program
    JUROR STRESS DEBRIEFING: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND AN EVALUATION OF A YUKON PROGRAM 2008 CanLIIDocs 145 Submitted to: Yukon Department of Justice Submitted by: Canadian Research Institute for Law and the Family Prepared by: Lorne D. Bertrand, Ph.D., Joanne J. Paetsch, B.A., and Sanjeev Anand, LL.M., Ph.D. March 2008 2008 CanLIIDocs 145 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of Yukon Justice or the Canadian Research Institute for Law and the Family. CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... ix 1.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background..............................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Project Components.....................................................................................1 2008 CanLIIDocs 145 1.2 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................2 1.3 Organization of the Report.......................................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • Juror Stress Debriefing: a Review of the Literature and an Evaluation of a Yukon Program
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Research Centres, Institutes, Projects and Units Canadian Research Institute for Law and the Family 2008 Juror Stress Debriefing: A Review of the Literature and an Evaluation of a Yukon Program Bertrand, L.D.; Paetsch, J.J.; Anand, S. Yukon Department of Justice. Bertrand, L.D, Paetsch, J.J., Anand, S. (2008). Juror Stress Debriefing: A Review of the Literature and an Evaluation of a Yukon Program. Whitehorse, YK: Yukon Department of Justice. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/107277 report Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca JUROR STRESS DEBRIEFING: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND AN EVALUATION OF A YUKON PROGRAM Submitted to: Yukon Department of Justice Submitted by: Canadian Research Institute for Law and the Family Prepared by: Lorne D. Bertrand, Ph.D., Joanne J. Paetsch, B.A., and Sanjeev Anand, LL.M., Ph.D. March 2008 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of Yukon Justice or the Canadian Research Institute for Law and the Family. CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... ix 1.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • THE EXPERIENCES of THOSE WHO HAVE SERVED JURY DUTY By
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by British Columbia's network of post-secondary digital repositories THE EXPERIENCES OF THOSE WHO HAVE SERVED JURY DUTY by Lisa Kyle B.A., Simon Fraser University, 2006 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA August 2016 © Lisa Kyle, 2016 ii Abstract This research explores the experiences of those who have served on jury duty in British Columbia. This exploratory, qualitative study was completed using a semi-structured interview with jurors. The inductive approach used in this study provided the opportunity to explore both positive and negative reports related to jury duty. The research results revealed that overall participants valued their experiences as jurors. Findings also suggest many instances of negative impact. The experiences are explored through a constructivist lens and highlight the notion of place as well as the role of community as important to fostering positive juror experiences, while also exploring avenues to better support jurors in the process of completing their civic duty. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................. vi Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................................................1 Research Question .................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • James J. Piampiano, Agreed Statement of Facts It Is
    STATE OF NEW YORK COMMISSION ON JUDICIAL CONDUCT In the Matter of the Proceeding Pursuant to Section 44, subdivision 4, of the Judiciary Law in Relation to AGREED JAMES J. PIAMPIANO, STATEMENT OF FACTS a Justice of the Supreme Court, Monroe County. Subject to the approval of the Commission on Judicial Conduct ("Commission"): IT IS HEREBY STIPULATED AND AGREED by and between Robert H. Tembeckjian, Administrator and Counsel to the Commission, and Honorable James J. Piampiano ("Respondent"), who is represented in this proceeding by John F. Speranza, Esq., that further proceedings are waived and that the Commission shall make its determination upon the following facts, which shall constitute the entire record in lieu of a hearing. 1. Respondent was admitted to the practice of law in New York in 1978. He has been a Justice of the Supreme Court, Monroe County, since January 1, 2016. His term expires on December 31, 2029. Respondent served previously as a Judge of the County Court, Monroe County, from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2015, and a Justice of the Henrietta Town Court, Monroe County, from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2010. 2. Respondent was served with a Formal Written Complaint dated November 2, 2016, a copy of which is appended, without the attached exhibits, as Exhibit A. He enters into this Agreed Statement of Facts in lieu of filing an Answer. As to Charge I 3. On or about October 8, 2015, at a time when he was a candidate for election to the Supreme Court, Respondent gave three separate media interviews during which he made prohibited public comments about People v Charles J Tan, a pending murder case over which he was presiding in Monroe County Court.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Stress from High Profile Trials Among Jurors and Court Staff”
    THE TRIAL EXPERIENCE: CIVIC SERVICE VS. CIVIL SERVICE “A Study of Stress From High Profile Trials Among Jurors and Court Staff” State of North Dakota Institute for Court Management Court Executive Development Program 2010 – 2011 Phase III Project May 2011 Carolyn F. Woolf Trial Court Administrator Northwest Judicial District – State of North Dakota Minot, North Dakota ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are numerous individuals and agencies that have significantly impacted the successful outcome of this project. I am truly appreciative and sincerely honored to have had the opportunity to engage in this educational endeavor. Participation in the Court Executive Development Program (CEDP) was made possible first and foremost by Chief Justice Gerald W. VandeWalle and the Supreme Court Justices of the State of North Dakota. I am grateful to Sally Holewa, State Court Administrator, for the confidence entrusted in me upon my initial employment. Their belief and support in the education of court personnel, and me specifically, has been of great benefit both professionally and personally. It is an honor to work for the leadership in a State that sees growth, progress, and innovative solutions to our future. The National Center for State Courts’ guidance and support structure has proven to be invaluable. Throughout the course of pursuing this Fellowship with the NCSC, I have had the opportunity to meet and learn from colleagues I truly appreciate, and will stay in contact with for years to come. The level of experience and knowledge shared among my classmates has truly been a humbling experience. I will always cherish the CEDP class of 2011 and will certainly not forget all of those individuals I’ve met throughout this journey.
    [Show full text]
  • Court Review, Volume 45, Issue 3 (Complete)
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association American Judges Association 2009 Court Review, Volume 45, Issue 3 (Complete) Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ajacourtreview "Court Review, Volume 45, Issue 3 (Complete)" (2009). Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association. 289. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ajacourtreview/289 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the American Judges Association at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Court ReviewVolume 45, Issue 3 THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN JUDGES ASSOCIATION Recent Criminal Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court What Judges Think About Courtroom StressStress andand SafetySafety Apology and Settlement Court ReviewVolume 45, Issue 3 THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN JUDGES ASSOCIATION TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORS BOOK REVIEW Judge Steve Leben Kansas Court of Appeals 60 Lyric Law: Literature Lives in the Legal Realm Professor Alan Tomkins Rachel Beth Cunning University of Nebraska ASSISTANTS TO THE EDITOR Tarik L. Abdel-Monem ARTICLES/ESSAYS University of Nebraska Rachel Cunning 62 Selected Criminal Law Cases in the United States Supreme Court Kansas Court of Appeals in the 2008-2009 Term, and a Look Ahead Charles D. Weisselberg EDITORIAL BOARD Judge B. Michael Dann National Institute of Justice 76 Judges’ Perspectives on Stress and Safety in the Courtroom: Julie Kunce Field Fort Collins, Colorado An Exploratory Study David M.
    [Show full text]
  • Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary
    1st edition Nolo’s Plain-English Law Dictionary By the Editors of Nolo, Gerald N. Hill and Kathleen Thompson Hill Products & Services “In Nolo you can trust.” —THE NEW YORK TIMES Books & Software Nolo’s Aim: Nolo publishes hundreds of great books and software programs to make the law… on the topics consumers and business owners want to know about. And every one of them is available in print or as a easy-to- download at Nolo.com. understand Plain-English Legal Dictionary aff ordable Free at Nolo.com. Stumped by jargon? Look it up in America’s most up-to-date source for defi nitions of cutting hassle free edge legal terminology. Emphatically not your grandmother’s law dictionary! Keep Up to Date! Legal Encyclopedia Old law is often bad law. Free at Nolo.com. Here are more than 1,200 free articles at’s why Nolo.com has and answers to frequently asked questions about everyday consumer legal issues including wills, bankruptcy, small business free updates for this and formation, divorce, patents, employment and much more. As every Nolo book. And if e Washington Post says, “Nobody does a better job than Nolo.” you want to be notifi ed Online Legal Forms when a revised edition of any Nolo title comes Make a will or living trust, form an LLC or corporation or obtain a trademark or provisional patent at Nolo.com, out, sign up for this free all for a remarkably aff ordable price. In addition, our site service at nolo.com/ provides hundreds of high-quality, low-cost downloadable legalupdater.
    [Show full text]
  • The Process of Recovery
    THE SEVERITY OF MENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS ON CAPITAL TRIAL JURORS BY ROBIN A. HAWKINS MARAS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Forensic Psychology California Baptist University School of Behavioral Sciences 2017 @ 2017 Robin, Maras All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION I dedicate this research to my mother and father, who always supported my educational dreams. Further, I dedicate it to my amazing fiancé, daughter, classmates, and friends. Your love, patience, and encouragement to go back to college and complete my Master of Arts degree will never be forgotten. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to recognize several individuals who helped make this project possible. First, I would like to thank Troy W. Hinrichs, JD, Professor of Criminal Justice and my Committee Chairperson, for his assistance on this research and throughout my time in the Master’s program. Also, a huge thank you to Dr. Jenny E. Aguilar, PsyD, Director of Forensic Psychology and my thesis reader, for her encouragement and enthusiasm for this project. In addition, my sincere appreciation goes out to the incredible Forensic Psychology professors at California Baptist University. Without your unwavering guidance and support, I would not have accomplished my dream of achieving my Master of Arts degree. Additionally, my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. James Baggs, PhD, for his review of this project and inspiration to me as a scholar and life-long friend. Finally, infinite love and thanks to P.A. and Betty Hawkins, Melissa Greiner, Sarah Maras, Robert Ward, my loving friends, and amazing classmates. You gave me the moral support and encouragement needed through the years, and I do not know where I would be without you.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Juror Stress in One-Day/One-Trial Jurisdictions
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. EXPLORING JUROR STRESS IN ONE-DAY/ONE-TRIAL JURISDICTIONS by Steven G. Michkowski submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of American.University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology: Justice Chair: Jurg K.
    [Show full text]