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Factors Affecting the Relative Abundance of Arthropods on Nectaried and Nectariless Cotton'

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Factors Affecting the Relative Abundance of Arthropods on Nectaried and Nectariless Cotton' Reprinted from ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY, Vol.. 12, No. 2. APKIL 1983 Factors Affecting the Relative Abundance of Arthropods on Nectaried and Nectariless Cotton’ I. K. ADJEI-MAAFO’ ASD L. T. WILSON‘ Envirun. Entoniol. 12: 3-19-352 ( 1983) ABSTRACT This study further confirms that nectariless cultivar5 of cotton are less attractive than the near-isogenic nectaried cultivars when grown in small plots. The results also indicate that pest and beneficial arthropods are not reduced to the sanie dcgrec. Of the IS pest categories. 7 were little reduced by the ncctariless cultivar, whereas the remaining eight had reductions of 24 to 4% averaged for the 4-year study period. All 15 beneficial species categories showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction on the nectariless cultivar (38 to 69% four year averaged reduction). these being affected to it greater degree than the pest. A disturbing question that remains is whcthcr the utility of nectarilehs cultivars for reducing pest pressures is afforded at comniercial levels of planting. .4s plot size increased froin 0. I I to 4.05 ha. the reduction on the ncctariless cultivar dccrcased from ca. 38 to 32%. Thc rate at which the differences between the nectaried and ncctariless cultivars decreases implies that the advantage with the nectariless cultivar might disappear with conimercial scale planting.\. Further large-scale trials would however be required for confirmation of this trend. The reductions in arthropod population densities, both the 1975-1 976 to 1977-1 978 seasons and on November pests and beneficials, in nectariless cotton cultivars have 1st for thc 1978-1979 season. The resulting stand den- been demonstrated by several workers (George et al. sities were approximately 14 plants per m-row (I-m 1977, Laster and Meredith 1974. Lukefahr et al. 1965, spacing between rows) for the first 3 years and I I plants Maxwell et al. 1976). per ni-row for the 1978-1979 season. The crop was The small plot sizes used in such experiments do. furrow irrigated. nitrogen was applied before planting however, lend the interpretation of results to some crit- at a rate of 120 kglha. and no insecticidcs or acaricidts icism. Undoubtedly, the relatively mobile species which were used during the 4-year period. Plot size for each inhabit cotton primarily settle, feed, and reproduce in cultivar was 0.11. 0.61, 2.43, and 4.05 ha with 3, 3, the not too distant fields of “normal” nectaried cotton I. and I replicate. respectively, for the 1975-1976 to adjacent to the nectariless plots. Such a situation is 1978-1979 seasons. equivalent to a large-scale “choice” experiment. with Both near-isogenic ‘Stoneville’ cultivars were further most of the individuals congregating and building up on imbedded in a 50-ha block of ‘Deltapine 16’ (nectaried) the more preferred host. The obvious implication is that cotton. Sampling in each year commenced 3 weeks after in the absence of alternative nectaried cotton, as would plant emergence and was carried out by (I) whole-plant occur if the nectariless cotton were grown commercially visual examination of 1 -m-row lengths, which gave den- on a large scale, the pests and beneficials might occupy sity estimates largely for lepidopterous egg and larval the nectariless cotton with no resultant damage reduction populations, and by (2) a D-Vac sampler equipped with over that normally encountered with nectaried cotton. It a 25-cm-diameter cone (Dietrich 1961) which gave es- is even conceivable that, were beneficial arthropods more timates of plant bugs and most beneficial insect popu- sensitive to host plant-related environmental changes, a lations. D-Vac samples were taken by vacuuming the reduction in their numbers might still occur with a large- entire surface of a plant while slowly moving down the scale planting and that, in the absence of, or an only row (I-m-row sample lengths). All samples were taken slight reduction in, pest numbers, the net effect would in the center of the plots, twice per week, with 20 sam- be an increase in damage. ples per cultivar on each sampling day. All D-Vac sam- This paper reports the results of a 4-year study which ples were fumigated with ethyl acetate, and insects were examined the effect of these and other factors on the identified and counted in the laboratory. relative attractiveness of near-isogenic nectaried and The following factors were examined in comparing nectariless cotton to 30 categories of pest and beneficial the abundance of insects on the nectaried and nectariless arthropods. cultivars. (I) Arthropod feeding characterization: (a) pests. (b) bcneficials (predators and parasites). (2) Arthropod Materials and Methods density. (3) Crop phenological stage. (4) Plot size. The experimental site was at Forest Hill in the Lock- Regression analyses were used to compare the relative yer Valley, Queensland, Australia. Thc cultivars used attractiveness of the two cultivars for each category, were the nectaried and nectariless near-isogenic lines of where the number (weekly average) of each category on ‘Stoneville 7A.’ Seeds were planted on October 30th for the nectariless (Y) was rcgressed on those on the nec- taried (X) for each sampling date. The regressions were lRcccivcd lor publication 5 April 19x2. Thi+ rc\carch uii\ conJuctcJ while forced through the origin (0.0) providing a regression I.K.? -M. was a sludcnt at the Univcr+ity olQuccn\lnnd. Athiralia. coefficient (b) which is an estimate of the relative at- -Piesent address: Dcpt. of Enioniology. Oil Paliii Rsmrch Centre. P.O. BOY 74. Kndc. Ghana. tractiveness of the two cultivars which can also be ap- ’hqt. of Entoinology. Univcrsity oi Cahiornia. IAIVI\. C‘A. MblO ~~ea\c send reprint rcquc\t\ to this iiddrc\s proximated by the ratio of thc numbers found on both 349 350 ENVIRONOMENTALENTOMOLOGY Vol. 12, no. 2 cultivars. The validity of using the forced regression 4-year study period. The values for each category rep- (Steel and Torrie 1960, Zar 1974) was determined for resent a summation of the average number, for all 4 all categories studied. years, of individual insects recorded during the 20 weeks of sampling. The Heliothis spp. were the most abundant Results and Discussion of the insects recorded, which is relevant considering Table I provides a list of the 30 categories of arthro- their importance as pests of cotton. For the 30 cate- pods and their cumulative numbers recorded during the gories, 23 of the regressions showed a significantly (P Table I.-Cumulative average numbers (per m) recorded for the 30 arthropod categories (25 species) totaled for the 1975-1976 through 1978-1979 seasons for 'Stoneville 7A' nectaried (N+) and nectariless (N-) cotton, Lockyer Valley, Queensland, Australia Age Sampling Pest % Reduction Species class" method status!' ZN + ZN - on the N-< Lepidoptera Noctuidae Heliothis spp. E v P I .046.0 655.4 37 L V P 493.4 288.6 42 Eurius huegeli (Rogenhofer) L V P 58.0 44.2 24 Anomisfluvu F. L V P 139.8 137.8 I NS Tonricidae Crocidosemu plehicinu Zeller E V P 943.4 682.6 28 L V P 361.2 243.8 33 Pyralidae Dichocrocis punctiferulis (GueneC) L V P 39.4 37.4 5 NS Hemiptera Anthocoridb A D B 209.6 99.8 52 Miridae Derueocoris sipatus (Distant) A D B 360.0 178.0 51 Cumpylommu lividu Reuter N,A D P' 363.2 230.4 37 Megucoelum modestum (StHI) N.A D P' 278.6 200.2 28 Lygaeidae Geocoris lubru (Kirkdldy) N.A D B 59.6 35.0 41 Okycurenits spp. A V P 682.0 543.0 20 NS Nabidae Nubis cupsiformis Germar D B 209.6 98.8 53 Pyrrhocoridae Dysdercus sidue Montrouzier A V P 215.6 216.0 -0 NS Scutelleridae Tectocoris diopthalmits (Thunberg) N.A V P 597.8 569.8 5 NS Pentatomidae Nezuru viridulu (L.) N.A D P 105.0 60.6 42 Neuroptera Chrysopidae Chrysopa spp. E V B 225.4 69.8 69 L D B 148.0 51.6 65 A V B 132.6 52.6 61 Coleoptera Melyridae Luius bellalus GuCrin A D B 204.8 97.0 53 Coccinellidae Coccinellu repundu Thunberg A D B 237.6 141.2 41 Veruniu frenula Erichson A D B 300.6 166.0 45 Hurmoniu urcuutu (F.) A D I 190.0 172.6 9 NS Coelophoru inueyuulis (F.) A D I 145.4 130.8 IO NS Hymenoptera lchneumonids A D B 212.8 110.4 48 Brnconidae Microplitis spp. A D B 173.4 83.2 52 Araneida Oxyopidae Oxyopes spp. LA D B 256.0 151.8 41 Clubionidae Chirucunthium diversum Koch L.A D B 444.8 264.4 41 Theridiide Achueuruneu veriiculrtu (Urquhan) LA D B 245.8 152.8 38 "E. Egg; L; larva; N. nymph: A, adult. "B. Beneficials; I, innocuous pollen feeders (can function as faculrative predators): P. pests 'Significantly fewer (P < 0.05) on nectariless unless followed by NS (not significant). dFaculrative predators. April 1983 ADJEI-MAAFO AND WILSON: NECTARIED AND NECTARILESSCOTTON 35 1 < 0.05) greater number on the nectaried cultivar (Table I). A greater number was recorded in the nectariless cultivar for only one of the 30 species categories, this 5 PESTS being Dysdercus sidae (not significant, P > 0.05), a 4 late-season pest which feeds mostly on the developing seeds of maturing cotton bolls. Further breakdown of 3 1 the data showed only 3 (2.6%) of the 115 category x year comparisons (not all 30 categories were present wm2 every year) and only 256 (15.3%) of the 1673 category 0 WI x week x year comparisons with greater numbers on a the nectariless cultivar.
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