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Ecology Md Control of Dysdercus Cingulatus Fabr

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Ecology Md Control of Dysdercus Cingulatus Fabr ECOLOGY MD CONTROL OF DYSDERCUS CINGULATUS FABR. , Thesis submitted for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in ZOOLOGY of THE ALIGABH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH By Islam Ahmad Department of Zoology Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh April, 1969 ECOLOGY AND CONTROL OF DYSDERCUS CiNGLLATUS FABR. THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF FHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY OF THE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNtVERSSTY, ALJGARH BY ISLAM AHMAD Department of Zoology Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. APRIL, 1969 T859 I certify that "Ecology and Gont2?o3^f Dysdercus clngulat-us Fabr.," is the original work of Islam Ahmad and is suitable for submission for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. This work has been done by the candidate under my supervision. Nawab Hasan Khan Professor, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. CONTENTS Page I. Introduction ... 1 V II. Economic importance .. 3 Part I. ECOLOGY III. Ovipositlon (1) General (ii) Effects of environmental conditions on ovipositlon ... IV. Eggs 14 (i) General features 14 (11) Effect of temperature and humidity on the hatching of the eggs 14 (ill) Extension of incubation period by refrigeration.. 16 V. Nymphs 22 (i) Rearing ... 22 (ii) Number and duration of nymphal instars 23 (ill) Description of various instars 23 VI. Adults ... ... 32 (i) Seasonal abundance ... 32 (ii) Copulation ... ... 34 (iii) Longevity ... ... 36 (iv) Selection of adults for extended survival without food and water 39 Page VII. Effects of different plant foods on fecundity, fertility and development. 42 Part II. CONTROL VIII. Reviev of Literature ... 47 IX. Sensitivity of Dysdercus cingulatus to DDTj BHG and aldrin as shown by dosage - mortality regression lines ... ••• X. DDT, BHC and aldrin tolerance in Dysaercus cingulatus ••. 66 XI. Bionomics of normal and BHC-resistant strains 76 XII. Susceptibility levels of field populations 79 XIII. Chemical sterilization of Dysdercus cingulatus 81 XIV. Permanency of sterility effects of apholate, tepa and metepa in males and females of Dysdercus cingulatus — XV. Mating vigour and sexual competitiveness of chemosterilized males., ... '93 XVI. Development of resistance to apholate 97 XVII. Conclusions ... ... 100 XVIII. Summary ... XIX. Acknowledgements ... ... US XX. References ... ••. ^^^ INTRODUCTION The struggle between man and insects has been going on since the early days of history. Insects not only transmit serious disease pathogens among man and animals but also eat a considerable portion of our crops and do great damage by aiding in the spread and development of plant diseases. Man on his part has succeeded in conquering a good number of these pests but there still remained many destructive insects against which little progress has been made. Cotton stainers are one of these. The red cotton bug, Dysdercus cingulatus is a well known pest of cotton in India. Both the nymphs and the adults suck the sap from the leaves and green cotton bolls and when the latter open they attack the young oily seeds rendering them unfit for sowing. The yellow excreta of the bugs stains the lint and the species has also been reported to introduce Nematospora gossypil into the bolls. But inspite of all its vile to human economy, our knowledge of the ecology and control of this insect is fragmentary and very little has been accomplished with respect to its control. The present work was undertaken with two objects in view. First, to investigate the effects of environmental factors influencing the activities of D. cingulatus at various - 10 - stages of its life, and second, to find out if it can be controlled effectively by the use of chemicals that have been employed against other related pests, in attempt has also been made to study the phenomena of insecticide resistance in this species and to find out if BHC selection pressure has any effect on the bionomics of the in-sect. The eff^iency<^f the commonly used aziridine compounds, apholate, tepa and metepa as chemosterilants of D. cingulatus has also been evaluated. , ^ For the sake of convenience^the findings have been presented in two parts. Part I deals with studies on the ecology of D. cingulatus while in part II tests conducted to determine the sensitivity of the red cotton bug to insecticides and the sterility effects produced by the chemosterilants have been described. - 10 - ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Members of the family Pyrrhocoridae (Hemiptera) are usually brightly coloured, moderately sized, robust insects having four segmented antennae and three jointed tarsi. They are world wide iti distribution and^nol: only attack a number of plants belonging to the families Malvaceae, Graminae, Sterculisiceae, Cruciferae, Rutaceae and Cucurbitaceae but also feed on other organisms including members of their own family. Antilochus cocqueberti is a voracious feeder on Dysd.^rcus cingulatus and the tenacity with which it sucks the body fluid of the host is evident from the fact that the predator remains deeply thrust into the body of the host even when its proboscis is chopped off (Pradhan and M^non, 1942). Dlndymus rubiginosus feeds on Oreta extensa and Lavana Candida. Another carnivorous species is p. sanguineous which feeds on flies and termites. The cotton stainers belonging to the genus Dvsdercus can be easily distinguished f^om other members of the family as the apical angle of hemelytra is somewhat acute and there is no hamus in cell of the hind wing. They are important pests of cotton in different countries of the world/except the United Arab Hepublic, Mesopotamia, Turkestan and the northern part of^the Merican cot'ton belt (VJhitfield, 1933). - 10 - The red cotton bug, D. clngulatus is a serious pest of cotton in India. It is found in Uttar fradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Bombay, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and the Punjab (Sohi, 1964). Besides cotton it attacks Bhindi (Hibiscus esculentus), Hollyhock (Althea rosea), Silk cotton tree (Eriodendron anfinictuosum) , Mulberry (Bombax malabaricum), John bull tree (Thespes!a populnea), Deccan hemp (Hibiscus cannabinus), Musk melon (Hibiscus abelmoschus), Indian mellox^r (Abutilon spp.). Shoe flower (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), Cape gooseberry (Physalus peruviana) , Wild tobacco (Solanum verbascifoliurn) , Sambhal (Solamalia malabaricum)^ Bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum), Wheat (Triticum vulp:are) and Maize (Zea mays). Both the nymphs and the adults suck the juice from the bolls and the punctures made by them open way for secondary infection by micro-organisms. The salivary secretion of the bugs has a harmful effect on the developing seeds which either degenerate or stop growing. The fibres are stained yellow and this results in considerable economic loss to cotton growers. Dysdercus cingulatus has also been observed to introduce the fibre staining bacterium, Nematospora 'gossypii into the bolls (Narayanan, 1962). - 10 - ^Part I - ECOLOGY OVIPOSITION General. Members of the family Pyrrhocoridae deposit their eggs in loose soil or under debris lying in the field. Ballard and Evans (1928) observed that D. sidae oviposited in soil at a depth of one inch below the surface or under some such protection as a piece of wood or a box lying on the ground. D. nigrofasciatus deposits its eggs close to the base of a plant or in exposed heaps of cotton seeds (Hargreave and Taylor, 1937) while D. cingulatus oviposits in cracks in soft soil (Mehta, 1930). The female protrudes the posterior part of the abdomen and thrusts it into the soil. The head remains elevated above the ground and a cluster of eggs containing 100 to 130 eggs is deposited at one place in about 2 to 3 hours (Srivastava and Bahadur, 1958) During the present studies the females of D. cingulatus usually deposited their eggs in small crevices between cotton seeds or at th? bottom of petri dishes in which the seeds were kept. The eggs were laid singly at intervals of 40 to 60 seconds and were later arranged into batches with the help of hind legs. The whole process lasted for one and a half to two hours. - 6 - Effects of environmental conditions on ovlposltlon. Temperature and humidity greatly affect oviposition. Husain (1927) observed that a moist surface was necessary to induce oviposition in D. clngulatus and atmospheric humidity was of no importance but Mehta (1930) obtained eggs of this species even on dry soil when there was enough moisture in the atmosphere. The females readily oviposited under laboratory conditions at 32.2°C and 70 to 100 per cent humidity but no eggs were laid at temperatures below 20®C. Extremes of temperature impaired the rate of oviposition in p. koeni^ii and the number of eggs laid at 15 and 35°G was much less than at 20 and 30°C (Bhatia and Kaul, 1966). As compared to 90 per cent of the females of D. fasciatus that oviposited at 280C, only 30 per cent laid eggs at 20°C (Clarke and Sardesai, 1959). Little or no precise data exists concerning the duration of the preoviposition and oviposition periods in cotton bugs. Ullyett (1930) found that the preoviposition period of D. nigrofasciatus varied from 7 to 16 days. The eggs of p. cingulatus were laid 3 to 6 days after copulation at 35^0 while at temperatures varying between 21.1 and 30°C they were deposited after 13 to 20 days of the copulation (Mehta, 1930). The. oviposition period in the case of i* koenigii was found by Bhatia and Kaul (1966) to be 22.2, 10.2 and 10.4 days at 20, 25 and 30°C respectively. - 13 The present author kept newly emerged adults of clngulatus at 29°C and 60 to 70 per cent humidity in glass tubes measuring 15 x 2.5 cms. in size. A single pair was kept in each tube containing moist cotton seeds. Observations were recorded daily and the eggs obtained Mere removed vrith the help of a brush.
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