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Migration, Missionaries and Contact: Recent Archaeological Research In Archaeology International Brochure - Lay - 10/27/10 - 14:57:11 - Magenta Black Cyan Magenta Yellow - - - - 14:57:11 14:57:11 14:57:11 14:57:11 - - - - 10/27/10 10/27/10 10/27/10 10/27/10 - - - - Lay Lay Lay Lay - - - - Brochure Brochure Brochure Brochure International International International International Archaeology Archaeology Archaeology Archaeology Front 5 Front 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132 X Y M C B Z X6 Y6 M6 C6 B6 Z6 X Y M C B Z 40% 40% X Y M C B Z X Y M C B Z 40% 40% X Y M C B Z X Y M C B Z 40% X Y M C B AG Druckmaschinen FOGRA/Heidelberger 2004 © 102 Format 2.1 Dipco 6 Prinect/FOGRA Y M C B 40% X Y M C B Z X Y M C B Z 40% X Y M C B Z X6 Y6 M6 C6 B6 Z6 Y M C X Y M C B Z X Y M C B Z X6 Y6 M6 C6 B6 Z6 X Y M C B Z 40% 40% X Y M C B Z X Y M C B Z 40% 40% X Y M C B Z X Y M C B Z 40% X Y M C B AG Druckmaschinen FOGRA/Heidelberger 2004 © 102 Format 2.1 Dipco 6 Prinect/FOGRA Y M C B Z 40% X Y M C B Z X Y M C B Z 40% X Y M C B Z X6 Y6 M6 C6 B6 Z6 Y M C X Y M C B Z ARCHAEOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 12 page 36 page 29 ARCHAEOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 12 Migration, missionaries and contact: recent a new polity, the BaTawana, in north- date and type, with some sites yielding western Botswana, and establish the first large numbers of fine glazed wares whilst archaeological research in the Khwebe Hills, capital in the Khwebe Hills. others had a higher proportion of unglazed Botswana Later, the legendary explorer and sherds from large vessels. missionary, David Livingstone, travelled Preliminary analysis of the results Ceri Ashley northwards from the London Missionary would suggest that travellers were chiefly Field survey and excavation in the Khwebe Hills of Botswana form part Society (LMS) base at Kolobeng, following a route running northeast- of a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship project on the Archaeology determined to reach the fabled Lake southwest, on a course some distance of Migrations in Africa. Here, the BA Postdoctoral Fellow describes the Ngami, arriving in 1849 (Fig. 3). to the north of the modern road from Having opened up a route to the north, first two seasons of fieldwork, which concentrated on the investigation Merv to Chardzhou. The substantial it was not long before other European architectural remains discovered also of two sites, one associated with the BaTawana, who migrated into the travellers, including missionaries, traders, support the assertion that the major area in the early 19th century and the other a missionary establishment and hunters, arrived, and in 1892 it was eastwards axis of trade of Merv ran to of the London Missionary Society that was occupied during the 1890s. decided to establish a new LMS station in Bukhara and Samarkand and vice versa. the Khwebe Hills, which was led by the Characterizing the sites of the ork in the Khwebe Hills of (both written and oral histories) record missionary Alfred Wookey, accompanied northern route, there is not the uniformity Botswana was undertaken significant mobility in the region during by Reid (artisan and craftsman) and th that might be expected with desert way- as part of a wider British the 19 century and at least one large- Mogodi, a renowned Tswana evangelist. stations. Instead, a wide range of forms WAcademy Postdoctoral Fellowship at the scale migration into the area. In particular This mission was occupied until 1899 was identified, perhaps associated with Institute of Archaeology (2007–2010) the impact of two phases of immigration when the various effects of malaria and different roles and different chronological Figure 6 A large fortified tepe (KRS03), with a well preserved building which is exploring the archaeology of have been identified and explored within attacks by leopards drove the missionaries timescales, demonstrating the complexity th th migration in sub-Saharan Africa. The this research: the migration of BaTawana out. of infrastructure that underpins this major of surface ceramic scatters. The majority later period, the 14 –16 centuries CE, intention of this study is to explore the into the region in the early 1800s, and the Investigation of the Khwebe Hills route. of these sites were located in natural than the assemblages associated with the dynamics of human mobility, and in effect of incoming European settlers from therefore provides the opportunity to depressions, currently occupied by small northern route, and were often found th particular the relationship between host the mid 19 century, in particular the role explore the impact of the incoming The southern route animal herders’ structures congregating amongst modern occupation debris. and immigrant communities. of missionary establishments. BaTawana on the indigenous hunter- The majority of the sites identified during around wells (Fig. 7). The archaeological The wider spread of cultural material Archaeology has historically had a The BaTawana, who now constitute gatherer and herding communities, ground survey in this area took the form samples retrieved indicated a slightly across the Karakum Desert in this strong engagement with migration as an the major ethnic group in the region, are a whilst the later settlement by European southern area suggests that this area was interpretive device, although its role and Tswana polity who migrated into the area missionaries provides an insight into early indeed inhabited during the medieval prominence has dwindled considerably c.1805 as a result of a succession dispute colonial contact and interaction. period and it is probable that the natural since the 1960s. As a result, migration is amongst the BaNgwato polity of eastern basins – with their proximity to the often overlooked, and particularly so in Botswana. Denied the leadership of the Fieldwork water table, shelter and higher levels of sub-Saharan Africa, where it often has BaNgwato in favour of a younger brother, Trial survey and test excavation were vegetation – would be as advantageous in connotations that relate it to European Tawana seceded from the BaNgwato and undertaken in November-December the past as they are to modern day herding settlement and colonialism. However, left the capital of Shoshong, taking a 2008, in conjunction with Mr Vasco communities. Unlike the strong linear migration is a key feature of everyday number of followers with him to found Baitseseng of the National Museum and pattern of the northern route, with its life in Africa, and recurs throughout its imposing architectural remains, the image history, from the early migration “Out of emerging of the southern region is of a ZAMBIA b Africa” to modern urban and economic ANGOLA number of small interconnected outposts migrants. This project has identified a Za ezi or watering points. Trade and travel number of case-studies where various Kavango feasibly percolated through this system, forms of migration are known to have ZIMBABWE perhaps with no particularly strong axis occurred, and is subjecting the associated Tsodilo m of movement, but instead choosing a Okavango approximate margin of sites to archaeological scrutiny to try and Kalahari sands Delta series of way-points suited to the purpose. understand what the impact and effects Maun Makgadikgadi Surveying a greater number of these sites Pans Bulawayo of such migration may have been on the Boteti may give a more detailed impression of material record. The primary case study is the associated chronology, and elucidate Khwebe that of the 19th century Khwebe Hills in the function of these remote outposts. Lake Ngami Hills north-western Botswana (Fig. 1). S NAMIBIA hashe General conclusions Historical background and context Ghanzi Preliminary analysis of the results would CENTRAL Fieldwork was undertaken in 2008 and suggest that travellers were chiefly Serowe 2009, with further research planned KALAHARI following a route running northeast- Shoshong for 2010. As well as the author, staff southwest, on a course north of the o N p and students of the UCL Institute of po modern road from Merv to Chardzhou. Lim Archaeology, University of Botswana, Such a route is congruent with historical UCLA international archaeology accounts of passage between Merv and programme and the Botswana National the Oxus, in particular the postal network BOTSWANA Museum and Art Gallery were involved.1 Gaborone Kolobeng running through this region of the Islamic The chosen area of study, the Khwebe SOUTH world. However, comparison of the two Hills, is located c.30km south-west of the AFRICA routes (northern and southern) suggests modern town of Maun, and in the frontier very different forms of navigation across area between the Kalahari Desert and the the vast desert and the existence of Okavango Delta region (Fig. 2). 0 200 km numerous sites questions the existence This area was chosen for research as of a single Silk Road in this region. it has never been subject to systematic Figure 5 Example of a caravanserai (KRS02-1), close to the modern settlement of Ravnina Nevertheless, it would appear that the archaeological investigation before. Figure 1 Map showing sites mentioned in the text primary northern route attracted major Furthermore, the historical records K Y M C Archaeology International Brochure - Lay - 10/27/10 - 14:57:11 - Magenta Black Cyan Magenta Yellow - - - - 14:57:11 14:57:11 14:57:11 14:57:11 - - - - 10/27/10 10/27/10 10/27/10 10/27/10 - - - - Lay Lay Lay Lay - - - - Brochure Brochure Brochure Brochure International International International International Archaeology Archaeology Archaeology Archaeology Front 5 Front 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132 X Y M C B Z X6 Y6 M6 C6 B6 Z6 X Y M C B Z 40% 40% X Y M C B Z X Y M C B Z 40% 40% X Y M C B Z X Y M C B Z 40% X Y M C B AG Druckmaschinen FOGRA/Heidelberger 2004 © 102 Format 2.1 Dipco 6 Prinect/FOGRA Y M C B 40% X Y M C B Z X Y M C B Z 40% X Y M C B Z X6 Y6 M6 C6 B6 Z6 Y M C X Y M C B Z X Y M C B Z X6 Y6 M6 C6 B6 Z6 X Y M C B Z 40% 40% X Y M C B Z X Y M C B Z 40% 40% X Y M C B Z X Y M C B Z 40% X Y M C B AG Druckmaschinen FOGRA/Heidelberger 2004 © 102 Format 2.1 Dipco 6 Prinect/FOGRA Y M C B Z 40% X Y M C B Z X Y M C B Z 40% X Y M C B Z X6 Y6 M6 C6 B6 Z6 Y M C X Y M C B Z ARCHAEOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 12 page 28 page 37 ARCHAEOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 112 (Fig.
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