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THE ACHIEVEMENT of FEMALE SUFFRAGE in ROMANIA Roxana

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THE ACHIEVEMENT of FEMALE SUFFRAGE in ROMANIA Roxana THE ACHIEVEMENT OF FEMALE SUFFRAGE IN ROMANIA Roxana Cheşchebec Insights into the Historical Context Romanian women won full political rights only in 1946, and only after a long fijight that was as convoluted as the historical context in which it was played out. The Old Kingdom of Romania was formed through the unifijication of the Romanian principalities of Walachia and Moldavia in 1859. These two principalities, established at the end of the 13th century and beginning of the 14th century, had been under Ottoman sovereignty until 1856, when the Congress of Paris, which ended the Crimean War, guaranteed their autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. In 1859, Wallachia and Moldavia united under prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza, and, after his abdication in 1866, prince Carol I of the house of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen issued a new constitution proclaiming Romania a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary regime. The 1866 constitution granted the right to vote for and be voted for to the two chambers of parliament to propertied and educated adult males. Illiterate male voters with a low income could vote only for the chamber of deputies, and only indirectly, through an electoral representative cho- sen for every 50 voters.1 In 1878, after the Russian-Turkish war (1877–1878), Romania became independent, and in 1881 it was offfijicially declared a kingdom, with Carol I crowned king. Under his rule, the fijirst political parties crystallized out of former liberal and conservative groups. The Conservative Party (1880– 1918) drew support from large landowners. The National Liberal Party (1867–1948), also supported by landowners, emphasized economic devel- opment through modern industries and services. The Conservatives stood for the rule of the educated and propertied classes; the Liberals supported reducing the number of electoral colleges—or even the constitution of a single college—and universal male sufffrage. Nevertheless, apart from 1 See Iordachi C., “Citizenship and National Identity in Romania: A Historical Overview”, Regio Yearbook (2003) 9. 358 roxana cheşchebec some socialist leaning members, neither party supported women’s vote. Indeed, before the end of World War I, only feminists, Socialists, and Social Democrats2 embraced women’s vote as part of a gender-inclusive project of modernization. Shortly after the outbreak of World War I, King Carol I died and was succeeded by King Ferdinand I (1914–1927). Romania joined the Allied forces in 1916. The offfensive of the Central Powers’ armies and the threat of bolshevism after the 1917 Russian revolution moved King Ferdinand to promise farmers who fought in the war extensive land and electoral reforms. Following the Allied forces’ victory, Romania acquired territories that had previously belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Mon- archy (Transylvania, Banat, and Bukovina) and to the Russian Empire (Bessarabia), but which contained an important Romanian population. Indeed, after the collapses of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the Russian Empire, these territories expressed their will to join the Kingdom of Romania. The international treatises concluded in 1919 and 1920 con- fijirmed these territorial additions. The electoral reform promised in 1917 became real in November 1918 through a decree-law that introduced universal male sufffrage. Women’s political rights were disregarded. The 1923 constitution included only the promise that women’s political and civil rights would soon be improved by a future law that would articulate women’s sufffrage rights. The Romanian political scene was changed by the slow dissolution of the Conservative Party and the rise of new political parties that competed with and tried to balance the dominance of the National Liberal Party. The most important of these parties were the National Romanian Party and the Peasants Party, both formed in Transylvania. The former, constituted in 1881, represented the Romanian population in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. The latter, constituted after 1918 by a group of rural intelligen- tsia, offfered a left-wing ideology as a Romanian alternative to bolshevism 2 In the late 1880s and early 1890s, a few left-wing Marxist Romanian intellectuals estab- lished socialist circles in the capital and in Iassy, former capital of Moldavia. In 1893, they created a short-lived Romanian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party which disbanded in 1899 when some of its most important leaders and members joined the Liberals. In 1910, socialist supporters established the Social-Democratic Party of Romania (1910–1916). After being banned, it reinvented itself in 1918 as the Socialist Party. In 1921, some of its members established the Communist Party of Romania, while the others established the Federation of Romanian Socialist Parties, named the Social-Democratic Party in 1927. In 1948, under pressure from the Communist Party and the Soviet Union, the Social-Democratic Party joined the Communists to create the Romanian Workers’ Party, which ruled Romania until 1965..
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