Bibliography

A. ENGLISH PUBLICAT[ONS AND TRANSLAT[ONS OF FOREIGN WORKS

(More detailed bibliographies are found In, for example, Kamen, Pages, PoliSensky and Rabb (ed.))

ASTON, T., Crisis in Europe 1560-Ifi60 (London, [965). BENECKE, G., Germany in the Thirty rears' War (London, 1978). BELLER, E. A., Propaganda in Germany in the Thirty rears' War (Princeton, NJ, 1940 ). BURCKHARDT, C. J., Richelieu, (3 vols.) (New York, 1964-72). CARLETON, SIR DUDLEY, Leiters &c., 2nd ed. (London, [775). CARTER, C. H., The Secret Diplomacy oJ the Habsburgs 15!)8-1625 (New York, [964). CHUDOBA, B., Spain and the Empire /519-/643 (Chicago, [952). CHURCH, W. F., Richelieu and Raison d' Etat (Princeton, (972). COOPER,J. P., (Ed.), New Cambridge Modern History, vol. IV (Cambridge, [97 1 ). COUPE, W. A., The German lllustrated Broadsheet in the Seventeenth Century (Baden-Baden, 1966-7). DALTON, C., Life and Times oJ Sir Edward Cecil in Dutch Service (London, 1885). DANSTRUP, J., History oJ (Copenhagen, [948). EDMUNDSON, G., Anglo-Dutch Rivalry (Oxford, 19II). --, History oJ Holland (Cambridge, 1922). ELLIOTI, J. H., Imperial Spain (London, [963). --, The Revolt oJ the Catalans (Cambridge, [963). EVANS, R. J. W., RudoLJ 11 and His World (Oxford, [973). FREYTAG, G., Pictures oJGerman Life (London, 1862). FR[SCHAUER, P., The Imperial Crown (London, [939). GARDINER, S. R. (ed.) Leiters & c. England-Germany 1618-20, 2 vols (The Camden Society: London, 1865 and [868).

202 BIBLIOGRAPHV

--,History of England from the Accession if James 110 the Outbreak if the Civil War, 10 vols (London, 1883-84). GEVL, P., The Netherlands Divided l00g-48 (London, 1936). GINDELV, A., The Thirty Years' War (New York, 1884). GREEN, M. A. E., Eli;:.abeth, Electress Palatine and Queen if Bohemia (London (Aberdeen), 1909). HALEv, K. D., The Duteh in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1972). HOLBoRN, H., History if Modern Germany, vol. I (New York, 1959)· JONES, J. R., Britain ·and Europe in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1966). KAMEN, H., The Iron Century (London, 1971). KAMEN, H., and HUGHES, M., 'The Thirty Years' War' in European History (1976). LEONARD, E., History if Protestantism (London, 1965). LVON, F. H., EI Conde de Gondomar (Oxford, 1916). LVNCH, J., Spain under the Habsburgs, vol. II (Oxford, 1969). MANN, G., Wallenstein (London, 1976). MAcARTNEv, C. A. (ed.) The Habsburg and Hohen;:.ollern , (London, 1970). PAGES, G., The Thirty Years' War (London, 1970). PARKER, G., The Army if Flanders and The Spanish Road 1567-1659 (Cambridge, 1972). POLISENSKY, J. V., The Thirty Years' War (London, 1971). --,War and Society in Europe 1618 and 1648 (Cambridge, 1978). RABB, T. K., The Strugglefor Stability in Early Modern Europe (New York, 1975)· --(ed.), The Thirty Years' War (Boston, Mass., 1972). REDLICH, F., De Praeda Militari. Looting and Booty (Wiesbaden, 1956). --, The German Military Enterpriser, 2 vols (Wiesbaden, 1964-5). ROBERTS, M., Gustavus Adolphus II (London, 1958). --(ed.), as a Great Power 16II-1697 (London, 1968). SCHILLER, F., The History ifthe Thirty Years' War (London, 1901). SCHWARZ, H. F., The Imperial Privy Couneil in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1943). STEINBERG, S. H., The 'Thirty Years War' and the Confliet for European Hegemony (London, 197 I ) . T APIE, V. L., The Rise and Fall ifthe Habsburg Monarehy (London, 197 ). TREASURE, G., Riehelieu (London, 1972). WANDRUZSHKA, A., The House if Habsburg (New York, 1964). WATSON, F., Wallenstein. Soldier under Saturn (London, 1938). WEDGWOOD, C. V., The Thirty Years' War (London, 1938). EUROPE AT WAR 1600-1650

WILLIAMS, H. N., A Gallant oJ Lorraine (London, 1921). WILSON, C., The Dutch Republic (London, 1968). YATES, F., The Rosicrucian Enlightenment (London, 1972).

B. WORKS PUBLISHED IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES

(see in particular Dahlrnann, F. C. and Waitz, G., Quellenkunde der Deutschen Geschichte, 9th edn (Leipzig 1931-32) ed. H. Haering and others)

ALBRECHT, D., Richelieu, Gustav Adolfund das Reich (Munich, 1959). --, Die Auswärtige Politik Maximilians von Bayern /6/8-35 (Gottingen, 1962). ALEKSEEV, V. M., Tridsatiletnyaya Vojna (Leningrad, 1961). BASSOMPIERRE, F. DE, Ambassade en Espagne /62/ (Cologne, 1668). BLOK, P. J., Frederik Hendrik Prins van Oranje (Arnsterdarn, 1926). BRANTS, V., La Belgique au qeme siede, Albert et Isabelle (Louvain, 1960). BRAUBACH, M., Der westfälische Friede (Münster, 1948). DENIS, E., La Fin d'independence Boheme (, 1890). --, La Boheme depuis la Montague-Blanche, i (Paris, 2nd edn, 1930). DEVEZE, M., L'Espagne de Philippe IV torne I (Paris, 1970); torne 2 (Paris, 1971). --, L'Espagne et le Portugal sous le. regne de Philippe III (Paris, 1965). DICKMANN, F., Der westfälische Friede (Münster, 1965). DIWALD, H., Wallenstein Ullstein paperback edn (Munich, 1969). ESSEN, H. VAN DER, Le Cardinal EnJant et la politique europeenne de l' Espagne (Louvain, 1944). FRANZ, G., Der Dreissigjährige Krieg und das deutsche Volk (Jena, 1940). GINDLEY, A., Geschichte des Dreissigjährigen Krieges, i-iv (Prague, 1869- 1880). HANOTAUX G., and Duc DE LA FORCE, Histoire du Cardinal Richelieu, 6 vols (Paris, 1893-I 947) . HA USER, H., La Preponderance espagnole /559-/660 (Paris, rev edn., 1948). HAYWOOD, F., Histoire de la Maison de Savoie (Paris, 1943). HOUTTE, J. A., VAN, Economische en sociale Geschledenis van de Lage Landen (Zeist, 1964). JOBART, J., De Luther il Mohila, la Pologne dans La crise de la Chretiente (Paris, 1974). LEFEVRE, J., SpinoLa et La BeLgique (Brussels, 1947). LEMAN, A., Richelieu et Olivares (LilIe, 1938). BIBLIOGRAPHY 205

--, Urbain VIII et la rivaliN de la et de la Maison d' Autriche de /63/ a /635 (Lilie, 1920). LONCHAY, H., and Cuvellier, J. (eds), Correspondance de la cour d' Espagne sur les affaires des Pays-Bas XVIIe siede, ed. Cuvelier (Brussels, 1923). LOOSE, H. D., Hamburg und Christian IV von Dänemark (Hamburg, 1963). MARANoN, G., EI Conde-duque de Olivares, 3rd ed. (Madrid, 1952). MARAVALL, J. A., La Philosophie politique espagnole au XVIIe siede (Paris, 1959)· MARTINELLI, V., Le Guerre per la Valtellina (Varese, 1935). MECENSEFFY, G., 'Die Beziehungen der Höfe von Wien und Madrid während des Dreissigjährigen Krieges', Archiv für Geschichte, CXXl (1953)· MOUSNIER, R., Les Progres de la civilisation europeenne et le dülin de l'Orient (Paris, 195 I). PAGES, G., Naissance du Grand Siecle (Paris, 1948). PFISTER, A., Georg Jenatsch, sein Leben und seine Zeit, 2nd ed. (Basel, 1939). PIRENNE, H., Histoire de Belgique, vol. III (Brussels, 1923). POLISENSKY, J., Angle a Bila Horn (Prague, 1949). PRINSTERER, G. G., VAN, Archives et correspondance de la Maison d'Orange­ Nassau, 5 vols (Utrecht, 1841-61). QUAZZA, R., Politica europea nella questione Valtellina, la legafranca-veneta­ savoiarda et la pace de Mon{on (Venice, 192 i). --, La guerra per la successione di Mantova et deI Moniferrata 1628-1631, 2 vols (Mantua, 1926). --, Storia politica d' Italia. Preponderan:::.a spagnola /559-/700 (Milan, 1950). RITTER, M., Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter des Gegenreformation und des Dreissigjährige Krieges (Stuttgart, 1889 and 1908). --, 'Das Kontributionssystem Wallensteins' , Historiche Zeitschrift, 19°3· RODRIGUEZ VILLA, A., Ambrosio Spinola (Madrid, 19°4). --(ed.), Correspondance de I' Infanta avec le Duc de Lerma (Madrid, 1906). RÖMEIN, J. M. (ed.), Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, vols IV and v (Utrecht, 1957). ROTT, E., Henri IV, les Suisses et la Haute Italie (Paris, 1882). RUDOLF, H. U., (ed.), Der Dreissigjährige Krieg. Perspektiven und Strukturen (Darmstadt, 1977). SCHUBERT, F. H., Ludwig Camerarius (Kallmünz, 19.55). STURMBERGER, H., G. E. Tschernembl (Linz, 1953). --, Aufstand in Böhmen (Munieh, 1959). 206 EUROPE AT WAR 1600-1650

TAPrE, V. L., La Politique etrangere de la France et le debut de la Guerre de Trente Ans, /6/6-/62I (Paris, 1934)' VAINSHTEIN, O. L., Rossiya: Tridsatyi!Jetnyaya Vrryna (Leningrad, 1947). VILAR, V., 'Un gran proyecto anti-holandes', Hispania, LXXXVIII (1962) . VILLAR1, R., La Rivolta antispagnola a Napoli. Le Origini /585-/647 (Bari, 1967). ZELLER, G., La Guerre de Trente Ans et les relations internationales (Paris, 1947) . --., De Christophe Colomb a Cromwell, vol. II of Histoire de relations internationales, ed. P. RENOUVIN (Paris, 1953)' ZOLLNER, E" Geschichte Österreichs (Vienna, 1961). Index

Entries analysing the relations between countries are made under the country rather than under the individual responsible for the conduct of these relations. Numbers in italics indicate the number of the map.

Aachen 3; 14, 18 21; in 1648, 188; Upper Alais, Graceof(1629) 121,149 Austria 67, 70, 75, 104-5, Albert, archduke 27-39 passim, 59, 110-11, 140; Lower 63, 69, 70, 73, 81, 82 Austria 67, 70; Bohemian Aldringer, Johann von 140, 141 revolt 60-70 passim, 9<>-91; Allerheim 18; 172 invasions of Bohemia 97, Altmark, treaty of (1629) 122,136, 110-11, 132, 134, 141, 142, 144, 145, 152 171, 172, 173, 182; Älvsborg 4,23;22,24,54,121,157, Hungary 19,89-90,110-11, 169 171-2, 188; Osmanli Alsace 10, 12, 15, 16,20,22; 10, 18, Turks 18-19, 97, 104, 14 1, 60,61,87,92,93,94,132,133, 154, 158; see also Rudolf, 140, 144, 146, 149, 156, 161, Matthias, Ferdinand 11, 164, 179, 181, 185, 187 Ferdinand 111 and the treaties Amsterdam I, 6; 4, 38, 54, 86, 100, of Nikolsburg (1622), Linz 122, 174, 177, 191 (1645) and Westphalia (1648) Andalusia 17; 160 Anne of Austria 43, 127, 168, 198 Baccarat 20, 22; 179, 186 Antwerp I, 6, 7, 13, 16, 20; 4, 5, 28, Baden-Durlach, margraveof 87,92, 38, 94, 100, 160, 176, 177, 178, 93 186 Baner, Johan 152-3, 155, 164-5, Aragon 17; 112, 158 166, 169 Arnheim 6,13; 34, 119 Barcelona 17; 159, 17 1, 199 Arnim, Hans George von I 15, 129, Barwalde, treaty of (163 I) 129, 139, 130, 132, 134, 139, 142, 144, 144 152 Basel 15, 16,20; 9, 146, 156, 179 Arras I, 16,22; 160, 200 Bavaria 3,9, I I, 15, 18, 20; Artois 22; 160, 200 electoral family 15; Asti, 8; treaty of (1615) 58 Bohemia and the Palatinate 68, Augsburg 122; peace of (1555) 6g, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 87, 12-13, 14 88,94,95; Austria 2,3,9, I I, 15, 18; Catholic League the (160g- the 'hereditary lands in 1600 18- 22) 18,21,41,43,7°,72,73, 208 INDEX

Bavaria - continued relations with Sweden 102, 167, 75, 76,87,92,93,94; 194-5, 197; and the north German cam­ see also Johann Sigismund, George paigns 96, 97, 102, 1°9-10, William, Frederick William 113-14, 121, 129, 154 and the treaties of Dortmund relations with France 129, 168, (1609), Xanten (1614), 169, 170, 171, 172, 179, 181, Prague (1635), Westphalia 182; (1648) and Oliva (1660) Peace of Prague (1635) 143, Brazil 105, 177, 201 15 1- 2; Breda I, 13, 16; 2, 98, 100, 102-3, Peace of Westpahalia (1648) 104, 119, 155 184-5; Breisach 2,15,16,22;9,72,140,146, Conference of Brussels ( 1626) 156, 180, 186 109-10; Breisgau 2,20; 9, 18, 179 Peasa~t revolt: in Austria 75, Breitenfeld 15, 18; 126, 131-2, 168 111; in Bavaria 140 Bremen 3,4,19,20,23; 13,54, 102, invasions of Bavaria 134-5, 103, 123, 144, 169, 173, 180, 156, 168, 169, 171, 172, 179, 185, 189, 200 181, 182; see also Maximilian of Bresse 2; 24-5 Bavaria and the treaties of Brill 6; 32, 48, 51 Ulm (1620), Fontainebleau Brizuela, Inigo de 28, 38 (1631) and Ulm (1647) Brömsebro, treaty of (1645) 172-3, Bedmar, marquis of 57,79,85, 120, 176, 183, 185 136 Brünn 18; 171 Benfeld 15,22; 144, 186 Brussels 2,16; 42,133,143,145,147, Berg 7; 40, 44 15 1 ; Bergen-op-zoom 13; 94, 99 conference of (1626) 143, 145, 147, Bergh, Hendrik van den 33, 119, 15 1 120, 136, 137 Brussolo, treatyof(161O) 42,43,57, Bernard of Saxe-Weimar 133, 140, 58 142, 144, 149, 150, 153-4, Bugey 2; 24-5 155-6, 164 Buquoy, Charles 63,64,65, 70, 71, Blake, Robert 192, 199 75,76,89 Blekinge 4, 19,23; 22, 195 Bohemia 3,9,11,14,15,18,20 Cadiz 106 under Rudolf 18,20-21,60; Cammin 20,21; 180, 185 the revolt against Ferdinand 11 and Carinthia 3; 18, 19 its defeat 60-77, go-I, 154, Carleton, Sir Dudley 44, 51, 57, 58, 185,188; 7°,71,75,78 invasions of 97, 110-1 I, 132, 134, Carniola 3, 18, 19 141, 142, 17 1, 172, 173 Casale 8; 57, 116, 118, 120, 122, Bormio 5; 9, 74, 89 123, 124, 130, 185 Bornholm 195, I g6 Castile 17; 112, 138, 158, 159, 160 Bouillon, duke of 5°,67,93,94 Catalonia 17; 112, 138, 158-g, 163, Brabant 1,6,13; 2, 138 177, 199,200, 201 Brandenburg 14, 15, 18, 20; 110, Catholic League 18,21,41,43,7°, 123, 166, 173, IBo, 187 72, 73, g6, 97, 102, 109-10, Jülich-Cleves 40-44, 185; 113-14, 129, 154; see also INDEX 2°9

Bavaria and the treaty of Ulm Danzig 4,23; 21, 22, 46, 189, 195 (r620) Davos 5; 26, 60, 89 Charles I, king of England 98, 10 I, Denmark 4,14,23 106, 108, 112, 113, 156, 157, Christian, king of 53; 161, 176, 191 campaigns in north Germany Charles, duke ofLorraine 133,137, 1°7-8, 1 10-2 I passim; 146, 153 relations with Charles Emmanuel, duke of England 102, 107--8; Savoy 13, 17,24-5,41,42, Spain 157; 57,58,65,66-7,74,95,101, Sweden 22-4,54,169-73,176, 105, 116, 118, 130 195-7; Charles Louis, elector Palatine 156, United Provinces 45, 46, 54, 179, 181, 185 1°7-8,114,172,173,176,195, Cherasco, treaty of (1631) 130, 185 196; Christian 11, elector of Saxony 17 sec also Christian IV, Frederick 11, Christian IV, king ofDenmark 53- the Sound and the treaties of 4,78,102-21 passim, 152, 157, Knäred (1613), The Hague 169-70, 172, 173, 176 (1626), Lübeck (1629), Christian of Anhalt 16-17, 20, 36, Brömsebro (1645), Roskilde 58,61,65,66,69,76, 108 (1659) and Copenhagen Christi an of Brunswick 87, 93, 94, (1660) 96, 97, 98, 108, 109, 110 Divots 43, 95, 98, 106, 120, 124 Christina, queen of Sweden 139, Dessau 14; 104, 110 153, 169, 172, 180, 189, 193, Deulino, treaty of (1618) 55 194 Diest, mutinies of 29, 30, 34 Chur 5; 26, 60 Donauwörth 3,15; 15, 142, 172 Cleves 2,6,7,13,20,21;9,14,28,33, Dortmund 122; 34,40-4, 100, 166, 180, 185 treaty of (16°9) 41 Coblenz /0; 75 Downs, the 157 Coeuvres, marquis of 99, 101, 107 Dresden 15; 139, 141 Cologne 2,3, 7, /0, 15, 16, 20; 9, 13, Dunes, the 200 14,15,40,43,67,96,132,151, Dunkirk 1,6,16,20; 10,29,96, 155, 181,200 176, 181, 199,200; Compiegne, treaty of (1624) 99; privateers of 29, 96, 109, 128, (1635) 145--6, 152 138, 155, 157, 176, 199 Conde, prince of 161, 163, 172, 198, 199,200 East India Company (Dutch) 4,37, Constance, lake 9,95, 140 46-7, 82, 177, 178, 186, 191 Copenhagen 19, 23; 159, 195; Ebersdorf, compact of (1634) 143, treaty of (1660) 196 146 C6rdoba, Gonsalez de 86, 87, 92, Ehrenbreitstein /0, 15; 75, 132 93,96-7, 116, 118, 120 Eibe, R. 9, JI, 14, 18,20,21,23; 54, Cromwell, Oliver 192, 199, 200 103, 104, loB, 110, 113, 123, Cu eva, cardinal; see Bedmar 138, 153, 180, 185 Elbing 4; 102, 122 Dampierre, Henry Duval 59, 63, 67 Elizabeth, daughter of James I 56, Danube, R. 2,3,9, JI, 15, 18; 90, 76, n, 78, 83, 87 132, 133, 135, 142, 166, 172 Emmerich 7; 44, 85 210 INDEX

Empire, Holy Roman Enghien, see Conde constitution and problems in EJlgland 1600 1-18; relations with Bohemia and the Jülich-Cleves 41-4; Palatinate 56,65---66, 70, 72, election of Ferdinand 11 68--g; n 78,87,88,94; Ferdinand 111 154; Leopold Denmark 102, 107-8; I 200 France 32, 37, 112, 199, 200; Bohemia and the Palatinate 60- Jülich-Cleves 41-4; 78 passim, 85---go passim; Spain 32-3,37,55-7,66,88,95, Mantua 116, 118, 120, 123, 124- 98, 101-2, 106, 156-7, 199- 5, 127, 130; 200; North German campaigns of United Provinces 47, 48, 66, 73, Christian IV, Tilly and 77, 78,88, 175-6, 19 1- 2; Wallenstein loB-lO, 113- see also James I, Charles I, and the 16, 118-19, 121 treaties of Hampton Court Edict of Restitution (1622) 122- (1604), London (1604), The 3, 125-9; Hague (1625), and West­ Diet of Regensburg (1630) 123- minster (1654). 4; Ernest of Bavaria 15, 43, 108 (1636) 154; Ernest ofBrandenburg 41,43 (1640) 165---6, 167; Estonia 4, 23; 22, 55 Campaigns ofGustav Adolf 126- Evangelical Union 17, 41, 43, 56, 7, 129-34, 134-5, 136; 58, 65, 66, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, Heilbronn League 140-1, 143, 77, 78,86,87, 154; see also the 144; treaty of Ulm (1620) and the PeaceofPrague (1635) 143,151- Accord of Mainz (162 I ) 2; Swedish campaigns, (1635-48) Fadinger, Stefan I I I 152-3, 154, 155, 164-8, 16g- Fargis, marquis of 107 173, 182; Ferdinand 11, emperor 21, 5~, Diet of Mülhausen (1627) 113, 61-77 passim, 90, 94-5, 109, 124; 111,113, 116, 120-5, 129, 130, the Rhineland and Bavaria (1638- 134,140-1, 143,146, 154, 187; 48) 156, 168, 169, 171, 172, see also Austria and Empire, 179, 181, 182; Holy Roman Peace of Westphalia, negotiations Ferdinand 111, emperor 104, 123, and terms 167, 168, 171, 140, 14 1, 142, 143, 15 1, 154, 173, 179-90; 165, 168, 17 I, 172, 173, 188, see also Austria, Bohemia, Saxony, 189, 200; see also Austria and Palatinate, Bavaria, Bran­ Empire, Holy Roman den burg, Rudolf, Matthias, Ferdinand, cardinal-infant 138, Ferdinand 11, Ferdinand 111, 140, 14 1, 142, 143, 144, 145, Leopold land the treaties 151, 153, 154, 155, 160, 161; of Augsburg (1559), Graz see also Spain (1617), Lübeck (1629), Reg­ Feria, duke of 74, 79, 88, 89, 101, ensburg (1629), Cherasco 14° (1631) and Ebersdorf (1634) Feuquieres, marquis of 139, 141 Engadine, R. 5; 26, 89 Filaret 55, 136 INDEX 211

Finland 4; 23, 55 Westphalia (1648), and Flanders 1,6; 2, 9, 33, 40, 94, 175 Pyrenees (1659) Flushing 6; 32, 48 Franche Comte 2,22; 9,25,75, 183, Fontainebleau, treaty of ( 1631) 129 189 France 17, 22; Franconia 15,20; 12 3, 132, 133, 139, divots 43,95, 98, 106, 120, 124; 142, 150, 151, 181 Huguenots 67, 79, 95, 107, I 10, Frankenthai 10, 12; 87, 92, 94, 189 112, 118, 120-1, 127; Frankfurt 10, 15; 71, 75, 132, 133, Financial and administrative con­ 139, 144, 152, 168 sequences of warfare 148-9, Frederick 11, king ofDenmark 195; 161-3, 182-3; see also Denmark The Fronde 182-3, 197-9; Frederick IV, elector Palatine 15- Relations with Bavaria 129, 168, 17, 43; see also Palatinate 169, 170, 17 1, 172, 179, 181, Frederick V, elector Palatine 56, 182; 65,68,69,7°,71,72,73,75, Bernard of Saxe-Weimar 144, 76,77,78,79,83,87,88,92-4, 154, 156; 95, 100, 102, 133; see also Bohemia and the Palatinate Palatinate 67, 71, 73. 79; Frederick Henry, prince of England 32,37, 112, 199,200; Orange 102, 113, 119-20, North Italy 24-7, 42, 43, 59, 136,137,138-9,144,15°,151, 74,89,95-6,101, 106-7, 116, 155,161,175,176,177;seealso 118,120,123,124-5,127,13°, U nited Provinces 149, 150, 154; Frederick William, elector of Poland 71, 122, 136, 152; Brandenburg 166-7, 168, Spain 43, 98-9, 101, 106-7, 179, 180, 185, 189, 194, 195, 118, 146-7, 149-51, 153-4, 197; see also Brandenburg 156, 159, 168, 169, 17 1, 172, Friedland 1I, 14, 15; 91, 103, 179,180,181,182, 183, 185-6, 124, 129, 134, 140, 14 1 197-201 ; Friesland I, 6, 7, 13; I, 34, 40 Sweden 122, 129, 132, 133, Fuenterrabia 17; 156, 159 145-6, 155, 170, 172-3; Fuentes, count of 25-7, 59, 79 United Provinces 32,37-8,98, 99, 1°7, 144-5, 176, 178; see Gabor, Bethlen, prince of also Henry IV, Louis XIII, Transylvania 67,7°,71,77, Louis XIV, Marie de Medici, 89,9°,97, 104, 108, 110, 111, Anne of Austria, Richelieu, 17 1 Mazarin and the treaties of Gallas, Matthias 141,150,153,154, Vervins (1598), Lyons (1601), 155, 169 Hampton Court (16°4), Gaston ofOrieans 12 7, 133, 137 Brussolo (1610), Paris (1623), Gelderland 1,6, 13; I, 2, 35, 51, 59, Compiegne (1624), Monzon 82 (1626), Regensburg (1630), Genoa 2,8;9,25,31,34,41,57,101, Barwalde ( 1631 ) , Cherasco 116 (1631), Fontainebleau (1631), George William, elector of Branden­ Vic (1632), Heilbronn (1633), burg 113, 12 3-5, 130, 133, Paris (1634), Compiegne 139, 15 1- 2, 166, 167; see also (1635), Hamburg (1638), Brandenburg 212 INDEX

Gex 2; 24-5 Hesse 14, 15; 108, 110, 133; Ghent 6; 28, 176 -CasseI 200; Göding 1/; 97 -Darmstadt 131 Gondomar,countof 56-7,72-3,78, Heyn, Piet 119, 177 79,88,98 Hildesheim 3, 14; 110, 151 Gotland 19, 23; 169, 172, 185 Hochst 12; 93 Gradisca 59, 9 I Holland 1,6,7,13; 1,24,37,51,82, Gravelines 22; 10, 175, 200 174,175,176,177,190-1,192; Graz, treaty of (1617) 61,64,96 see also United Provinces Gresin, pont de 2; 25, 31 Holstein 14, 19, 23; 54, I 13, 121 Grisons 2,5; 9, 26-7, 59-60,74,88, Horn, Gustav 140, 142, 169 95, 96, 107, 149, 154; see also Huguenots 67,79,95, 107, 110, I 12, treaties of Madrid (1621), 118, 120-1, 127 Milan (1622), Paris (1623), Hungary 3,9, 1/, 14, 18; 18-19, 20, and Monzon (1626). 69, 70, 7 I, 76, 89-go, 97, 100, Groll 6,13; 34, 113, 116 104, 110-11, 113, 143, 154, Groningen I; I, 35 171-2, 173, 188; see also Gustav 11 Adolf, king ofSweden 24, Transylvania, treaty of 52-5,91-2,102, "5, 121, 122, Nikolsburg (1622) and treaty 125-6, 129-36, 137, 142, 197; of Linz (1645) see also Sweden Gustav Ericksson, king of Sweden Ingolstadt 15, 132, 134 22, 23, 53 James I, King of England 32, 33, Hague, alliance of the (1625) 107- 48, 49, 56, 57, 65, 66, 70, 72, 8, 110 73,77,78,87,88,94,101,102; Halberstadt 3,14,18,20,21; 13,87, see also England 104, 123, 144, 166, 180, 185 Jägerndorf, margrave of 67, 77, 79, Halland 4, 19,23; 22, 173, 185, 195 89,9°,97 Hamburg 18; 167, 169, 189; Jankau 18; 171, 172 treaty of (1638) 155, 164 Jemteland 19,23; 172, 173, 189 Hanse (Hanseatic League) 22, 44, Jenatsch, Jurg 60, 88, 89, 149, 154 45, 46, 54, 71, 109-10, 114, Johan Sigismund of Branden- 115, 123 burg 4 I, 44, 68, 69 Hampton Court, treaty of (1604) 32 John George, e1ector of Saxony 68, Heidelberg 3, 10, 12, 15; 16, 56, 70, 69, 73, 75, 90, 95, 102, I 13, 72,87,93,94, 132 122, 123, 125, 129, 130, 132, Heilbronn 15; 78 133, 135, 139, 143-4, 15 1- 2, league 01 (1633) 139, 140, 14 1-3, 167, 173, 179, 185; see also 144, 145; see also Saxony (1634) John William, duke of Jülich 41 Heiligenhafen 14; 113 Joseph, Pere 123, 124, 125 Henry IV, king ofFrance 1,2,17, Jülich 2,7; 9, 14, 34, 40-4, 65, 86, 24-5,31,32,35,36,37,40-2; 96, 189 see also F rance Jutland 14, 19; 113, 169, 170, 172, Herjedalen 19,23; 172, 173, 185 195 s'Hertogenbosch 13, 20; 119-20, 128, 141, 155, 178, 186 Kar!, king of Sweden 22-4, 52 INDEX 21 3

KarI X Gustav, king ofSweden 189, LouisXIV,kingofFrance 171,198, 193, 194-6, 197; see also 200,201 Sweden Louvain 16; 150, 151 Katschenbroda, treaty of (1645) Lübeck 14; 54, 113, 189; conference 173 of (1628) 11 4; treaty of Kiel 14, 19; 114, 169, 170 (1629) 121 Klostergrab 9; 62 Lusatia 3,9, II, 20; 18, 67, 68, 73, Knäred, treaty of (1613) 54 75, 114, 185, 188 Kolberg Heath 19, 23; 170 Lutter 14; I 10 Kreuznach 10; 75, 78 Lüzen 15; 135 Luxembourg 2, 7, 16; 9, 42, 150, Languedoc 1°7, 121, 137, 149 15 1,200 LaRochelle 110,112, "3,"8,120, Lyons, treaty of (1601) 25,31,57 149 Leipzig 130, 131, 168; Maas, R. 1,6,7,13,16; 1,28,33, conference of ( 163 I ) 129 119, 137 Leopold, archduke (Leopold I) Maastricht 7, 13, 16, 20; 43, 137, 144, 167, 178,200 144, 150, 151, 155, 178, 186 Leopold, archduke, bishop of Passau Madrid, treaty of ( 162 I ) 89, 107 and Strassburg 41, 42, 60, Magdeburg 3,14,15,18,20,21; 13, 72, 87 104, 12 3, 130, 133, 144, 152, Lens 20; 178, 182, 198 180, 185 Lerma, duke of 27-39 passim, 42, Mainz 3, 10, 15, 16, 78, 132, 146, 63-4, 80-1 151, 160, 168,200 Lesdiguieres, duke of 58, 101 Accord of (162 I) 78 Letter 01 Majesty 2 I, 62, 63, 68, 76, Mannheim 10,12,15;87,93,94,132 go, I I I Mansfeld, Ernst von 65, 66, 6g, 75, Liege 2,3, 7, 22; 9, 15, 42, 96 76, 77, 79, 87, 9~ 91, 92, 93, Liguria 2, 8; 9, 24, 25, 57 94, 95, 98, 10 I, 103, 104, 108, Liechtenstein, KarI von 90, 91 110, 164 Linz 111; Mantua 8; 14, 58, 116, 118, 120, treaty of (1645) 172 12 3, 124-5, 130, 141, 185 Lithuania 4, 2 I, 122 Marie de Medici 42-3, 127 Livonia 4, 23; 55, 92, 126, 152, Mark 7,20,21; 40, 44, 180, 185 196 Martinitz, Jaroslav von 61-2, 90 Lobkowitz, Zdenec 20,61-2,68,90 Masaniello, Tommaso 181-2 London, treaty of (1604) 32 Matanzas Bay 119 Lorraine 2, 15, 16,20,22; 9, 10,94, Matthias, emperor 19-21, 43, 60, 133, 137, 146, 148, 150, 155, 61, 62, 63, 65, 188; see also 156,161,181, 185,186;seealso Austria and Empire, Holy CharIes, duke of, treaty ofVic Roman (1632) and treaty of West­ Maurice ofNassau 2,4,29-34,35- phalia (1648) 8,42,44,5°-2,56,7°,75,83- Louis XIII, king of France 43, 59, 4,85,94,97,98,100,102,151, 69,71,73,74,79, 101, 106-7, 191; see also Uni ted Provinces 118, 123, 124, 125, 127, 129, Maximilian, duke ofBavaria 15,18, 132, 145, 146, 148, 153, 159, 2 I, 43, 68, 69, 72, 73, 75, 76, 163; see also France 77,79,87,88,94,95,96, 102, 21 4 INDEX

Maximilian - conlinued Nördlingen 15, 142, 143, 144, 146, 105, 109-10, I I I, 113, 114, 149,15°, 161, 172 121, 122, 129, 134, 135, 140, Novgorod 4; 54, 55 143, 152, 166, 168, 169, 170, Nuremberg 3, 15, 18; 17, 71, 135, 172, 179, 181, 182, 184 166, 189 Mecklenburg 14, 15; 110, 113, 114, 115, 119, 124, 129, 133 Oder, R. 9, 11,20,21,23; 180, 185 Melo, Francisco de 163 Oise, R. 153, 163 Memel 4,23; 102, 122 Oldenbarneveldt,Jan van 2,29,32, Mercy, Franz von 168, 169, 171, 35-8, 49-52, 66; see also 17 2 United Provinces Mergentheim 18; 172 Oliva 23 Metz 2, 20, 22; 9, 148, 179, 186, treaty of (1660) 196 200 Olivares, Gaspar de Guzman 81, Michael Romanov, tsar of 87,88,95-6, 105, 107,108-10, 55 112, 114, 116, 119, 122, 128, Milan 2,5,8; 25, 26, 27, 41, 42, 57, 138, 156-7, 159, 160, 163; see 63, 116, 123, 149, 150, 154; also Spain articles of (1622) 89, 95 Onate, count of 59,61,63, 71, 72, Minden 20,21; 151, 180, 185 79, 140 Montesclaros 201 Oppenheim 10, 12; 75, 78,93 Montferrat 8; 24,57, 116, 118, 130, Oquenda, Antonio de 156-7 183 Osel 19,23; 16g; 172, 185 Monzon, treaty of (1626) 107, 118 Osmanli Turks I, 18--g, 97, 104, Moravia 3,9,11, 14, 18,20; 18, 20, 14 1, 154, 188 21,64,67,68,7°,76,77,89, Osnabrück 18,20;97,167,168,183, 97,98,100,110,167,171,172, 184, 189; for treaty of see 185, 188 Westphalia Moriscos 38--g Ostend 6; 29-31,32,96 Moyenvic 20,22; 179, 186 Osuna, duke of 59, 79 Mülheim 7; 43 Overijssel 1,6,7, 13; I, 2, 33, 34, 35, Mülhausen, diet of (1627) 113, 124 40, 82, 86, 113 Munich 3, 15; 15, 134 Oxenstierna, Axel 52, 53, 54, 126, Münster 2, 10, 18; 9, 87, g6, 167, 133,139,142,144,152-3,155, 168, I 71, 183; IGg, 172, 173, 193; see also treaty of (1648) 177--g Sweden treaty of (1648); see Westphalia Paderborn 10, 20; 87, 184 Naples 59, 63, 181-2 Palatinate 3,9, 10, 11, 12,20 Navarre 17; 158, 171 Frederick IV and the Evangelical Netherlands, Spanish; see Spain Union 15-17 Neuberg 3; see Wolfgang Wilhelm Frederick V and Bohemia 61-77 Neuhäusel 14; 89, 110 passim Nevers, duke of 67, 71, 116, 120, Campaigns in Palatinate 75, 78, 123, 124, 130, 185 86-7, 92-6, 132, 143 Nieuwpoort 6; 29, 30 Charles Louis and Peace of Nikolsburg II Westphalia (1648) 179,181, treaty of (1622) 90 185 INDEX 21 5

Relations with IV and the treaties ofDeulino England 56, 65-6, 70, 72, 77, (1618), Altmark (1629), 78,87,88,94,98; Stuhmsdorf (1635) and Oliva United Provinces 66, 70, 71, ( 1660) 73, 75, 77, 82 Polyxena, wife ofLobkowitz 20,62, see also Frederick IV, Frederick V, 9° Charles Louis and the treaty of Pomerania 14, 15, 18,20; 126, 127, Rivoli (1619) 15 1, 152, 155, 166, 180, 185, Pappenheim, Godfrey 130-1, 132, 187, 194, 195, 196; 135, 137, 14 1 East Pomerania 21,23; 18S; Paris 16, 22; 153, 154, 170; West Pomera 21, 23; 185, 187, treaty of (1623) 95,96,98; 194, 195, 196 treaty of (1634) 144 Portugal 17; 138, 158, 159-60, 177, Pauw, Adrian 145, 17 1, 178 200-1 Pavia 8; Prague 3,9, 11,14,15,18,20; 19,20, treatyof( 161 7) 58,65 60,62,63,76,77,9°,110,132, Pernambuco 128, 138, 159 134, 142; treaty of Philip 11, king of Spain 1-7, 19 (1635) 151-2, 166, 167 Philip 111, king of Spain I, 7, 18, Pressburg 62, 89 27-39 passim, 43, 49, 64, 68, Prussia, East 4, 21; 2 I , 69, I 13, 126, 70, 71, 72, 77, 80, 81, 84; see 136, 194, 195, 196 also Spain Pyrenees, treaty of (1659) 200-1 Philip IV, king ofSpain 43,81,85, 94,96,99, 100, I I I, 114, 116, Raleigh, Sir Walter 56 119, 121, 134, 143, 144, 159, Rambervillers 20, 22: 179, 186 163, 17 1, 198, 199,200,201; Rammekens 6; 32, 48, 155 see also Spain Ravensberg 7, 20, 21; 40, 44, 18o, Philippsburg 15,22; 132, 142, 18o, 185 186 Rees 7; 44, 85 Piccolomini, Ottavio 141,143,150, Regensburg 15, 18; 134, 135, 140, 15 1, 153, 154, 155, 167, 169 162; Pillau 4,23; 102, 122 Diet of (1622) 94; Pilsen 9; 64, 65, 69, 75, 76, n (1630) 123-4; 14 1 (1636) 154; Pinerolo 8; 123, 124, 130, 186 (1640) 165-6,167; Pirna, preliminaries of (1634) 143, treaty of (1630) 124, 125, 127 145, 15 1, 152 Reichenberg 11; 91, 1°3 Plan ta family 26, 59, 74, 88 Restitution, edict of (1629) 122-3, Poland 4,9, 11, 14,21; 125, 126, 129, 132, 141, 143, posi tion and trade 2 1-2; 154, 184 relations with France 71, 122, Rheinberg 13; 28, 34, 138 136, 152; Rheinfelden 16; 156 Habsburgs 22 109-10; Rhine, R. 1,2,3,6,7,10,12,13,14, Russia 52, 54-5, 136; 15, 16, 22; I, 9, 28, 34, 44, 75, Sweden 22,55,91-2, 113, 122, 87,94,128,133,15°,151,180, 136, 152, 194-5, 197; 200; League of Rhine Princes United Provinces 122, 136 200 see also Sigismund III, Wladislau Rhöne, R. 2, 8; 24, 25, 57, 121 INDEX

Richelieu, cardinal 98, 10 I, II 8, Sigismund 111, king of Poland 22, 120, 123, 124, 127, 129, 130, 23, 24, 52, 54-5, 69, 71, 110, 132, 133, 137, 140, 142, 144, 113, 115, 121, 136 145-7, I 48-g, 155, 156, 160, Silesia 3,9,11,14,18,20; 67, 68,77, 161, 162, 163, 164; see also 90,97,102, 1°4,108,110,113, France 141, 167, 169, 171, 180, 185, Riga 23; 55, 92 188 Rivoli, treaty of (1619) 66 Skäne 4,19,23; 22, 169, 170, 195 Rocroy 16; 163, 168, 175, 198 Slavata, William 61-2, 90 Rohan, duke of 1°7,121, 149, 154 Sluys 6; 29, 31, 32,78,86 Rosicrucianism 16, 65, 69 Smolensk 55, 136, 152 Roskilde, treaty of (1659) 195 Sound, the 19,23; 45, 46, 54, 114, Rostock 14,23; 113, 115, 126 121, 157, 169, 172, 173, 195, Roussillon I7; 156, 159, 161,200 196 Rudolf 11, emperor 14, 15, 18-21, Spain 17; 4 I , 60, 188; see also Austria and Finances 34-5, 37, 86-7, 112, Empire, Holy Roman 138, 158, 181; Rügen 14,20,23; 115, 126, 180, 185 revolts of Catalonia, Naples and Russia 4; 22, 52, 54-5, 194, 195, Portugal 158-60, 181-2, 196 199-201 ; the 'Obedient Provinces' of the St Clemente, count of 19-24, 109 Spanish Netherlands 27-39 Savoy 2,8; passim,85, 119-20, 128, 136- relations with Bohemia 65, 66-7; 8,151; France 24-5,41-3,95, 118, 130, Communication with the Spanish 150, 156; Netherlands 7-10; Spain 9, 42, 43, 57-8, 74, 101, Importance of the Holy Roman i16; Empire to Spain 13-I 4; see also Charles Emmanuel, Victor colonies 6, 79, 8 I, 105, 159; Amadeus and the treaties of Moriscos 38-g; Lyons (1601) Brussolo (1610) Dutch Revolt I-lI Asti (1615) Pavia (1617) war with the United Provinces Rivoli (1619) Paris (1623) and (1600-0g) 28-34; Cherasco (1631) the Twelve Years Truce (160g- Saxony 3,9,11,15, 18,20; 21) 34-g, 79-82,84; electoral family I 7 war with the United Provinces relations with Empire 68, 69, 73, (1621-2) 85-6,94; 75,95, 139, 143-4, 15 1- 2; (1623-5) 96,98, 100, 102; Sweden 102, 129, 130-2, 133-4, (1628-33) 119-20,128,136-8; 139, 143, 15 1, 173; (1635-g) 149-51, 153-5, 157; Peace ofWestphalia (1648) 185; (1643-8) 163,175,176,178; see also Christian 11, John treaty of Münster (1648) I 74-g, George, treaty of Prague 186; (1635) and treaty ofKatschen­ war in the Rhineland 75,78,86- broda (1645) 7,92-5; Scheldt, R. 6, 13, 10, 38, 178 Brussels, conference of (1626) Schenkenschans 6, 16; 34, 151, 154 143-7; Schlick, count von 61,62, 6g Relations with Austria and INDEX 21 7

Spain - continued Styria 3; 18, 19 Bohemia 18-21, 60-2, 63- Sundgau 22; 61,179,185,188 74,76-7; Swabia 20; 123, 139, 151, 181 Denmark 157; Sweden 4, 19, 23 England 32-3, 37, 55-7, 66, dangers and difficulties (1610) 88,95,98, 101-2, 106, 156-7, 22-4; 199-200; (1635) 152-3; France 43, 98--g, 101, 106-7, (1650) 193-4 118, 146-7, 148~4 passim, Campaigns of Gustav Adolf in 168-73 passim, 17g--g

Tilly - continued treaty of Münster (1648) 174- 113,125,129,130,131-2,134; 9,186; see also Bavaria the Golden Age 190; Torstensson, Lennart 167-8, 16g, Relations with Bohemia and the 17 1, 197 Palatinate 66,7°,71,73,75, Toul 2, 10, 22; 9, 179, 186, 200 770 82 Transylvania 9; 19, 6g, 70, 71,171; Denmark 45, 46, 54, 107-8, see also Gabor and treaties of 114, 172, 173, 176, 195, Nikolsburg (1622) and Linz 196; (1645) England 47,48,66, 73, 77, 78, Trautmannsdorf, Maximilian von 88, 175-6, 191-2; 173, 179, 180, 183, 188 France 32, 37-8, 98, 99, 1°7, Trier 2,3,10,15,16; 9,75,124, 132, 144-5,176, 178; 147, 151, 200 Jülich-Cleves 40-4; Tromp, Martin 157, 191, 192 Poland 122, 136; Tschernembl, George 20,67, 76 Sweden 54,121, 122, 125, 132, Tserclaes, mme de 83, gB 172, 173, 176, 195, 196; Turenne, vicomte of 156,161,172, see also Maurice of Nassau, 198 Frederick Henry, William 11, Twelve Years Truce (1609) 34-9, Oldenbarneveldt and the 41, 49, 50, 79-84 treaties of Hampton Court Tyrol 2,3,5, 8; 9, 18, 26, 74, 142, (1604), Xanten (1614), 149 Compiegne (1624), The Hague (1625), Westphalia Ulm 3,20; 17, 190; (1648) and Westminster treaty (1620) 73, 75; (1654) (1647) 181 Usedom 15, 20, 23; IBo, 185 United Provinces 1,2,3,21; Utrecht 1,6,7,13; 1,98,100,178 attitudes to Spain 3-4,82-3, 138, 174-8; Valtelline 2,5,8; 9, 26-7, 5g--60, 74, attitudes to Roman Catholics 37, 85-9, 92, 95-6, gB, 99, 100, 49-50,82, 120, 136, 137, 138, 101, 106-7, 120, 142, 149, 154 145; Venice 5,8; 17,26,27,58-9,89,95, Arminianism 48-50, 5 I; 149; fishing and commerce 22, 44-8, see also treaty of Paris (1623) 95 54, 66, 73, 77, 82, 88; Verden 19,20,23;54,151,173,180, warwithSpaintol609 1-11,28- 186,200 34 passim; Verdun 3,20,22; 9, 179, 185,200 Twelve Years Truce 34-9,41,49, Vervins, treaty of (1598) I, 10,28 50, 79-84; Vic 13S; domestic affairs ( 1609-2 I ) 44- treaty of (1632) 133 52; Victor Amadeus, duke of Savoy war with Spain (1621-22) 85-6, 130, 156 94; Vienna 3,9,14,18; 18, 19,62,65,67, (1623-5) 96, 98, 100, 102; 108, 110, 111, 135, 141, 167, (1628-33) 119-20,128,136-8; 17 1 (1635-9) 149-51, 153-5, 157; Villafranca, marquis of 58, 79 (1643-8) 163, 175, 176, 178; Vosges Gap 16; 146, 150, 153 INDEX 219

Waal, R. 6,16, 28, 33, 34, 151 Wismar 14, 20, 23; 102, 113, 114, Walcheren 13; g6, 101 115, 126, 180, 185 Wallenstein, Albrecht (Waldstein) Witt, John de 192, 199 59,91,92,97,1°3-4,1°5,108, Witte, Hans de 91, 104, 124 log, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, Wittstock 18; 153, 154 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, Wladislau IV, king of Poland 52, 125, 129, 132, 134, 135, 137, 54-5, 136, 194 140-1, 154, 164, 16g Wolfgang Wilhelm ofNeuburg 17, Werth, Johann von 153, 154, 155, 41,43,44,96; 168, 169, 17 I, 172, 181 see also the Treaties of Dortmund Wesel 6,7,10,13;28,44,75,82,119 (1609) anti Xanten (1614) West India Company (Dutch) 4, Wöllin 20, 23; 180, 185 37, 38, 47, 50, 82, 105, 119, Worms 10; 78, 146 128, 138, 144, 178, 186 Wrangel, Kar! Gustav 136, 167, Westminster, treaty of (1654) 192 16g Westphalia 87,93, 121; Württemburg 3,15; 17,78,143,151 peace negotiations 167, 168, 171, Würzburg 15; 132, 133 173, 179, 18S; treaty terms (1648) 183-7; Xanten 7; treatyof(161 4) 44, 185 comments on treaty 187-1g6 White Mountain, battle oJ the 76, 77, 132 Zabern 16,22; 150, 186 Wiesloch 12; 92 Zeeland 1,6,7,13; 1,2,4,37,59,82, William, duke of Jülich 41 g6, 128, 132, 176, 177, 178 William 11, prince of Orange 161, Zero tin, Kar120, 2 I, 67 178, 190-1 Zuiiiga, Balthasar de 18, 21, 59, Wimpfen 12; 93 60-1,64, 79,81,84,95