DOCSLIB.ORG

CALVING GLACIERS Depth (Hw) Is Linear, and Can Be Simply Expressed As U C = Chw

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CALVING GLACIERS Depth (Hw) Is Linear, and Can Be Simply Expressed As U C = Chw C CALVING GLACIERS depth (hw) is linear, and can be simply expressed as u c = chw. The value of the coefficient c varies greatly in different settings, being highest for temperate gla- Charles R. Warren ciers and lowest for polar glaciers. Also, for any given School of Geography and Geosciences, University of water depth, calving is an order of magnitude faster in St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, UK fjords (Fjords) than in lakes, largely as a result of the effect of the different water densities on the buoyancy Calving glaciers terminate in water and lose mass by calv- forces acting on the ice. Much of our understanding ing, the process whereby masses of ice break off to form of the dynamics of calving glaciers stems from inten- icebergs. Since they may consist of temperate or polar sive studies of a small number of Alaskan glaciers ice, may be grounded or floating, and may flow into the (Alaskan Glaciers), particularly Columbia Glacier and sea or into lakes, many types exist. They are widely dis- LeConte Glacier (Meier, 1997; O’Neel et al., 2001). tributed, but while lake-calving glaciers may exist in any This work established the empirical uc/hw relationship, glacierized mountain range, tidewater glaciers but left the physical processes behind it unclear. Model- (Tidewater Glaciers) are currently confined to latitudes ing has subsequently shown that this relationship, and higher than 45 . Typically, calving glaciers are fast the contrasting calving rates in tidewater and freshwa- flowing and characterized by extensional (stretching) flow ter, can be understood with reference to intricate feed- near their termini, resulting in profuse crevassing backs between calving and glacier dynamics (Crevasses). They usually terminate at near-vertical ice (Dynamics of Glaciers) (Van der Veen, 2002; Benn cliffs, which are typically a few tens of meters in height et al., 2007). In essence, calving rates are controlled but are sometimes as much as 80 m high. Calving activity primarily by variations in longitudinal strain rates and above the waterline comprises a continuum from small ice velocities (especially sliding speeds), which deter- fragments of ice to pillars the full height of the cliff. Below mine the density and depth of crevassing. the waterline much ice may be lost through melting, but, in Calving glaciers are significant for three main reasons: deep water, buoyancy causes infrequent but high magni- tude calving events. In some settings, thermal erosion 1. Glacier dynamics. Calving glaciers comprise the most (melting) at the waterline can cause calving by undercut- dynamic elements of many of the world’s ice masses, ting the cliff. The calving process permits much larger vol- and calving is the major means of ice loss from umes of ice to be lost over a given time than melting; this is the two continental ice sheets of Antarctica and seen spectacularly at the margins of ice shelves (Ice Shelf ) Greenland (Antarctica and Greenland Ice Sheet) from which tabular icebergs (Iceberg) with surface areas (Rignot and Kanagaratnam, 2006). An understanding of many tens of square kilometers can be released. For of calving processes is therefore critical for predicting example, over 35 days in 2002, an area of 3,250 km2 of cryospheric response to future climate change and con- the Larsen Ice Shelf in Antarctica calved catastrophically, sequent sea-level rise; our present limited understand- releasing 720 km3 of ice into the ocean. ing of the links between climate and ice dynamics Glaciers calve faster in deeper water. This correlation hinders such predictions (Nick et al., 2009). During between calving rate (u c in meters per annum) and water the waning stages of Quaternary glacial periods Vijay P. Singh, Pratap Singh & Umesh K. Haritashya (eds.), Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2, # Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 106 CANADIAN ROCKIES AND COAST MOUNTAINS OF CANADA (Quaternary Glaciation), calving was the dominant Cross-references process of mass loss around the midlatitude ice Alaskan Glaciers sheets, and calving processes strongly affected their Antarctica patterns of growth and decay. Armadas of icebergs Dynamics of Glaciers discharged during ice sheet collapses are believed to Fjords have caused global climate change by altering Glacier Lake Outburst Floods oceanic circulation. Calving has also accounted for Global Warming and its Effect on Snow/Ice/Glaciers Greenland Ice Sheet the rapid collapse of ice shelves around the Antarctic Ice Shelf Peninsula in recent decades, most notably the Larsen Marine Ice Sheet ice shelves. Quaternary Glaciation 2. Non-climatic behavior. Calving glacier fluctuations are Sea-Level highly sensitive to topographic controls, with advances Tidewater Glaciers and retreats often being punctuated by stillstands at topographic pinning points – locations of relative narrowing and shallowing. Some tidewater glaciers fluctuate cyclically, in ways unrelated to climate, over CANADIAN ROCKIES AND COAST MOUNTAINS distances of tens of kilometers and over timescales of OF CANADA centuries to millennia. Therefore, neither the contem- porary behavior of calving glaciers nor the geomorpho- John J. Clague1, Brian Menounos2, Roger Wheate2 logical records from past fluctuations can be 1Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, interpreted straightforwardly as indicators of climatic Burnaby, BC, Canada change (Warren, 1992; Vieli et al., 2001). 2Geography Program and Natural Resources and 3. Socioeconomic impacts. Calving glaciers can provide Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern resources for society, but they also represent significant British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada hazards. Resources include tourism and the medium- term possibility of harnessing Antarctic tabular ice- Definition bergs as a source of freshwater, while hazards include 2 icebergs and glacier lake outburst floods (Glacier Lake Alpine glaciers cover about 26,000 km of British Colum- Outburst Floods). With continued global warming bia and westernmost Alberta. The glacier source areas are (Global Warming and Its Effect on Snow/Ice/Glaciers), cirques and plateaus above about 1,500-m elevation in calving may lead to rapid and sustained loss of ice several mountain ranges that trend northwest through the from the marine ice sheet (Marine Ice Sheet) of two provinces. Some glaciers in the Coast and St. Elias West Antarctica, in turn causing global sea-level rise Mountains extend down to elevations below 500 m asl of 3–4 m (Sea-Level). and one (Grand Pacific Glacier) calves into the sea. This article summarizes the distribution of glaciers in British Columbia (B.C.) and Alberta, discusses the mass balance Bibliography and climatology of the glaciers, and describes historical Benn, D. I., Warren, C. R., and Mottram, R. H., 2007. Calving pro- changes in ice cover. cesses and the dynamics of calving glaciers. Earth Science Reviews, 82, 143–179. Meier, M. F., 1997. The iceberg discharge process: observations and Introduction inferences drawn from the study of Columbia Glacier. In van der The total area of glaciers in British Columbia (B.C.) and Veen, C. J. (eds.), Calving Glaciers: Report of a Workshop, 2 Febuary. 28–March 2, 1997. Byrd Polar Research Centre Alberta is about 26,000 km , which is about one quarter Report No. 15. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University, of the area of alpine ice cover in North America, but only pp. 109–114. 0.2% of the total on Earth. The number of glaciers, Nick, F. M., Vieli, A., Howat, I. M., and Joughin, I., 2009. Large- although difficult to establish, is approximately 15,000, scale changes in Greenland outlet glacier dynamics triggered at of which about 1,000 are in Alberta. Nearly 70% of the 2 – the terminus. Nature Geoscience, ,110 114. total glacierized area in B.C. and Alberta is in the Coast O’Neel, S., Echelmeyer, K. A., and Motyka, R. J., 2001. Short-term flow dynamics of a retreating tidewater glacier: LeConte Glacier, Mountains, a series of northwest-trending ranges border- Alaska, U.S.A. Journal of Glaciology, 47, 567–578. ing the Pacific coast and extending about 1,000 km from Rignot, E., and Kanagaratnam, P., 2006. Changes in the velocity the B.C.–Washington border on the south to the B.C.– structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Science, 311, 986–990. Yukon border on the north (Figure 1). The highest peaks Van der Veen, C. J., 2002. Calving glaciers. Progress in Physical in the Coast Mountains are in the southern part of the Geography, 26,96–122. mountain system, culminating in Mount Waddington Vieli, A., Funk, M., and Blatter, H., 2001. Flow dynamics of tidewa- ter glaciers: a numerical modelling approach. Journal of Glaciol- (4,016 m asl). The southern part of the St. Elias Mountains ogy, 47, 595–606. extends into northern B.C. along its border with Alaska, Warren, C. R., 1992. Iceberg calving and the glacioclimatic record. and peaks in that area exceed 4,000 m asl, the highest Progress in Physical Geography, 16, 253–282. being Mount Fairweather (4,663 m asl). CANADIAN ROCKIES AND COAST MOUNTAINS OF CANADA 107 1140°40° 120°W Richardson Mtns. MMackenzie Mountains YUKON a c k OOgilvie Mtns. e g n NORTHWEST TERRITORIES CANADA i z lv SSelwyn Mtns. i i e e e UNITED STATES M M lw o tn y u s n n . M ta t in n s s . St.S Elias Mtns. t. E l ia s NH 60° M tn s . CCassiar Mtns. a s s ia r M tn s . SSkeena Mtns. k e OOmineca Mtns. e Rocky Mountains C n m a in o M e c t a a n s M ALBERTA . s tn s t . H a z e BRITISH l t M o COLUMBIA n Interior Plateau o M t CCariboo Mtns. u n a Pacific s r . ib n o I o Ocean n t M s tn u a s l .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mobility Statistics and Automated Hazard Mapping for Debris Flows and Rock Avalanches
    Mobility Statistics and Automated Hazard Mapping for Debris Flows and Rock Avalanches Scientific Investigations Report 2007–5276 Version 1.1 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Mobility Statistics and Automated Hazard Mapping for Debris Flows and Rock Avalanches By Julia P. Griswold and Richard M. Iverson Scientific Investigations Report 2007–5276 Version 1.1 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008 Revised 2014 This report and any updates to it are available at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5276/ For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS--the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Griswold, J.P., and Iverson, R.M., 2008, Mobility statistics and automated hazard mapping for debris flows and rock avalanches (ver. 1.1, April 2014): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5276, 59 p. Manuscript approved for publication, December 12, 2007 Text edited by Tracey L.
    [Show full text]
  • D3.1 – Technical Evaluation Report of Current Methods of Hazard Mapping of Debris Flows, Rock Avalanches, and Snow Avalanches
    SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME Project no. 018412 IRASMOS Integral Risk Management of Extremely Rapid Mass Movements Specific Targeted Research Project Priority VI: Sustainable Development, Global Change and Ecosystems D3.1 – Technical evaluation report of current methods of hazard mapping of debris flows, rock avalanches, and snow avalanches Due date of deliverable: 31/05/2008 Actual submission date: 15/07/2008 Start date of project: 01/09/2005 Duration: 33 months WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research Revision [2] Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) Dissemination Level PU Public PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME PRIORITY VI Sustainable Development, Global Change and Ecosystems SPECIFIC TARGETED RESEARCH PROJECT INTEGRAL RISK MANAGEMENT OF EXTREMELY RAPID MASS MOVEMENTS WORK PACKAGE 3: HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND MAPPING OF RAPID MASS MOVEMENTS DELIVERABLE D3.1 Hazard mapping of extremely rapid mass movements in Europe State of the art methods in practice Edited by: MASSIMILIANO BARBOLINI UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA OCTOBER 2007 SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME PRIORITY VI - Sustainable Development, Global Change and Ecosystems SPECIFIC TARGETED RESEARCH PROJECT “IRASMOS” Integral Risk Management of Extremely Rapid Mass Movements (contract
    [Show full text]
  • Spring Ski-Ing in Wedge Pass
    ~ "~ Spring Ski-ing ~ "0 l:1 ~ .; ., ~ ~ in Wedge Pass ...0 .2 ., 0 :;; !::.'" '0 By W. A. Don Munday '8.. .." ...Il ., "THOSE things won't be much use here," ~ was the greeting our skis received when .. unloaded from the Paci.6c Great Eastern train '01) '0., at Alta Lake, B.C., the last week in April. ~ .... Wholly novel to local residents seemed the 0 idea of taking ski to the snow; at lake level, .Il 2,200 feet, snow lurked only in sheltered eIl" corners, for the winter's snowfall had been .tJ much less than normal. Bu t we knew the .9 driving clouds hid glacial peaks rising 5,000 to "e 7,000 feet above the lake. Although a few pairs of skis are owned around Alta Lake, the residents seem never to have discovered the real utility or joy of them. The lake is a beautiful still-unspoiled summer resort with possibilities as a winter resort. Our host was P. (Pip) H. G. Brock, the com­ fortable family cottage, "Primrose," being our headquarters. The third member of our party was Gilbert Hooley. The fourth, my wife, was due on the next semi-weekly train. Sproatt Mountain, rising directly for 4,800 feet from the lake, possesses a trail to a prospector's cabin near timberline, and Pip recommended this as a work-out. Scanty sun­ light and generous shadows marched across the morning sky. Half a mile from Primrose we passed the tragic site of the aeroplane crash which took the lives of both Pip's parents the previous summer while he was on a mountain trip with my wife and myself.
    [Show full text]
  • Scottish Coast Range Expedition 2002
    Scottish Coast Range Expedition 2002 West Pillar, Mount Gilbert (Photo: Simon Richardson) Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. The Team 3 3. Gurus, Climbing Literature and Maps 3 4. Climbing 4 5. Conclusion 6 6. Diary of Events 6 7. Expedition Accounts 7 8. Acknowledgments 7 Mt Raleigh, The Cleaver, Mt Gilbert (l-r) (aerial photograph from the west) (Photo: Bivouac.com) Page 2 1. Introduction The primary aim of the expedition was to climb a new line on the unclimbed, 3000’ south face of Mount Gilbert (3098m), situated in the Coast Range of British Columbia, Canada at Lat. 50° 52.0’N, Long. 124° 16.0’W. Secondary objectives included investigating a potential line on the west face of Mount Gilbert as well as other lines on adjacent mountains. 2. The Team Chris Cartwright 39 yr, British, Human Resource Professional Scottish Winter: Approx. 150 new routes, mostly Grade V and above with numerous Grade VII and harder. Highlights include Fubarbundy (VIII 7) on Liathach, Magic Bow Wall (VIII 8) on Sgurr an Fhidhleir, The Crack (VIII 8) on Ben Nevis, The Link Direct (VIII 7) on Lochnagar. Alps: Highlights include ascents of many summer classics plus first ascents of the South Pillar Freney Direct, Crystal Tripper on Aiguille Jardin and winter ascents including the Dru Couloir. Expeditions to Himalayas, Alaska and numerous trips rockclimbing throughout the world. Simon Richardson 43 yr, British, Petroleum Engineer. Scottish Winter: Approx 300 new routes (140 Grade V and harder, 30 Grade VII and harder). Highlights include first ascents of The Cardinal (VIII,8) Beinn a'Bhuird, The Crack (VIII,8) Ben Nevis, Magic Bow Wall (VIII,8) Sgurr an Fhidhleir, Redemption (VIII,7) Lochnagar.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 SUMMIT of EXCELLENCE AWARD Don Serl
    2017 SUMMIT OF EXCELLENCE AWARD Don Serl The Banff Mountain Film and Book Festival is proud to announce Don Serl as the 2017 recipient of the Summit of Excellence Award, which recognizes an individual who has made a significant contribution to mountain life in Canada. Regarded as one of Canada’s most accomplished and prolific mountaineers, Serl has about 200 first ascents to his name. “With the Summit of Excellence Award now being presented to deserving recipients outside of the Canadian Rockies, Don Serl was an obvious and easy choice,” said Nancy Hansen, Summit of Excellence selection committee member. “Over several decades, Don has made significant contributions to Canadian mountain climbing and culture and is humble about his achievements, preferring to discuss new ideas and what others have done. He is a wealth of information about climbing on the West Coast and enjoys sharing his knowledge.” Born in Victoria and raised in Kamloops, Serl discovered a love for the mountains at the age of 25. while working as a chemist in Vancouver. In 1974, Serl trained in the Federation of Mountain Clubs of British Columbia (FMCBC) basic mountaineering course where he said his “energies and imagination were unleashed” and by 1975 he completed his initial first ascent on the north face of Mt Cheam in British Columbia. Since then “he has reigned as the preeminent Coast climber” according to author and climbing peer Chic Scott. Heavily influenced by Canadian climber Dick Culbert, Serl’s horizons opened after an Alpine Club of Canada trip into the multi-summitted Waddington Range, followed by numerous expeditionary trips into remote corners of the Coast Mountains in British Columbia.
    [Show full text]
  • Mount Robson – 1961
    238 T h e A l p i n e J o u r n A l 2 0 1 4 for treason at the Old Bailey in late November 1945, pleading guilty to eight counts of high treason and sentenced to death by hanging. He did TED NORRISH this in order to spare his family any more embarrassment, but the papers at Cambridge show how Amery and his younger son Julian tried every way they could to save his life. Despite a psychiatric report by an eminent Mount Robson – 1961 practitioner, Dr Edward Glover, that he was definitely abnormal with a psychopathic disorder and schizoid tendencies, and the intervention of the South African Field Marshall General Jan Smuts, an AC member, who pleaded directly for clemency with the UK Prime Minister Clement Atlee, it was to no avail. Albert Pierrepoint, the public hangman, described John Amery in his autobiography as the bravest man he had to execute. However, germane to this tragedy, considered by Ronald Harwood as significant to John Amery’s story, is that his father had concealed his part- Jewish ancestry. His mother, Elizabeth Leitner, was actually from a family of well-known Jewish scholars. Leo Amery lost his seat in Parliament in the Labour landslide victory in the General Election of 1945, and refused the offer of a peerage. He was however made a Companion of Honour. Leo kept active in climbing circles almost to the end of his life, ignoring the advice of his old Canadian friend, Wheeler, who, quoting Whymper, advised him in a letter that, ‘a man does not climb mountains after his 60th year’.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change and Hazardous Processes in High Mountains
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2012 Climate change and hazardous processes in high mountains Clague, John J ; Huggel, Christian ; Korup, Oliver ; McGuire, Bill Abstract: The recent and continuing reduction in glacier ice cover in high mountains and thaw of alpine permafrost may have an impact on many potentially hazardous processes. As glaciers thin and retreat, existing ice- and moraine-dammed lakes can catastrophically empty, generating large and destructive downstream floods and debris flows. New ice-dammed lakes will form higher in mountain catchments, posing additional hazards in the future. The magnitude or frequency of shallow landslides and debris flows in some areas will increase because of the greater availability of unconsolidated sediment innew deglaciated terrain. Continued permafrost degradation and glacier retreat probably will decrease the stability of rock slopes. Cambio Climático y peligros naturales en altas montañas. La reciente y continua reducción de la cobertura glaciaria en alta montaña y el deshielo del permafrost pueden tener un impacto negativo en muchos procesos potencialmente peligrosos. A medida que los glaciares reducen su espesor y retroceden, los lagos formados por diques de hielo o morenas pueden vaciarse catastróficamente, resul- tando en grandes y destructivas inundaciones o flujos detríticos río abajo. Nuevos diques de hielo vana formarse en zonas más altas de las cuencas montañosas, generando peligros adicionales en el futuro. La magnitud o frecuencia de movimientos en masa superficiales y flujos detríticos va a aumentar en algunas áreas debido a la mayor disponibilidad de materiales no consolidados en nuevos terrenos desglasados.
    [Show full text]
  • Monarch Mountain, Southwest Face, and Other Ascents
    AAC Publications Monarch Mountain, Southwest Face, and Other Ascents Canada, British Columbia, Coast Mountains ON JULY 28, Micha Rinn from Germany and I flew by helicopter to the col between Monarch Mountain and Page Mountain at the head of the Empire Way Glacier, deep in the Coast Mountains. Our objective was the pronounced spur that runs up the center of the unclimbed 1,250m southwest face of Monarch Mountain (3,555m). It was a line that prompted awe and excitement in equal measure—a veritable Walker Spur leading directly to the summit of the peak. How a Scottish-German climbing team came to know about one of the finest unclimbed features in western Canada requires some explanation. My fascination with Monarch, the second-highest massif in the Coast Mountains, began 20 years ago when Dave Hesleden and I traversed the Serra Group after making the first ascent of the southeast ridge of Asperity Mountain in the Waddington Range. [The route referred to in the AAJ report as the south ridge later came to be called the southeast ridge. It faces more or less south-southeast.]As we tussled with the jagged crest of the Serras, reputedly the most difficult summits in the range, Monarch stood out like a sentinel 70 miles to the north. With a prominence of 2,925m, there is no higher peak until you reach Mt. Fairweather, a thousand miles up the spine of the coastal range. I was smitten by Monarch’s dominance and resolved to climb it. The Coast Mountains had got under my skin, and I made two further trips to the Waddington massif, a couple to the Pantheon Spires, and one to the difficult-to-access Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change and Hazardous Processes in High Mountains
    328 Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 69 (3): 328 - 338 (2012) CLIMATE CHANGE AND HAZARDOUS PRocESSES IN HIGH MOUNTAINS John J. CLAGUE1, Christian HUGGEL2, Oliver KORUP3 and Bill McGUIRE4 1Corresponding author: Centre for Natural Hazard Research, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; email: [email protected] 2Glaciology, Geomorphodynamics and Geochronology, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; email [email protected] 3Earth and Environmental Sciences, Potsdam University, Karl-Liebknechstraase 24 (Hs 27), Potsdam, Germany; email [email protected] 4Aon Benfield UCL Hazard Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK WC1E 6BT; email [email protected] AbSTRACT The recent and continuing reduction in glacier ice cover in high mountains and thaw of alpine permafrost may have an impact on many potentially hazardous processes. As glaciers thin and retreat, existing ice- and moraine-dammed lakes can catastrophi- cally empty, generating large and destructive downstream floods and debris flows. New ice-dammed lakes will form higher in mountain catchments, posing additional hazards in the future. The magnitude or frequency of shallow landslides and debris flows in some areas will increase because of the greater availability of unconsolidated sediment in new deglaciated terrain. Con- tinued permafrost degradation and glacier retreat probably will decrease the stability of rock slopes. Keywords: climate change, natural hazards, landslides, permafrost, glaciers. RESUMEN Cambio Climático y peligros naturales en altas montañas. La reciente y continua reducción de la cobertura glaciaria en alta montaña y el deshielo del permafrost pueden tener un impacto negativo en muchos procesos potencialmente peligrosos.
    [Show full text]
  • Mountaineer INDEX 1967-1980
    1 2 3 4 NOTE : THIS IS A DIGITAL TRANSCRIPTION OF THE ORIGINAL INDEX . The original document was scanned page by page. The results, beginning with this page, were then processed using optical character recognition (OCR) software, edited for accuracy and reformatted in MS Word. A marker is placed beneath the record that ends each page of the original. - Tom Cushing, Mountaineers History Committee, March, 2009 HOW TO USE THE INDEX This index to the Mountaineer Annual is divided into two parts: the Subject Index and the Proper Names Index (PNI). To use this index, find the year of publication of the Annual in dark type followed by a colon and the page number of the citation. Example: Ansell, Julian, 73: 80 (c/n) This means that a climbing note by Julian Ansell can be found on page 80 in the Annual published in 1973. Unnumbered pages are designated by letter and number of the last preceding page: 16, 16A, 16B. WHAT IS IN THE INDEX? The PNI contains all proper names of persons, organizations and places. If names are identical, persons precede places. Included as persons are all authors of articles, poems, and books reviewed, all artists, photographers and cartographers, as well as persons of note written about in the annuals. Authors of climbing notes are indexed. Authors of outing notes, obituaries, and book reviews are not. Maiden and married names, and alternative first and second names are listed as published, with cross-references where known. Included as places in the PNI are all geographical locations and special properties, such as huts or lodges.
    [Show full text]
  • February 28, 1980 Source: the Province, February 28, 1980
    February 28, 1980 Source: The Province, February 28, 1980. Details: February 28, three avalanches closed the Salmo to Creston section of Highway 3. Highway maintenance crews hoped to reopen the highway on February 28. Traffic over the Rogers Pass section of the Trans-Canada Highway was also delayed by avalanche stabilisation work. March 1980 Source: Campbell River Courier-Islander, February 16, 2007. Details: In March, a section of bank let loose, slamming into what was then called the Island Inn Motel and causing extensive damage. March 12, 1980 Source: Campbell River Courier, March 14, 1980; The Campbell River and area Mirror, March 19, 1980. Details: Starting 10 p.m. on March 12, southeast winds caused power outages between Courtenay-Kelsy Bay, including Quadra Island. The Campbell River airport recorded winds as high as 80 km/h. A heavy blanket of wet snow compounded the problem. In the Black Creek and Campbell River area, about 11 cm of snow fell, while the Campbell River airport received 30 cm. At Campbell River’s Tyee Spit, some floatplanes sank under the weight of the snow. A large helicopter was used to raise two of the aircraft. Early June 1980 Source: Victoria Times, June 6, 1980. Details: In early June, heavy rains caused several mud- and debris slides about 25 km north of Lytton. On June 6, this section of the Trans-Canada Highway reopened to one lane traffic. November 1980 Source: The Vancouver Sun, November 28, 1980; January 3, 1981; The Province, December 1 and 10, 1980; January 7, 1981. Details: In November, Vancouver experienced the wettest month in half a century.
    [Show full text]
  • Sedimentology and Geomorphology of a Large Tsunamigenic Landslide, Taan Fiord, Alaska
    ÔØ ÅÒÙ×Ö ÔØ Sedimentology and geomorphology of a large tsunamigenic landslide, Taan Fiord, Alaska A. Dufresne, M. Geertsema, D.H. Shugar, M. Koppes, B. Higman, P.J. Haeussler, C. Stark, J.G. Venditti, D. Bonno, C. Larsen, S.P.S. Gulick, N. McCall, M. Walton, M.G. Loso, M.J. Willis PII: S0037-0738(17)30223-3 DOI: doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.10.004 Reference: SEDGEO 5247 To appear in: Sedimentary Geology Received date: 28 May 2017 Revised date: 5 October 2017 Accepted date: 7 October 2017 Please cite this article as: Dufresne, A., Geertsema, M., Shugar, D.H., Koppes, M., Higman, B., Haeussler, P.J., Stark, C., Venditti, J.G., Bonno, D., Larsen, C., Gulick, S.P.S., McCall, N., Walton, M., Loso, M.G., Willis, M.J., Sedimentology and geomorphol- ogy of a large tsunamigenic landslide, Taan Fiord, Alaska, Sedimentary Geology (2017), doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.10.004 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Sedimentology and geomorphology of a large tsunamigenic landslide, Taan Fiord, Alaska A. Dufresne1*, M. Geertsema2, D.H. Shugar3, M. Koppes4, B. Higman5, P.J. Haeussler6, C. Stark7, J.G.
    [Show full text]