Journal of Language and Volume 10, Number 1, 2020, (pp.37-47)

Glocalization Phase: An Alternative to Develop Comprehensibility in Literary

Zahra Reyhani Monfared1* 1 PhDCandidate in , Institut für Übersetzungswissenschaft and Fachkommu- nikation Stiftung Üniversität Hildesheim Germany

Received: 02 January, 2020 Accepted: 10 May 2020

Abstract In the era, some translation scholars are of the belief that the ongoing process of globaliza- tion among different and diverse languages and cultures brings about incomprehensibility in translation products. By contrast, some others believe that the globalization trend leads to comprehensible transla- tions. The present research investigates the comprehensibility of the Persian translations of the novels The Old Man and the Sea, For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway. To this aim, the translations conducted during two time spans of the second and the third waves of globalization were selected in order to examine whether the globalization trend generated comprehensibility in the translation products. Furthermore, the way comprehensibility was developed in the translations of the novels was explored in this research.

Keywords: Globalization, Glocalization, Culture, Comprehensibility, Incomprehensibility

INTRODUCTION (Gupta 2009, p.95). While Friedman (1994) con- While the traces of globalization are diagnosed in sidered “these developments as globalization all areas of sciences, most translation scholars processes being countered by locally based frag- consider this notion cautiously. The debates over mentations”; Berger (2002) stressed them “as an Translation Studies discipline and globalization interplay of elite globalization with localization, trend have been largely devoted to understanding alternative globalization and sub-globalizations.” of diverse cultures. Some scholars believe that Yet, other theoreticians like Brecher, Childs and different and diverse cultures hinder the homoge- Cutler (1993) considered them “as a process of nization resulting from the globalization trend. globalization from above being countered by They investigate not only “how cultural process- globalization from below” (as cited in Gupta es have been homogenized at a global level” but 2009, p. 95). also how “globalization processes have given rise Gupta (2009)believed that culture “has dis- to more emphatic localized claims” and “have tinct connotations in the disciplinary traditions accessed global visibility” rooted in anthropology and and in the humanities, including literature.” Culture is “the *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] set of values or practices of some part smaller

38 Glocalization Phase: An Alternative to Develop Comprehensibility in Literary… than some whole.” Culture is employed in both tors” (Appadurai 1996, p. 296). Appadurai’s “anthropological sense to mean the values and/or main thesis was that, under globalized conditions, practices of one group as opposed to any other where global cultural flows are demonstrated in group at the same level of discourse (French vs. the mentioned fields “growing disjunctures be- Italian culture, proletarian vs. bourgeois culture, tween ethnoscapes, technoscapes, financescapes, Christian vs. Islamic culture, etc)” and “the mediascapes and ideoscapes” are manifested be- belles-letters sense to mean the ‘higher’ rather cause of deterritorialization of cultural flows and than ‘baser’ values and/or practices within any transnational movements” (p. 301). He also group.” Both stated connotations refer to “what stressed that “the subject matter of cultural stud- some persons feel or do, unlike others who do not ies could roughly be taken as the relationship be- feel or do the same things.” However, from the tween the word and the world”, maintaining that perspective of globalization trend, “there can be “word can encompass all forms of textualized no justification of cultural values and/or practices expression and world can mean anything from other than by reference to some presumably uni- means of production and the organization of life- versal or universalist criteria” (p. 86). worlds to the globalized relations of cultural re- Stuart Hall and Ronald Robertson as sociol- production” (p. 51, italic in the original). ogists and Ulf Hannerz as an anthropologist tried Regarding the concept of globalization, iden- to demonstrate “the cultural effects of globaliza- tity can be portrayed from two different perspec- tion processes from a sociology/ anthropology tives. On the one hand, there is the manner in perspective” (Gupta 2009, p. 86). Each attempted which “globalization is raising the possibility of to consider the recent developments in the hu- transcultural or cosmopolitan identities, which manities. As Gupta (2009) explained in his book are in tune with globalization, which move across “Hall observed that at a grassroots level globali- social and cultural boundaries easily, and which zation had released a powerful space of marginal are ascribable to a global elite.” On the other self-expressions against dominant regimes, ‘a hand, there is the manner in which “non-elite lo- space of weak power but […] a space of power calized and marginal identities react to globaliza- especially' in the contemporary arts’” (p. 86, em- tion processes, oppose these, or cohere into social phasis added). movements that effectively become a globaliza- The incorporation of culture into the “socio- tion from below or alternative globalization” logical/anthropological approach to globaliza- (Gupta 2009, p. 95). tion” is demonstrated in Arjun Appadurai’s work. Gupta (2009) stressed that “sociologists in In this respect, Gupta (2009) stated that “in this particular had a long-drawn interest in identity as contribution to Featherstone’s Global Culture he something that is mediated between individuals had proposed understanding globalization and collectives and society in general” (p. 94). through a juxtaposition of the metaphor of land- Norbert Elias (1991) also attempted to “structure scape on several discursive areas, which he de- the processes between ‘I-identity’ and ‘we- noted in a fairly self-explanatory fashion as eth- identity’ since the 1930s” (as cited in Gupta, noscapes, technoscapes, financescapes, medi- 2009, p. 94). ascapes and ideoscapes” (p. 88, italic in original). George Herbert Mead (1934) also consid- These were considered to portray the fields of ered “social processes that regulate understanding overlapping cultural flows, and in his own words: of selves and the assuming of roles” (as cited in “… these are not objectively given relations Gupta, 2009, p. 94). As Gupta pointed out, “Erv- which look the same from every angle of vision, ing Goffman studied how individuals perform but rather they are deeply perspectival constructs, themselves in everyday life […] and how social inflected very much by the historical, linguistic identity is constructed and what role stigmatiza- and political situatedness of different sorts of ac- tion plays in it.” Since then almost every political

Journal of language and translation, Volume 10, Number 1, 2020 39 theorist, sociologist and anthropologist attempted METHODS to engage “with the question of collective and Corpus marginal identities in contemporary liberal de- The corpus of this study contains the transla- mocracies and in the contemporary internation- tions of the novels The Sun Also Rises, For al/global social order” (Gupta, 2009, p. 94). Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Regarding the notion of globalization and Sea written by Ernest Hemingway cultural differences which can lead into incom- (1926,1940,1952). For each novel, two differ- prehensibility of the translations, some schol- ent translations done during the second and the ars, on the one hand, tapped the newly- third waves of globalization trend were select- introduced concept of glocalization in order to ed in order to examine whether the ongoing develop the comprehensible and fluent transla- process of globalization led to comprehensibil- tions as the result of globalization trend. The ity of the translations. Two time spans being concept of glocalization which was best intro- dealt with were before 1980 which is known as duced by Robertson (1997) as “telescoping the second wave of globalization and after global and local to make a blend” (in Kraidy 1980 which is considered by theoreticians as 2001, p. 33) is considered as a “way of ac- the third wave of globalization. In particular, counting for both global and local, not as oppo- the first translations of the stated novels are as sites but rather as mutually formative, com- follows: 1. ﻣﺮد ﭘﯿﺮ و درﯾﺎ، ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ ﺳﻌﯿﺪی،plementary competitors, feeding off each other (1354) 1975 2. ﻧﺎﻗﻮﺳﮭﺎ ﺑﺮای ﮐﮫ ﺑﮫ ﺻﺪا در ﻣﯽآﯾﻨﺪ،ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ ﻋﻠﯽ ,as they struggle for influence” (Roy 2011 ﺳﻠﯿﻤﯽ، p.24). (1342) 1963 3. ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ ھﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻣﺪ، ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ ر. ﻣﻘﺪم، On the other hand, Pym (2010) stressed 1961 that in the globalization era, the application of (1340) “controlled language” which is “simpler” The second translations which were produced and involves reduced “surface level variation” during the third wave of globalization are as fol- leads to comprehensible translations (p. 124, lows: 1. ﭘﯿﺮ ﻣﺮد و درﯾﺎ، ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺗﻘﯽ ﻓﺮاﻣﺮزی، bold in original). 2006 The present research, hence, sets its objec- (1385) 2. زﻧﮕﮭﺎ ﺑﺮای ﮐﮫ ﺑﮫ ﺻﺪا در ﻣﯽ آﯾﻨﺪ، ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ رﺣﯿﻢ -tive to look into comprehensibility in the trans ﻧﺎﻣﻮر،lations of Ernest Hemingway’s novels. In fact, (1386 )2007 3. ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ ھﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻣﺪ،ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ اﺣﺴﺎن ﻻﻣﻊ، it is an attempt to illustrate how employing glocalization as the distinct strategy in the the- (1389) 2010 oretical framework leads to comprehensibility of the translations. Simply put, this study seeks Methodology to provide the answers to the following ques- As the study aimed to investigate the comprehen- tions: sibility of the translations of the novels written by 1. Does the globalization trend lead to com- Ernest Hemingway done during the second and prehensibility of the translations over time? the third waves of globalization trend and illus- 2. If so, how does comprehensibility devel- trate how the comprehensibility developed in the op in the translations of the novels with respect translations, the following theoretical framework to the process of globalization? was employed for the analysis of the translations of the novels:

40 Glocalization Phase: An Alternative to Develop Comprehensibility in Literary…

Localization GlocalizationGlobalization Self Other Near Self ………..….………….…..Far Self…………..…Far Other ………….……………...….Near Other Domestication(-)……...…...Domestication(+)◄------►Foreignization(+)…………..…....Foreignization(-) Free Translation(-)……....Free Translation(+)◄------►Committed Translation(+)....Committed Translation(-) Addition ◄------► Omission Complexity ◄------► Simplicity Culturally-Oriented ◄------► Neutrally-Oriented Comprehensibility ◄------► Incomprehensibility Specialist Knowledge ◄------► General Knowledge Diverse Equivalent ◄------► Single Equivalent Diverse Translation ◄------► Single Translation

The Space in Between Glocalization (Hybridization or Creolization) Figure 1. The Suggested Theoretical Framework

Data Analysis Comprehensibility in The Old Man and the Sea This study seeks to investigate the comprehensi- The impacts of each strategy on comprehensibil- bility of the translations resulting from globaliza- ity or incomprehensibility of the instances select- tion trend. To this aim, 480 instances were ex- ed from The Old Man and the Sea were demon- tracted randomly from different parts of the trans- strated by percentage in table 1. As illustrated in lations. Then, they were examined using the the table, the strategy of addition in T1 has made methodology delineated above. Since the re- the translation more comprehensible than any search investigated the comprehensibility of the other strategies. However, negative foreigniza- translations, comprehensibility versus incompre- tion has made the highest incomprehensibility in hensibility was not considered as a distinct pole T1. On the contrary, simplicity and neutrally- of translation strategy. In other words, compre- oriented translation have made the highest com- hensibility was considered as an independent var- prehensibility in T2. By contrast, complexity and iable to scrutinize whether the globalization trend culturally-oriented translation strategies have led to comprehensibility of the translations. In made T2 more incomprehensible than other strat- this study, the impacts of other strategies on egies. As the table demonstrates, T1 is more in- comprehensibility of the translations were specif- comprehensible than T2. ically demonstrated.

Journal of language and translation, Volume 10, Number 1, 2020 41 Table 1. Comprehensibility in The Old Man and the Sea %T1 %T2 A Comprehensibility inT1 Incomperhensibility inT1 Comprehensibility in T2 Incomperhensibility inT2 Dom+ 25.00 25.00 50.00 0.00 Dom- 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 For+ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 For- 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Free+ 33.33 6.67 60.00 0.00 Free- 0.00 66.67 0.00 33.33 Com+ 0.00 11.11 55.56 33.33 Com- 0.00 80.00 0.00 20.00 Add 50.00 0.00 50.00 0.00 Omi 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Comp 0.00 50.00 0.00 50.00 Simp 33.33 0.00 66.67 0.00 Cult 0.00 0.00 50.00 50.00 Neut 33.33 0.00 66.67 0.00

Examples IV. How would you like to see me I. “He hasn’t much faith.” bring one in that dressed out over a thou- ?sand pounds او دﯾﻦ و اﯾﻤﺎن زﯾﺎدی ﻧﺪارد. :T1 ﭼﻘﺪر ﺷﺎد ﺧﻮاھﯽ ﺷﺪ وﻗﺘﯽ ﻣﺸﺎھﺪه ﮐﻨﯽ ﻣﺎھﯽ ﺑﺰرﮔﯽ :T1 "ﭘﺪرم زﯾﺎد اﻋﺘﻘﺎدی ﺑﮫ اﯾﻦ ﻛﺎر ﻧﺪارد.":T2 ﺻﯿﺪ ﮐﺮدهام ﮐﮫ ﺑﯿﺶ از ھﺰار ﭘﻮﻧﺪ وزن دارد. The strategy employed in T1 is negative دوﺳﺖ داری آن روزی را ﺑﺒﯿﻨﯽ ﻛﮫ ﻣﻦ ﯾﻚ ﻣﺎھﯽ :committed translation, which leads to incompre- T2 ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮫ ﺑﺎﺷﻢ ﻛﮫ وزﻧﺶ ﺑﯿﺶ از ﭘﺎﻧﺼﺪ ﻛﯿﻠﻮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟ hensibility of the sentence. The second translator employed free translation which leads to com- By the application of domestication strategy the translator ,ﮐﯿﻠﻮ prehensibility of the sentence. This is also an ex- in the translation of pound into ample of diverse equivalent which leads to di- tried to translate T2 neutrally. In this instance, by verse translation. the application of positive domestication strategy, II. it looked like the flag of permanent it is placed Far Self and is truly glocalized. defeat Whereas in the first translation,poundis translated -which is an example of Foreigniza ﭘﻮﻧﺪ into ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﺮﭼﻢ ﻟﺸﮑﺮی ﮐﮫ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮫ در ﺟﻨﮕﯽ ﺷﮑﺴﺖ ﻣﯽ :T1 .tionand considered as Near Other ﺧﻮرد ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﯿﺮﺳﺪ. ”.V. “You are already a man ﺑﮫ ﭘﺮﭼﻢ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ھﻤﯿﺸﮕﯽ ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺴﺖ. :T2 در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺗﻮ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺮد ھﺴﺘﯽ :In the first translation, application of the strat- T1 ﺣﺎﻻ دﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﺮد ﺷﺪه ای :egy of addition made the translation more com- T2 prehensible. Even though free translation is employed in III. But you enjoyed killing the den- the translation of this sentence, it makes the tuso translation comprehensible. However, Negative -committed translation leads to incomprehensibil اﻣﺎ از ﮐﺸﺘﻦ (دن ﺗﻮﺳﻮ) ﻟﺬت ﺑﺮدی . :T1 .ity in T1 اﻣﺎ ﺗﻮ از ﮐﺸﺘﻦ ﮐﻮﺳﮫ دﻧﺪان ﮐﺞ وﮐﻮﻟﮫ (dentuso) ﻟﺬت ﺑﺮدی. :T2 In the second translation, the translator used Comprehensibility in For Whom the Bell Tolls addition strategy, making it comprehensible for Table 2 demonstrates the impact each strategy the target language readers. had in the comprehensibility or incomprehensi- bility of the translations of For Whom the Bell Tolls. The highest comprehensibility in T1 is

42 Glocalization Phase: An Alternative to Develop Comprehensibility in Literary… produced by neutrally-oriented translation strate- and incomprehensibility in T1 shows that incom- gy (33.33%) and the highest comprehensibility in prehensibility in T1 has the highest percentages T2 by positive foreignization (100%), addition of strategies which lead to incomprehensibility (100%) and positive free translation (91.67%). rather than comprehensibility. By contrast, the The highest incomprehensibility developed in T1 comparison of comprehensibility and incompre- by applying negative free translation, negative hensibility percentages in T2 demonstrates that committed translation, omission and culturally- T2 has the highest percentages of strategies oriented translation strategies all at 100%. More- which lead to comprehensibility. Therefore, it is over, the highest incomprehensibility in T2 is concluded that the second translation which was produced by negative foreignization at 16.67%. done during the third wave of globalization trend The comparison of the comprehensibility is more comprehensible than the first translation.

Table 2. Comprehensibility in For Whom the Bell Tolls %T1 %T2 B Comprehensibility Incomprehensibility in Comprehensibility in Incomprehensibility in in T1 T1 T2 T2 Dom+ 16.67 16.67 66.67 0.00 Dom- 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 For+ 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 For- 0.00 83.33 0.00 16.67 Free+ 0.00 0.00 91.67 8.33 Free- 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Com+ 11.11 55.56 22.22 11.11 Com- 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Add 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 Omi 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Comp 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Simp 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cult 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Neut 33.33 0.00 66.67 0.00

positive effect which makes the translation com- Examples prehensible. I. and inside himself he was not smil- II. "But one must move with much ing at all precautions." اﻣﺎ آدم ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ اﺣﺘﯿﺎط ﺑﺠﻨﺒﮫ. :T1 و در دل ھﯿﭻ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺧﻨﺪﯾﺪ. :T1 [ﺑﺎﯾﺪ.…] در ﻋﯿﻦ ﺣﺎل ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ ﺑﻮد. :T2 اﻣﺎ ﻟﺒﺨﻨﺪش از ﺗﮫ دل ﻧﺒﻮد.:T2 This is the instance of committed translation In this example, application of negative com- in T1 and free translation in T2. Even though the mitted translation strategy and unusual syntax first translator employed committed translation made the first translation complex, and the appli- strategy, he could not apply it correctly. As a re- cation of usual syntax by free translation strategy sult, the translated sentence has the negative ef- made the second translation simple. At the same fect which leads to incomprehensibility of the time, T2 is more comprehensible than T2. translation. By contrast, the second translator III. I go to look, not to make disturb- employed the strategy of free translation with ances. ﻣﯿﺮم ﻧﮕﺎه ﮐﻨﻢ. ﻧﻤﯽ رم ﻗﺸﻘﺮق ﺑﭙﺎ ﮐﻨﻢ. :T1

Journal of language and translation, Volume 10, Number 1, 2020 43 The application of addition in the second ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﯽ ﺳﺮ و ﺻﺪا ﭘﻞ را ﺑﺎزدﯾﺪ ﮐﻨﻢ، :T2 In this instance, the choice of word made the translation made the translation of the newspaper first translation complex. Whereas the second name comprehensible to the target language translator employed the words which are more readers. common; therefore, the second translation is more comprehensible and simpler than the first. Comprehensibility in The Sun Also Rises IV. In her voice you could tell the As illustrated in the table 3, T1 has the highest truth of what she said. percentage of strategies which lead to incompre- hensibility. On the contrary, T2 has the highest در آھﻨﮓ ﺻﺪاﯾﺶ اﺻﺎﻟﺖ ﮐﻼﻣﺶ درک ﻣﯽ ﺷﺪ. :T1 -percentage of strategies that lead to comprehen در ﺻﺪاﯾﺶ ھﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ اﯾﻨﮑﮫ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﻗﻀﯿﮫ ﻣﻨﻌﮑﺲ ﺑﻮد. :T2 In this instance, employing literary words sibility. As portrayed in the table, addition made the first translation complex; hence, the (12.50%) makes the highest comprehensibility in second translation is an instance of simplicity. T1. By contrast, simplicity and culturally- The application of controlled language in T2 oriented at 100% develop the highest comprehen- made it, however, more comprehensible than T1. sibility in T2. Negative domestication, positive V. Whoever gave that Sunday foreignization, negative free translation, negative _fuggler_ command of a brigade should committed translation and complexity at 100% be shot. make the highest incomprehensibility of the translation in T1. However, only free translation ھﺮ ﮐﮫ ﻓﺮﻣﺎن ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺗﯿﭙﮭﺎ را ﺑﮫ ﻓﻠﻮﮔﺮ ﯾﮑﺸﻨﺒﮫ داده ﺑﺎﯾﺪ -with positive effect (5%) makes T2 incompre اﻋﺪام ﺷﻮد. :T1 -hensible. Consequently, T2 is more comprehen آن ﮐﺴﯽ را ﮐﮫ ﺑﮫ روزﻧﺎﻣﮫ ﺳﺎﻧﺪی ﻓﻮﮔﻠﺮ ﺧﺒﺮ داد را ﺑﺎﯾﺪ .sible than T1 ﺗﯿﺮﺑﺎران ﮐﺮد، :T2

Table 3. Comprehensibility in The Sun Also Rises %T1 %T2 C Comprehensibility in Incomprehensibility in Comprehensibility in Incomprehensibility in T1 T1 T2 T2 Dom+ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Dom- 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 For+ 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 For- 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Free+ 5.00 5.00 85.00 5.00 Free- 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Com+ 11.11 22.22 66.67 0.00 Com- 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Add 12.50 25.00 62.50 0.00 Omi 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 Comp 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Simp 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 Cult 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 Neut 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Examples While negative free translation made T1 in- I. and took to wearing spectacles. comprehensible, positive committed translation made it comprehensible. This is also an instance و ﺑﮫ ﻋﯿﻨﮏ ﻋﺎدت ﮐﺮد :T1 .of diverse translation و ﻋﯿﻨﮑﯽ ﺷﺪ. :T2

44 Glocalization Phase: An Alternative to Develop Comprehensibility in Literary… II. She was a Canadian and had all their oriented and Near Other, showing that the pro- easy social graces. cess of glocalization was not conducted truly. III. There was a light in the concierge's او ﮐﺎﻧﺎداﺋﯽ ﺑﻮد و ھﻤﮫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﻦ آزادﯾﮭﺎی اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ آﻧﮭﺎ :T1 room را ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮد داﺷﺖ. در اطﺎق درﺑﺎن ﭼﺮاغ ﻣﯽ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ.:T1 ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﺑﺮاداک ﮐﮫ اھﻞ ﮐﺎﻧﺎدا و ﺑﺴﯿﺎر اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﻮد. :T2 ﭼﺮاغ اﺗﺎق ﺳﺮاﯾﺪار روﺷﻦ ﺑﻮد. :While negative committed translation made T2 T1 complex and incomprehensible, free transla- In this example, the application of free trans- tion made T2 comprehensible and simple. lation made the first translation incomprehensi- I. "There's a species of woman here ble. By contrast, the application of addition made who's waked the whole street up. the second translation comprehensible. ﯾﮫ ﺟﻮر زﻧﯽ اوﻣﺪه اﯾﻨﺠﺎ و ھﻤﮫ ﻣﺮدم اﯾﻦ ﺧﯿﺎﺑﺎن رو :T1 -Impacts of Other Strategies on Comprehensibil ﺑﯿﺪار ﮐﺮده. ity of the Translations ﯾﮫ ﺧﺎﻧﻤﯽ اوﻣﺪ ﮐﮫ ھﻤﮫ را از ﺧﻮاب ﺑﯿﺪار ﮐﺮد. :T2 The strategy of omission made the second In the following table, the impacts of the applica- translation comprehensible. By contrast, the neg- tion of each strategy on comprehensibility or in- ative committed translation made the first transla- comprehensibility of all translations are illustrat- tion incomprehensible. ed by percentage. As it is obvious in the table, II. A crowd of young men, some in jer- negative committed translation (21.8%), negative seys and some in their shirt-sleeves, got out. free translation (14.9%) and negative foreigniza- -tion (13.8%) cause high degrees of incomprehen دﺳﺘﮫ ای از ﺟﻮاﻧﺎن ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﺮاھﻦ ھﺎی ژرﺳﮫ و دﺳﺘﮫ ای -sibility in the first translations of the novels in ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﺮاھﻦ ھﺎی ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ از ﺗﺎﮐﺴﯽ ھﺎ ﭘﯿﺎده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ :T1 vestigated. By contrast, positive free translation ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺮد ﺟﻮان ﮐﮫ ﻋﺪه ﯾﯽ از آن ھﺎ ژاﮐﺖ و ﻋﺪه ﯾﯽ ھﻢ (addition (19.1%) and simplicity (10.9% ,(%33.6) آﺳﺘﯿﻦ ﮐﻮﺗﺎه ﭘﻮﺷﯿﺪه ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ از ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ھﺎ ﭘﯿﺎده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ :T2 The application of negative foreignization make the second translations comprehensible. strategy made the first translation culturally-

Table 4. Impacts of Other Strategies on Comprehensibility of the Translations %T1 %T2 Total Comprehensibility Incomprehensibility Comprehensibility Incomprehensibility Dom+ 2.3 2.3 5.5 0.0 Dom- 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 For+ 0.0 1.1 1.8 0.0 For- 0.0 13.8 0.0 1.8 Free+ 6.9 2.3 33.6 1.8 Free- 0.0 14.9 0.0 0.9 Com+ 2.3 9.2 11.8 3.6 Com- 0.0 21.8 0.0 0.9 Add 8.0 2.3 19.1 0.0 Omi 0.0 1.1 0.9 0.0 Comp 0.0 5.7 0.0 0.9 Simp 1.1 0.0 10.9 0.0 Cult 0.0 1.1 1.8 0.9 Neut 2.3 0.0 3.6 0.0 total 23.0 77.0 89.1 10.9 total 100.0 100.0

Impact of Other Strategies on Simplicity of the As illustrated in the following table, almost all Translations strategies in T1 lead to complexity of the transla- tion. In particular, committed translation with

Journal of language and translation, Volume 10, Number 1, 2020 45 positive effect (25.5%), committed translation low, and most strategies lead to simplicity in the with negative effect (17.0%) and free translation second translations. In particular, free translation with negative effect (10.6%) have high ratios of with positive effect (48.6%) makes the highest making the translations complex. However, in the degree of simplicity in the second translations. second translations, the percentage of strategies Omission (22.9%) and addition (14.3%) make the which lead to complexity of the translations are high degree of simplicity in the second transla- tions.

Table 5. Impact of Other Strategies on Simplicity of the Translations Total %comp-T1 %simp-T1 %comp-T2 %simp-T2 Dom+ 2.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 Dom- 8.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 For+ 4.3 0.0 2.9 0.0 For- 6.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 Free+ 4.3 6.4 0.0 48.6 Free- 10.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Com+ 25.5 0.0 2.9 7.1 Com- 17.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Add 8.5 2.1 1.4 14.3 Omi 0.0 2.1 0.0 22.9 total 87.2 12.8 7.1 92.9 total 100.0 100.0

Impact of Other Strategies on Neutralization of oriented translation in T1 are positive foreigniza- the Translations tion (25.5%), positive committed translation In the following table, the impacts of each strate- (21.3%) and negative foreignization (19.1%). gy on being translated either culturally-oriented Positive free translation (6.4%) and omission or neutrally-oriented are illustrated. As portrayed (4.3%) are strategies leading to neutrally-oriented in the table, the first translation is translated cul- translation in the first translation. In the second turally-oriented (89.45%) while the second trans- translation, omission (34.7%), free translation lation which was done during the second wave of with positive effect (16.3%) and positive domes- globalization is translated neutrally-oriented tication (12.2%) have the high ratios of making (75.5%). The strategies which lead to culturally- the translations neutral.

Table 6. Impact of Other Strategies on Neutralization of the Translations Total %cult-T1 %neut-T1 %cult-T2 %neut-T2 Dom+ 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.2 Dom- 8.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 For+ 25.5 0.0 4.1 0.0 For- 19.1 0.0 2.0 0.0 Free+ 10.6 6.4 6.1 16.3 Free- 2.1 0.0 2.0 0.0 Com+ 21.3 0.0 4.1 4.1 Com- 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Add 2.1 0.0 2.0 8.2 Omi 0.0 4.3 2.0 34.7 total 89.4 10.6 24.5 75.5 total 100.0 100.0

46 Glocalization Phase: An Alternative to Develop Comprehensibility in Literary… CONCLUSION and negative foreignization lead to incomprehen- In this study, 480 pairs of instances of two differ- sibility in the first translations. By contrast, the ent translations of three novels The Old Man and application of positive free translation, addition the Sea, For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Sun and simplicity made the translations more com- Also Rises during two time spans of the second prehensible. In other words, if the strategies of and the third waves of globalization were studied positive domestication, positive foreignization, and answers to the research questions were pro- positive free translation and positive committed vided. Comparison of the translations done dur- translation translations were employed in the ing the second and the third waves of globaliza- translations, this would lead to comprehensibility tion trend illustrated that the process of globaliza- of the translations. More specifically, by employ- tion would lead to the comprehensibility of the ing the glocalization phase in the translation pro- translations. The second translations which were cess, the local culture and global culture blend in done during the third wave of globalization trend such a way that leads to the development of com- were more comprehensible than the first transla- prehensibility in the translation product. As a re- tions. The investigation of the impacts of each sult, the true application of glocalization phase in strategy on comprehensibility of the translations the translation process will resolve the problem also demonstrated that the application of negative of incomprehensibility which was predicted in committed translation, negative free translation the suggested theoretical framework.

Journal of language and translation, Volume 10, Number 1, 2020 47 ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ: References ھﻤﯿﻨﮕﻮی، ارﻧﺴﺖ. (1340). ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ ھﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻣﺪ (ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ -Appadurai, A. (1996): Modernity Al Large. Cul ر. ﻣﻘﺪم). ﺗﮭﺮان: ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﮐﺘﺎﺑﮭﺎی ﺟﯿﺒﯽ. -tural dimensions of globalization. Min ھﻤﯿﻨﮕﻮی، ارﻧﺴﺖ. (1342). ﻧﺎﻗﻮﺳﮭﺎ ﺑﺮای ﮐﮫ ﺑﮫ ﺻﺪا در ﻣﯽ .neapolis: University of Minnesota Press آﯾﻨﺪ (ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺳﻠﯿﻤﯽ). ﺗﮭﺮان:اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﭘﯿﺮوز. .Gupta, S. (2009): Globalization and Literature ھﻤﯿﻨﮕﻮی، ارﻧﺴﺖ. (1354). ﻣﺮد ﭘﯿﺮ ودرﯾﺎ (ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ ﺳﻌﯿﺪی). .UK: Polity Press ﺗﮭﺮان: ﺷﮭﺮﯾﺎر. .Hemingway, E. (1926): The Sun Also Rises ھﻤﯿﻨﮕﻮی، ارﻧﺴﺖ. (1385).ﭘﯿﺮﻣﺮد ودرﯾﺎ (ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺗﻘﯽ .New York: Scribner ﻓﺮاﻣﺮزی). ﺗﮭﺮان: اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻧﮕﺎه. Hemingway, E. (1940): For Whom the Bell ھﻤﯿﻨﮕﻮی، ارﻧﺴﺖ. (1386). زﻧﮕﮭﺎ ﺑﺮای ﮐﮫ ﺑﮫ ﺻﺪا در ﻣﯽ .Tolls. New York: Scribner آﯾﻨﺪ (ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ رﺣﯿﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻮر). ﺗﮭﺮان: اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻧﮕﺎه. .Hemingway, E. (1952): The old man and the sea ھﻤﯿﻨﮕﻮی، ارﻧﺴﺖ. (1389). ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ ھﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻣﺪ. ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ .New York: Scribner اﺣﺴﺎن ﻻﻣﻊ. ﭼﺎپ اول. ﺗﮭﺮان. اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻧﮕﺎه. -Kraidy, M. M. (2001): From Imperialism to glo calisation. A theoretical framewrok for the information age. In B. L. Ebo (Ed.): Cyberimperialism? Global relations in Biodata the new electronic frontier. USA: Praeger Ms Zahra ReyhaniMonfared is a PhD candidate in Publishers. Translation Studies at the Institute of Translation Sci- Pym, A. (2010): Exploring Translation Theories. ence and Technical Communication, Hildesheim Uni- versity, Germany. Her main research interests are cul- New York: Routledge. tural translation and transculturality through literary Roy, E. (2011): The Indian Game Show Kaun translation. Banega Crorepati in the Context of Me- Email: [email protected] dia Globalization and Glocalization. MA Thesis. Ohio University, Ohio.