Northamptonshire Archaeology

An archaeological desk-based

assessment of land at the Buccleuch Academy Kettering, Northamptonshire

Northamptonshire Archaeology 2 Bolton House Wootton Hall Park Northampton NN4 8BE t. 01604 700493 f. 01604 702822 e. [email protected] Charlotte Walker w. www.northantsarchaeology.co.uk Report 10/161 October 2010

WEEKLEY GLEBE ROAD, KETTERING

STAFF

Project Manager Stephen Parry MA FSA MIfA Text Charlotte Walker BSc AIfA Illustrations Charlotte Walker

QUALITY CONTROL

Print name Signed Date Checked by P Chapman Verified and approved by A Chapman

Northamptonshire Archaeology 10/161 WEEKLEY GLEBE ROAD, KETTERING

OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS Project title Archaeological desk-based assessment of land at the Buccleuch Academy, Kettering, Northamptonshire Short description Northamptonshire Archaeology conducted an archaeological desk-based assessment of land at Weekley Glebe Road, Kettering, Northamptonshire. The site is currently occupied by the former Montagu School, now known as the Buccleuch Academy. Many of the current buildings will be demolished and a new academy built to the east of the current school site.The Roman town of Kettering lies just to the west of the site. Much of the town has been destroyed by quarrying and modern housing developments and little is known about the form of the town. Ironworking appears to have been a principal part of the economy and there are numerous quarry pits and ironworking sites, some of which lie adjacent to the current development area. The south-western corner of the site has been identified as having potentially national archaeological importance. The town is not thought to extend much further westwards into the remainder of the site.The Cytringan Saxon Charter Boundary lies to the south of the site and may extend into it; the boundary may have been formed by a double ditch and central bank. The site was part of Weekley’s open field system until enclosure in the early 19th century, when it formed part of Weekley’s glebe land. The site was farmland until the late 20th century, when the school was built. Project type Desk-based assessment Previous work None Future work Unknown Monument type None and period Significant finds None

PROJECT LOCATION County Northamptonshire Site address Buccleuch Academy, Weekley Glebe Road, Kettering Easting SP 8767 Northing 8033 Area 11 ha Height OD 90m aOD

PROJECT CREATORS Organisation Northamptonshire Archaeology Project brief originator Project Design originator NA Director/Supervisor Charlotte Walker Project Manager Stephen Parry Sponsor or funding body Willmott Dixon Construction Ltd

PROJECT DATE Start date 10/10 End date 10/10 Location Content (eg pottery, animal bone etc) ARCHIVES (Accession no.) Physical

Paper Northamptonshire Archaeology Map extracts

Digital Northamptonshire Archaeology Mapinfo Plans, Word Report

BIBLIOGRAPHY Journal/monograph, published or forthcoming, or unpublished client report (NA report) Title Archaeological desk-based assessment of land at the Buccleuch Academy, Kettering, Northamptonshire Serial title & volume 10/161 Author(s) Charlotte Walker Page numbers 15 Date 10/10

Northamptonshire Archaeology 10/161 WEEKLEY GLEBE ROAD, KETTERING

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Topography, location and geology

2 HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Historical background 2.2 Previous archaeological work 2.3 Historic maps

3 CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Tables Table 1: Historic Environment Record (HER) details data

Figures Front cover: The site of the proposed school, looking east Fig 1: Site location Fig 2: The south-western corner of the site, looking south-east Fig 3: Existing school buildings, looking east Fig 4: The site of the proposed school, looking east Fig 5: Historic Environment Record (HER) data Fig 6: The common fields of Weekley (RCHM 1979, based on plan of 1719) Fig 7: 1808 Weekley Inclosure map (Courtesy of Northamptonshire Record Office) Fig 8: Plan of Weekley, 1810 Fig 9: First Edition Ordnance Survey map, 1880s Fig 10: 1950s Ordnance Survey, 1:2,500 Fig 11: Quarried land and Registered park boundary Fig12: Assessment of management and conservation priorities for Kettering Roman town (from the Extensive Urban Survey 2000) Back cover: Existing school buildings, looking east

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT OF LAND AT WEEKLEY GLEBE ROAD, KETTERING NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Abstract Northamptonshire Archaeology conducted an archaeological desk-based assessment of land at Weekley Glebe Road, Kettering, Northamptonshire. The site is currently occupied by the former Montagu School, now known as the Buccleuch Academy. Many of the current buildings will be demolished and a new academy built to the east of the current school site.

The Roman town of Kettering lies just to the west of the site. Much of the town has been destroyed by quarrying and modern housing developments and little is known about the form of the town. Ironworking appears to have been a principal part of the economy and there are numerous quarry pits and ironworking sites, some of which lie adjacent to the current development area. The south-western corner of the site has been identified as having potentially national archaeological importance, although this part of the site will not be developed. The town is not thought to extend much further westwards into the remainder of the site.

The Cytringan Saxon Charter Boundary lies to the south of the site and may extend into it; the boundary may have been formed by a double ditch and central bank. The site was part of Weekley’s open field system until enclosure in the early 19th century, when it formed part of Weekley’s glebe land. The site was farmland until the late 20th century, when the school was built.

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Northamptonshire Archaeology was commissioned by Willmott Dixon Construction Ltd to conduct a desk-based assessment of land at Weekley Glebe Road, Kettering, Northamptonshire (NGR SP 8767 8033; Fig 1). The site has existing outline planning permission (10/00003/CCD) for the construction of an academy, demolition of existing school, retention of existing sports centre and provision of new and improved sports facilities. While current plans are for a different building to that in the outline permission, it will be located in the same position.

The present report has considered the evidence of Northamptonshire Record Office, Northamptonshire Historic Environment Record and that of relevant published and archived documentary and cartographic sources. Internet sources consulted included the Archaeology Data Service (ads.ahds.ac.uk) to check National Monument Record (NMR) information and National Archives (nationalarchives.gov.uk).

The aim of the assessment was to collate information about the known or potential archaeological resource within the development area (including its presence or absence, character and extent, date, integrity, state of preservation and relative quality). The work has been undertaken in accordance with the Institute for Archaeologists Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment (IfA 1994, revised 2008).

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WEEKLEY GLEBE ROAD, KETTERING

The south-western corner of the site, looking south-east Fig 2

1.2 Topography, location and geology

The development site lies on the northern-eastern edge of the borough of Kettering, although historically it was part of the parish of Weekley. The site is currently occupied by the buildings relating to the former Montagu School and associated facilities (Figs 2 and 3). The land to the east, including the site of the proposed new academy, is known as Weekley Glebe Playing Field (Fig 4). It is bounded to the north-west by allotment gardens, to the north-east and east by further playing fields and to the south and west by residential development.

The geology of the site is Great Oolite Limestone and Limestone and Marl. The site is generally flat and lies at c 90m above Ordnance Datum, but it sits on the southern edge of a promontory, with the land falling away to the west, south and east.

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Existing school buildings, looking east Fig 3

The site of the proposed school, looking east Fig 4

2 HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Historical background

Kettering There has so far been little evidence of continuity of settlement between the Roman and early Saxon periods in Kettering. However, there is some evidence that it did occur, perhaps the most persuasive of which is the location of a Saxon cemetery less than 1km south of the Roman town adjacent to the Stamford Road (Foard and Ballinger 2000). Finds from the cemetery dated from the early 5th century until well into the 6th century. A number of Saxon coins have also been found at the site of the Roman villa.

The late Saxon township was mentioned in a charter of 963 where bishop Aethelwold made a foundation grant to Medeshamstede, later known as Peterborough Abbey, of various properties, including Kettering. Prior to this Kettering had been in royal hands.

During the late Saxon and early medieval period Kettering was essentially a large village dominated by the neighbouring royal estate centre of Rothwell. Kettering did not become an urban centre until the 13th century when the Abbot of Peterborough obtained a licence for a Friday market. The relative prosperity of Kettering was in part due to its position at the junction of several important routes, although it was also because, like Wellingborough, woollen cloth production was transferred here in the second half of the 13th century. Kettering enjoyed relative prosperity until the collapse of the woollen industry in the late 18th century. Although the boot and shoe industry did replace this to some extent it was not until the arrival of the railway in the mid-19th century that this industry was properly established in the town. It was also during this period that the iron industry also saw rapid growth. By the end of the 19th century Kettering was the second largest town in Northamptonshire.

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Weekley The history of the parish of Weekley is dominated by that of Boughton House to west of the village. By 1473 the smaller manor of two in Boughton acquired a crenellated mansion and a deer park was constructed; it is presumed that the small village of Boughton had either disappeared before the construction of the park or was removed at that stage (RCHM 1979). This manor was acquired by Sir Edward Montagu in 1528 and he eventually purchased the larger manor as well. By the end of the 17th century the present house and gardens had been built and the village of Boughton had entirely disappeared. The second Duke died in 1749 and the estate passed to the Buccleuch family. Subsequent to the Duke’s death there were few changes to the gardens and they remain much as they were in the 18th century. The common fields of Weekley were enclosed by Act of Parliament in 1807. Prior to enclosure there were three fields, Windmill, North and Wood Field; the site lay in Windmill Field. A plan of 1719 shows the arrangement of the strips and furlongs prior to enclosure (Fig 6); the site lay in Broadars Furlong, Long Wilby, Silve acres and Long Hullang (Long Hulland on accompanying Terrier).

2.2 Previous archaeological work

The Northamptonshire Historic Environment Record (HER) was consulted for documented sites and monuments within the proposed development area and a nominal 500m radius surrounding it (Fig 5).

A search was also undertaken of the National Monument Record (NMR) held by English Heritage. No additional records were noted. There are no nationally designated sites (Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Listed Buildings, Registered Parks and Gardens, Registered Battlefields, Conservation Areas) within the development area. One of the avenues associated with Boughton Park lies 200m to the north of the site (Fig 11). The park, including the avenues, is a Grade I Registered Park and Garden. The setting of designated heritage assets are a material consideration within PPS5 (Planning Policy Statement 5).

There have been two watching briefs undertaken during earlier work at the school. No archaeological features or finds were made on either occasion and much of the area around the school appears to have been levelled by modern hardcore (Westgarth 2003 and Leigh 2004).

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t t t t t t 3957/0/53957/0/5 9519/1/19519/1/1 7224/0/07224/0/0 3957/4/53957/4/5 9519/1/19519/1/13957/4/43957/4/4 3958/0/03958/0/0 3957/0/273957/0/27 3957/0/133957/0/13 3957/0/193957/0/19 6903/0/06903/0/0 3957/0/63957/0/6 3957/43957/4 6903/0/0 3957/0/153957/0/15 3957/0/143957/0/14 3957/4/63957/4/6 7425/0/07425/0/0 7198/777198/77 7198/2337198/233 3957/0/163957/0/16 3957/4/63957/4/6 3957/4/13957/4/1 5983/0/15983/0/1 7198/1757198/175 3957/4/23957/4/2 7107/17107/1 3957/13957/1 3957/0/203957/0/20 3957/0/23957/0/2 7198/1667198/166 3957/0/233957/0/23 3957/0/293957/0/29 3959/0/03959/0/0 3957/1/43957/1/4 3957/0/173957/0/17 3957/0/183957/0/18 74257425 74277427 800800 3957/0/253957/0/25 7198/67198/6 3957/0/213957/0/21 7198/837198/83 3784/0/03784/0/0 3957/0/223957/0/22 7198/3437198/343

9816/0/19816/0/1 7198/257198/25 KetteringKettering 3786/0/13786/0/1

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Scale 1:10,000 Historic Environment Record (HER) data Fig 5 WEEKLEY GLEBE ROAD, KETTERING

Table 1: Historic Environment Record (HER) data HER No NGR: SP Details of results 8088 90106 82420 Boughton House Park (Grade I Registered Park) 3141/1 89888 73395 Roman road route: Durobrivae to Dungee Corner 3957/1 8691 8027 Roman cemetery. A group of burials located c 350-400m west of the main road may indicate a cemetery up to 3ha in size. Contains both inhumations and cremations 3960/1 8722 8050 Probable Romano-British road route 3957/4 8737 8037 Roman ironstone workings. 7107/1 8787 8039 WWII Anti-Aircraft Defences, Weekley. Site of AA battery and two adjoining searchlights on basis of aerial photographs. Other cropmarks may indicate associated activity 3957/5 8719 8052 Possible Roman cemetery 3786/0/1 8755 7979 Cemetery? Undated inhumations in front of 93 Orchard Crescent 3957/0/11 872 806 Roman conduit? Found by the side of the road with several adjoining wells 3957/0/12 8713 8064 Roman finds from Kettering 3957/0/14 8723 8050 Roman settlement evidence. Excavation revealed hearths probably associated with huts, stone walls. Probably indicates location of major stone buildings close to the road. Clay lined oven or furnace reported at Kettering Grammer School 3957/0/15 8720 8048 Romano-British well 3957/0/16 8725 8044 Romano-British pottery 3957/0/17 872 803 Romano-British finds including pottery and bronze spoon. The artefacts were found in pits extending over c 15 acres near head of Beck’s Gutter 3957/0/18 8730 8025 Romano-British finds including pottery 3957/0/19 8737 8037 Roman well 3957/0/20 8738 8027 Possible Roman road 3957/0/21 8741 8012 Possible Roman limestone paved area and inhumations at Bath Road 3957/0/22 8738 8011 Possible Roman courtyard 3957/0/23 8709 8029 Roman finds, 66 Hallwood Road and north of 72 Hall wood Road 3957/0/25 870 800 Possible Roman well 3957/0/26 8715 8055 Roman features found on site of Fletcher’s Housing Development north of Blandford Avenue 3957/2/1 872 806 A Roman ‘bath-shaped oven’ or kiln found at either Blackmiles or Houselade 3957/1/4 8696 8021 Romano-British cremation and pot vessel found close to 153 Beatrice Road 3957/3/1 872 807 Roman inhumations. Three or four inhumations, one in a lead coffin, located within the area of the former quarry 3959/0/0 8784 8008 Unstratified Roman coins 3960/1/2 8711 8071 Course of major Roman road. Area of metalling found in trench, providing a reasonable guide to the course of the main road through the settlement 5983/0/1 882 802 Possible medieval/post-medieval closes. ‘Double ditch with central ridge still visible to the south of the Avenue’, supposedly a surviving portion of the late Saxon Charter Boundary 3960/0/1 8718 8061 Metalled road surface, possibly Romano-British 3784/0/0 873 799 Brooch 3957/0/27 872 805 Possible Romano-British buildings and iron smelting. Excavation at Kipling Road found evidence of a six post structure, threshing floor and iron smelting 3957/0/28 8718 8055 Romano-British well 3957/0/29 8742 8021 Romano-British pits and quarry pits 3957/2/2 872 806 Possible Romano-British villa. Foundations of a building were found during quarrying

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HER No NGR: SP Details of results 3958/0/0 8774 8046 Unstratified Roman coin 7425/0/0 88420 80240 Unstratified middle Saxon coin 3957/0/13 871 805 Possible Romano-British kiln at north end of Blandford Avenue 3957/0/2 8733 8028 Possible Roman quarrying 3957/4/1 8737 8037 Possible Roman quarry 3957/4/2 8736 8034 Roman quarry 3957/4/4 8735 8038 Possible iron smelting site 3957/4/5 8735 8039 Possible Iron Age to Roman quarry 3957/4/6 8734 8035 Possible Roman quarry 3957/0/5 8723 8050 Roman rubbish pits 3957/0/6 8724 8049 Possible Roman quarry 3960/1/4 872 806 Metalled road surface. 3960/1/6 8712 8068 Possible Romano-British road 3957/0/10 876 797 Roman finds 3957/5/1 8719 8052 Roman finds including human bone 7224/0/0 882 805 Unstratified early middle Saxon finds 7198/25 87222 79850 Premier Works boot and shoe factory 7198/166 87052 80264 Industrial complex, Beatrice Road/Halwood Road 7198/175 86871 80317 Kettering Industrial Co-Operative Society Housing 7198/233 87056 80312 Kettering Industrial Co-Operative Society store 7198/343 87030 79962 Club, Halwood Road 7198/83 87343 79975 North Park Recreation ground, Bath Road 7198/77 85478 79523 Kettering’s medieval road system 7425 88597 80064 Possible early middle Saxon settlement of Walcot. The names Walcot and Sharlecotes recorded in the fields of Kettering may identify two isolated farms or hamlets from the early to middle Saxon pattern of dispersed settlement 7427 86520 78624 Cytringan Saxon Charter Boundary. Kettering is mentioned in several Saxon charters. The boundary defined in the charter has been broadly correlated with the pre-19th century parish boundary 3785 88741 81323 Open field system, Weekley 9519/1/1 8740 8040 WWII Surface ROC post. Now lost under modern housing 9816/0/1 88673 79788 Area of survival of ridge and furrow 6903/0/0 882 805 Unstratified Iron Age pottery and slag 8481/3/6 8753 8075 Quarry pits 8481/3/7 8770 8067 Quarry pits

The Roman town at Kettering is an example of a medium-sized undefended small town, probably measuring about 12-16ha in size, but possibly up to 22-25ha. The town lay immediately to the west of the current site. Much of the investigation of the town took place at an early date and, therefore, is not well-documented; most of the site has subsequently been destroyed by quarrying and modern development of Kettering. The settlement appears to have been located on a junction between two roads; one a main road from Irchester to the Gartree Road, the other a minor route towards Laxton and Great Casterton. Much of the excavated evidence present on the HER relates to small- scale interventions, and little overall form of the settlement can be discerned, but it seems likely that the bulk of the town was focussed on the main road with backplots to the rear. The sheer amount of quarrying and ironworking evidence suggests that the metalworking industry was a large part of the economy of the town. There are a number of quarries and a metalworking site within a hundred metres of the south-western corner of the site. Evidence from the town suggests occupation continued into the 4th century.

There have been scattered finds dating to the middle Saxon period (HER 7224/0/0 and 7425/0/0) over 300m to the north-east and east of the site. These may relate to the supposed hamlet of Walcot (HER 7425). The Cytringan Saxon Charter Boundary is

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thought to lie adjacent to the south edge of the site; the boundary is thought to have been defined by a double ditch with central boundary at this point, a section of which survives further to the east (HER 5983/0/1).

The remains of a World War II searchlight battery are located to the north of the site, but do not appear to extend into it (HER 7107/1).

2.2 Historic maps

The common fields of Weekley 1719 (Fig 6; RCHM 1979; taken from plan held in Northampton Record Office MAP 2680)

Part of the Boughton Estate archive, this plan shows the common fields of Weekley as they were arranged at the beginning of the 18th century. The orientation of the strips and furlongs are shown and many of the individual strips are numbered, enabling cross- referencing to the accompanying terrier (NRO 5731), which lists who farmed each strip. The site straddles several furlongs; namely Broadars Furlong, Silve acres, Long hullang and Long Wilby, all lay within Windmill Field.

Weekley Inclosure map, 1808 (Fig 7; Courtesy of Northamptonshire Record Office; Map 3006)

After enclosure the area of land to the south-west of Weekley, including the site area, was allotted to the Vicar of Weekley, the Rev John Eastwick. The land measured 60 acres, 3 roods and 13 perches. This allotment of land was undertaken in a large proportion of the enclosure acts of this period; the vicar or the rector of the parish receiving land in lieu of the tithe payments historically paid to them by the residents of the village.

Weekley, 1810 (Fig 8; Courtesy of Northamptonshire Record Office; Map 5965) There is very little difference in between this map and its predecessor, although the glebe land is now known as Weekley Vicarial Estate.

First edition Ordnance Survey map 1880s, 1:2,500 (Fig 9)

By the late 19th century the site still lay within open countryside. Some development related to Kettering is visible to the south-west in the form of a reservoir for Kettering Water Works. A small house is visible on the southern boundary of the site; known as Weekley Cottage, it appears to be present on Bryant’s map of 1825 (not illustrated), but not on the earlier maps.

1950s Ordnance Survey 1:2,500 (Fig 10)

By the 1950s there has been substantial development to the north of the historic core of Kettering and housing estates are visible close to the site, although the site itself is still farmland. The eastern edge of the old quarry is visible, just extending into the site. The house at the south-eastern corner of the site is now called Glebe Farm.

Northamptonshire Archaeology 10/161 Page 8 of 17 Site boundary

The common fields of Weekley (RCHM 1979, based on plan of 1719) Fig 6 Site boundary

1808 Weekley Inclosure map Fig 7 (Courtesy of Northamptonshire Record Office) Plan ofWeekley, 1810 Fig 8

Site boundary First Edition OrdnanceSurveymap, 1880sFig9

3 CONCLUSIONS

The site lies adjacent to Kettering Roman town. Although there are no monuments extending into the school site, this may be due to a lack of previous archaeological investigation than an absence of archaeological features. The Extensive Urban Survey (EUS) has identified the south-western corner of the site as having National Unscheduled importance in its strategy, probably largely due to the nearby evidence of Roman metalworking which may continue into the site (Fig 12). This part of the site will be unaffected by current development proposals. Much of the rest of the current school site has been identified as having only Local importance (defined in the EUS as areas where ‘archaeology may survive but where, on present evidence, investigation does not appear appropriate’) while the area of the academy was not assessed as part of the project.

There have been middle Saxon finds made in the vicinity and the site’s location on a promontory may mean there is further settlement evidence within the site. The route of the Cytringan Saxon Charter Boundary lies adjacent to the southern boundary of the site and may extend into it; it is possible that some evidence of it may survive below-ground.

One of the avenues associated with the Grade I Registered Park of Boughton lies 200m to the north of the site. A house or farm is present on maps from the early 19th century onwards and below-ground remains may still exist. A searchlight battery was located on the field immediately to the north of the academy site, but there is no evidence that it extended into the site boundary.

Although there has been considerable quarrying in the immediate area there is no historical evidence of quarrying within the site, suggesting any archaeological remains beyond the existing building area may have survived. Historical map evidence suggests that the site was part of Weekley’s open field system and was agricultural land until the second half of the 20th century.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

IfA 1994 (revised 2008) Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Institute for Archaeologists

Foard, G and Ballinger, J, 2000 Extensive Urban Survey: Kettering, Northamptonshire County Council and English Heritage

Leigh, D, 2004 An archaeological watching brief at Montagu School, Kettering, Northamptonshire Archaeology report, 3515

RCHM, 1979 County of Northampton; Archaeological Sites, 2, Royal Commission on Historical Monuments

Taylor, J, 2000 Extensive Urban Survey: Kettering Roman Town, Northamptonshire County Council and English Heritage

Westgarth, A, 2003 An watching brief at Montagu School, Weekley Glebe Road, Kettering, Northamptonshire, Northamptonshire Archaeology report, 3378

Websites ads.ahds.ac.uk nationalarchives.gov.uk

Northamptonshire Archaeology A Service of Northamptonshire County Council October 2010

Northamptonshire Archaeology 10/161 Page 15 of 17 aadd bbee RRooaadd kkllleeyy GGlelelebb WWeeeekklllee

KetteringKettering

Scale 1:10,000 Quarried land and Registered Park boundary Fig 11 aadd bbee RRooaadd kkllleeyy GGlelelebb WWeeeekklllee

KetteringKettering

Site location National importance (unscheduled) 0 500m County importance

Scale 1:10,000 Assessment of management and conservation priorities for Kettering Roman town Fig 12 (from the Extensive Urban Survey 2000)

Northamptonshire County Council

Northamptonshire Archaeology

Northamptonshire Archaeology 2 Bolton House Wootton Hall Park Northampton NN4 8BE t. 01604 700493 f. 01604 702822 e. [email protected] w. www.northantsarchaeology.co.uk