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Rethinking the Practice of Accountability Journalism in the Digital Age. the Inception and Development of the First Portuguese U

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Rethinking the Practice of Accountability Journalism in the Digital Age. the Inception and Development of the First Portuguese U Rethinking the practice of accountability journalism in the digital age. The inception and development of the first Portuguese university- based investigative journalism centre and whistleblowing platform Francesca Giachi Trabalho de Projecto Mestrado em Jornalismo Abril 2018 Versão corrigida e melhorada após defesa pública For those who mourn, For those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, For the peacemakers, For those who are persecuted for the sake of righteousness A quem chora, A quem tem fome e sede de justiça, Aos pacificadores, A quem sofre perseguição por causa da justiça Lord, make me an instrument of your peace. Where there is hatred, let me bring love. Where there is offense, let me bring pardon. Where there is discord, let me bring union. Where there is doubt, let me bring faith. Where there is error, let me bring truth. Where there is despair, let me bring hope. Where there is darkness, let me bring your light. Where there is sadness, let me bring joy. O Master, let me not seek as much to be consoled as to console, to be understood as to understand, to be loved as to love, for it is in giving that one receives, it is in self-forgetting that one finds, it is in pardoning that one is pardoned Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 7 PART I – LITERATURE AND ORIGINAL BACKGROUND RESEARCH 1 – Background definitions ........................................................................................................... 10 1.1 THE FOURT ESTATE ...................................................................................................... 12 2 – Television investigative reporting: recent trends .................................................................. 13 3 – Investigative journalism in the digital age ............................................................................. 16 3.1 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES AND RISK MITIGATION ................... 17 3.1.1 SOCIAL MEDIA PLAFORMS ................................................................................ 19 4 – Global investigative journalism .............................................................................................. 23 5 – Crowdsourcing and collaborative journalism ....................................................................... 25 6 – Massive Surveillance ............................................................................................................... 28 7 – The economics of investigative journalism: failure of digital advertising .......................... 31 7.1 FACEBOOK CAN’T BE FIXED ....................................................................................... 34 8 – Investigative Journalism Organizations ................................................................................ 37 9 – Teaching investigative journalism: methods, benefits and challenges ................................ 39 9.1 INVESTIGATIVE ORGANIZATIONS WITHIN THE TEACHING PROCESS ............. 44 PART II THE ESTABLISHMENT OF VALQUÍRIA 1 – Inception and early development of a non-profit investigative journalism project in Portugal 46 1.1 THEORETICAL SPECULATION AFTER MARKET ASSESSMENT ........................... 46 1.2 STRUCTURE AND LEGAL FORM ATTRIBUTION ..................................................... 47 1.2.1 CROWSOURCING, CROWDFUNDING AND JOURNALISM GRANTS………49 1.2.2 THE INOVA MEDIA LAB.....................................................................................51 1.3 PURPOSES AND MAIN FEATURES OF VALQUÍRIA ................................................. 52 1.3.1 ENHANCEMENT AND PRODUCTION OF INVESTIGATIONS………..……..52 1.3.2 AUDIENCE BUILDING AND INVOLVEMENT…………………………..….....53 1.4 MISSION STATEMENT………………………………………………………………… 54 1.4.1 VALQUIRIA IS A UNIVERSITY-BASED PLATFORM ………..……………....55 1.4.2 PUBLIC ACKNOWLEDGMENT BUILDING …………………………..….........58 1.4.3 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CONTRIBUTION………..……………...60 1.4.4 TECHNOLOGIES, NARRATIVES, PRODUCTS AND TOOLS……………..…..61 1.4.5 TRAINING AND EDUCATION………..………………………………………….62 1.4.6 SOURCE AND DATA PROTECTION: THE CASE OF PTLEAKS……………...64 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 67 ATTACHMENT 1 –BENCHMARKING ATTACHMENT 2 – BUSINESS PLAN ATTACHMENT 3 – SOCIAL MEDIA PLAN ATTACHMENT 4 – LOGO AND PLATFORM OUTLOOK ATTACHMENT 5 – GLOBALEAKS and WHISLTLEBLOWERS PROTECTION PRACTICES BIBLIOGRAPHY ABSTRACT At a time of worrying change, when Western traditional media outlets appear to be engulfed by the collapse of the advertising-based business model and can hardly bear the strain brought about by new technologies, the present study identifies an increasing information deficit as regards quality accountability reporting. Taking up Duffield and Cokley’s challenge to change in response to the demands of the time, the present paper supports the development of VALQUIRIA, at https://valquiria.org, a transmedia, multiplatform investigative journalism project integrated in the Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences of the NOVA University of Lisbon. Valquíria, adopting a new sustainable media model, represents the very first attempt in Portugal to create a completely independent space for the education of investigative journalists, the assistance to foreign and local reporters, the production and diffusion of accountability reporting, technological products and innovative practices which can aid the profession. Featuring a vibrant crowd-sourcing and collaborative policy, its ultimate aim is to reinvigorate and enhance the practice of accountability journalism in Portugal, proving its urgency for preserving and guarding a healthy democracy. To change even more the traditional paradigm of public interest journalism, the project features a whistleblowing platform called PTLeaks: built in cooperation with the HERMES Center for Transparency and Digital Human rights, it is the first Portuguese GlobaLeaks initiative applied to investigative journalism. Keywords: Investigative Journalism; Whistleblowing; Crowdsourcing; Digital Practices; Digital Media; Sustainable Journalism; Fourth Estate 6 INTRODUCTION At a time of worrying change, when traditional media outlets in Western democracies appear to be engulfed by the collapse of the advertising-based business model and can hardly bear the strain brought about by new technologies, a study capable of identifying the actual information needs of Western societies and Portugal, in particular, and how they can be met is highly urgent. The race for online profit and the recourse to advanced technology tools seem to have been the only alternative to the sinking of newsrooms. Anyway, ever increasing information deficit suggests the need of more quality democratically “useful” journalism: the so called “accountability reporting”. In response to the challenge posed by Duffield and Cokley to journalists from all over the world, “change in response to the demands of the times”, the present study supports the development of VALQUIRIA, at www.valquiria.org, a transmedia, multiplatform investigative journalism project integrated in the laboratory iNOVA Media Lab of the Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences of the NOVA University of Lisbon (FCSH/NOVA). Valquíria represents the very first attempt in Portugal to create a completely independent space for the education of investigative journalists, the production and diffusion of accountability reporting, technological products and innovative practices which can support investigative journalism. Featuring a vibrant crowd-sourcing and collaborative policy, its ultimate aim is to reinvigorate and enhance the practice of accountability journalism in Portugal, proving its urgency for preserving and guarding a healthy democracy. Knowledge about the latest mechanisms and techniques exploited by leading Portuguese investigative reporters in the digital age is assembled in this paper, seeking at the same time to gain understanding of the complex environment in which those professionals are working, rather than trying to oversimplify it. Beyond the reported necessity of revitalizing “watchdog” practices to guarantee an alert democracy and the maintenance of the “Fourth Estate” role of journalists, the timeliness and significance of this research in Portugal is made clear because of the following: 7 1. It relates the international scholarship underpinning the best practices for news delivery and investigating over sensitive or controversial issues, in the present globalized and dynamic media context, where far greater budget challenges need to be met; 2. Attention is directed at the core issue of the use of technological tools and digital platforms that enable investigative reporters to fight the tyranny of distance, cost barriers to communication, and major time zone differences; 3. Critical importance is given to collaboration processes, both among practitioners and between accountability journalists, their public and third parties, in a crowd-sourcing and follow-up perspective, to build trust, quality and credibility and to effectively counter the “power of flows” that inundates social media and the Internet with poor journalistic products; 4. It proves the immediate necessity to cover and investigate national and global sensitive
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