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The Crustal Deformation of the Ilan Plain Acted As a Westernmost

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The Crustal Deformation of the Ilan Plain Acted As a Westernmost Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Tectonophysics 466 (2009) 344–355 www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto The crustal deformation of the Ilan Plain acted as a westernmost extension of the Okinawa Trough ⁎ Chin-Shyong Hou a,b, Jyr-Ching Hu b, , Kuo-En Ching c, Yue-Gau Chen b, Chien-Liang Chen a, Li-Wei Cheng a, Chao-Lung Tang b, Shin-Hua Huang b, Ching-Hua Lo b a Central Geological Survey, MOEA, P.O. Box 968, Taipei, Taiwan b Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan c Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Available online 22 November 2007 Abstract We analyze the current deformation in Ilan Plain of northeastern Taiwan considered as the western extension of Okinawa Trough based on 34 geodetic sites observed between 2002 and 2006. The station velocities are between 1.9 mm/yr and 43.0 mm/yr in a direction between 38 ° and 143 ° relative to stable continent margin of Eurasian plate. This largest velocity is moving southeastward (143 °) at a rate of ~43 mm/yr was enhanced by a seismic doublet that occurred on March 6, 2005. The station velocities at the northern margin of Ilan Plain are insignificant with a magnitude of ~1.9 mm/yr to ~7.5 mm/yr. On the contrary, the station velocities increase approximately southward along the southern margin of Ilan Plain. The stations are moving roughly E–W with a magnitude of ~5.8 mm/yr to ~21.8 mm/yr. Further southward, the station velocities increase to a value of ~43.0 mm/yr in a direction of 143 °. The most prominent feature of the strain distribution patterns in Ilan Plain are the remarkable extensional strain rates observed in central and southern flank of the Ilan Plain. The largest extensional rate is found (2.66 μstrain/yr in 147°) with a shortening rate in the perpendicular direction (1.28 μstrain/yr in 57°), indicating transtensional deformation mode. In the northeastern flank of Ilan Plain, insignificant or minor deformations are observed. Overall the extensional rates in this area clearly increase from north to south. The extension directions in study area mostly trend E–WtoNW–SE directions. Using the velocity field of 34 GPS stations and its strain rate filed, we suggest the lateral extrusion process towards mechanically weak domain adjacent Ryukyu subduction zone. The lateral extrusion is facilitated by the opening of the Okinawa Trough. We conclude that the northeast Taiwan is subjected to both the compressional force exerted by the indentation of Philippine Sea plate and the tensile force induced by trench retreat related to the suction force at the Ryukyu trench. Due to the interaction of two forces, the stress regime rapidly changes from pure compression in the Taiwan collision belt to transtension near Ilan Plain and its offshore area. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: GPS; Okinawa Trough; Crustal deformation; Taiwan 1. Introduction was established since 1990 (Yu et al., 1997; Yu and Kuo, 2001). These GPS data provided the amplitude and orientation of The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a powerful tool to tectonic motion across the plate boundary of Taiwan. To better better understand plate kinematics and crustal deformation reconstruct the ongoing deformation in different tectonic (Dixon, 1991; Segall and Davis, 1997). In order to characterize domains, the dense network was established by Central the kinematics of deformation along the convergent plate Geological Survey since 1996 in the Taiwan area, it thus boundary of Taiwan, the island-wide and local GPS Network became possible to monitor the regional deformation along and around major active structures in different tectonic regimes. In addition, the crustal deformation in Ryukyu arc estimated from ⁎ Corresponding author. Fax: +886 2 23636095. GPS data provided the geodynamic constrain of tectonic E-mail address: [email protected] (J.-C. Hu). implication (Nakamura, 2004; Nishimura et al., 2004). 0040-1951/$ - see front matter © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.022 C.-S. Hou et al. / Tectonophysics 466 (2009) 344–355 345 The southeast-facing Ryukyu arc-and-trench system extends Taiwan region is intriguing due to the complex seismogenic from southern Kyushu to east of Taiwan. This subduction zone is structures in this transition zone. The relationship between associated with the back-arc spreading in the Okinawa Trough, seismogenic structures showing different patterns of crustal which ends in the Ilan Plain of northeastern Taiwan (Fig. 2), where strain provides fundamental constraints on the accommodation active transtension and transpression are occurring (Lu et al., of deformation along the transition of the subduction–collision 1995; Hu et al., 1996, 1997, 2002). In order to address the process. We thus use deformation data from GPS measure- consistency between stress pattern and active deformation, several ments from 2002 to 2006 to better quantify the rate, style and numerical experiments considering strain–stress relationships distribution deformation currently taking place along the were carried out (e.g., Hu et al., 1996, 2002). These experiments complex oblique subduction to collision boundary of northern aimed at evaluating the general compatibility between the Taiwan. kinematic boundary conditions, the geological structure, rheology and paleostress patterns. 2. Tectonic setting In this paper, we aim at characterizing the crustal deforma- tion in Ilan Plain of northern Taiwan located in a transition zone The island of Taiwan is located along a segment of the of collision and surrounding subduction. From the tectonic convergent boundary between the Philippine Sea plate and point of view, the rapid change of tectonic behavior from Eurasia, where collision and subduction processes occur (Fig. 1). oblique subduction to collision in the westernmost Ryukyu– The presence of a Wadati–Benioff zone is clearly indicated Fig. 1. Bathymetric and geodynamic map around Taiwan. Subduction along the Ryukyu and Manila trenches is represented with closed barbs on the overriding plate. The Longitudinal Valley Fault (LVF) strikes northward along the East Coast and shows both reverse (open barbs on hanging wall) and left-lateral strike–slip movement. Large open arrow and number indicate the relative plate motion vector between the Philippine Sea and Eurasian plates (Yu et al., 1999). GPS velocity vectors as thin arrows. 346 C.-S. Hou et al. / Tectonophysics 466 (2009) 344–355 by seismicity northeast of Taiwan, where the Philippine Sea plate whereas in northeastern Taiwan they trend ENE–WSW (Suppe, is being subducted northward along the Ryukyu trench (Tsai, 1984; Angelier et al., 1990). The existence of major change in 1986; Kao et al., 1998; Lallemand et al., 1999). In contrast, south structural trends of about 55 ° between 24The existence of of Taiwan, the Eurasian plate subducts southeastward beneath the major change in structural trenN and 25 °N (Fig. 2) has been Philippine Sea plate along the Manila trench (Kao and Jian, 2001; interpreted to the result of subduction flipping and opening of Malavieille et al., 2002). The Taiwan collision zone thus marks a the Okinawa Trough (Suppe, 1984). In addition, northeast segment of plate boundary where subduction undergoes a reversal Taiwan has undergone post-collisional processes and has been polarity. Taiwan is the place where the Luzon arc initially collided incorporated in the southern Ryukyu arc system. Evidence for with the Eurasian continent about 5 Ma ago (Ho, 1986; Angelier, this late evolution is provided by the presence of Quaternary 1990; Teng, 1990, 1996). The fold-and-thrust belt of Taiwan extensional structures (Lee and Wang, 1988; Lu et al., 1995) advanced northwestward, while the orogen growth was propagat- and extensional earthquake focal mechanisms (Tsai, 1986; Yeh ing southwestward along the passive continent margin of the et al., 1991; Kao et al., 1998). All of these features indicate that Eurasian plate (Suppe, 1984). the polarity of subduction has flipped in northern Taiwan; A characteristic feature of the Taiwan mountain belt is accordingly, the compressional tectonism that resulted in the the major change in the general structural trends between growth of the Taiwan orogen has been replaced by the ex- central Taiwan and northern Taiwan. On average, the mountain tensional tectonism of the Okinawa Trough (Suppe, 1984; Lee ranges in central Taiwan trend NNE–SSW south of 24.5°N, and Wang, 1988; Teng, 1996). Fig. 2. Tectonic framework and main structural units in Taiwan. Main tectonic units (Ho, 1986). Major thrust faults with triangles on the upthrust side. C.-S. Hou et al. / Tectonophysics 466 (2009) 344–355 347 Recent studies of fault slip data sets (Lu et al., 1995)and the background seismicity demonstrates two significant focal mechanisms of earthquakes (Yeh et al., 1991)have seismic zone trending NE–SW with a normal type earth- shown that N–SandE–W extensional trends are common quake (Fig. 3). In the northern tip of Central Range near the throughout northernmost Taiwan and the Ilan Plain area. southern flank of Ilan Plain, the strike–slip type earthquakes According to most analyses, N–S extension dominates near are dominant (Fig. 3). the western tip of the Okinawa Trough (Ilan Plain and Several numerical experiments carried out (Hu et al., 1996, adjacent offshore areas), whereas E–W extension prevails in 2002) successfully to characterize the regional transtensional northernmost Taiwan (Taipei basin and the Tatung volcano and transpressional deformation occurring in northern Taiwan field). To the east, the N–S extension is widespread in the (Fig. 4). The Okinawa Trough is the back-arc basin of the Ryukyu arc and corresponds to back-arc spreading activity Ryukyu subduction system (Fig. 1). The westward propagation of the Okinawa Trough. The Okinawa Trough shows various of the opening of the Okinawa Trough splits the mountainous extensional features including grabens and en-échelon backbone which resulted in triangular Ilan Plain (Fig.
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