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SEXUAL CONFLICT in ARACHNIDS Ph.D
MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY SEXUAL CONFLICT IN ARACHNIDS Ph.D. Dissertation Lenka Sentenská Supervisor: prof. Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Brno 2017 Bibliographic Entry Author Mgr. Lenka Sentenská Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Thesis: Sexual conflict in arachnids Degree programme: Biology Field of Study: Ecology Supervisor: prof. Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2016/2017 Number of Pages: 199 Keywords: Sexual selection; Spiders; Scorpions; Sexual cannibalism; Mating plugs; Genital morphology; Courtship Bibliografický záznam Autor: Mgr. Lenka Sentenská Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Konflikt mezi pohlavími u pavoukovců Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Ekologie Vedoucí práce: prof. Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2016/2017 Počet stran: 199 Klíčová slova: Pohlavní výběr; Pavouci; Štíři; Sexuální kanibalismus; Pohlavní zátky; Morfologie genitálií; Námluvy ABSTRACT Sexual conflict is pervasive in all sexually reproducing taxa and is especially intense in carnivorous species, because the interaction between males and females encompasses the danger of getting killed instead of mated. Carnivorous arachnids, such as spiders and scorpions, are notoriously known for their cannibalistic tendencies. Studies of the conflict between arachnid males and females focus mainly on spiders because of the frequent occurrence of sexual cannibalism and unique genital morphology of both sexes. The morphology, in combination with common polyandry, further promotes the sexual conflict in form of an intense sperm competition and male tactics to reduce or avoid it. Scorpion females usually mate only once per litter, but the conflict between sexes is also intense, as females can be very aggressive, and so males engage in complicated mating dances including various components considered to reduce female aggression and elicit her cooperation. -
Platyhelminthes) at the Queensland Museum B.M
VOLUME 53 ME M OIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEU M BRIS B ANE 30 NOVE mb ER 2007 © Queensland Museum PO Box 3300, South Brisbane 4101, Australia Phone 06 7 3840 7555 Fax 06 7 3846 1226 Email [email protected] Website www.qm.qld.gov.au National Library of Australia card number ISSN 0079-8835 Volume 53 is complete in one part. NOTE Papers published in this volume and in all previous volumes of the Memoirs of the Queensland Museum may be reproduced for scientific research, individual study or other educational purposes. Properly acknowledged quotations may be made but queries regarding the republication of any papers should be addressed to the Editor in Chief. Copies of the journal can be purchased from the Queensland Museum Shop. A Guide to Authors is displayed at the Queensland Museum web site www.qm.qld.gov.au/organisation/publications/memoirs/guidetoauthors.pdf A Queensland Government Project Typeset at the Queensland Museum THE STUDY OF TURBELLARIANS (PLATYHELMINTHES) AT THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM B.M. ANGUS Angus, B.M. 2007 11 30: The study of turbellarians (Platyhelminthes) at the Queensland Museum. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 53(1): 157-185. Brisbane. ISSN 0079-8835. Turbellarian research was largely ignored in Australia, apart from some early interest at the turn of the 19th century. The modern study of this mostly free-living branch of the phylum Platyhelminthes was led by Lester R.G. Cannon of the Queensland Museum. A background to the study of turbellarians is given particularly as it relates to the efforts of Cannon on symbiotic fauna, and his encouragement of visiting specialists and students. -
Causes and Consequences of External Female Genital Mutilation
Causes and consequences of external female genital mutilation I n a u g u r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. Nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Greifswald Vorgelegt von Pierick Mouginot Greifswald, 14.12.2018 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Werner Weitschies 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Gabriele Uhl 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Klaus Reinhardt Datum der Promotion: 13.03.2019 Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1. Background ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.2. Aims of the presented work ................................................................................................ 14 2. References ................................................................................................................................... 16 3. Publications .................................................................................................................................. 22 3.1. Chapter 1: Securing paternity by mutilating female genitalia in spiders .......................... 23 3.2. Chapter 2: Evolution of external female genital mutilation: why do males harm their mates?.................................................................................................................................. -
R E S E a R C H / M a N a G E M E N T Aquatic and Terrestrial Flatworm (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria) and Ribbon Worm (Nemertea)
RESEARCH/MANAGEMENT FINDINGSFINDINGS “Put a piece of raw meat into a small stream or spring and after a few hours you may find it covered with hundreds of black worms... When not attracted into the open by food, they live inconspicuously under stones and on vegetation.” – BUCHSBAUM, et al. 1987 Aquatic and Terrestrial Flatworm (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria) and Ribbon Worm (Nemertea) Records from Wisconsin Dreux J. Watermolen D WATERMOLEN Bureau of Integrated Science Services INTRODUCTION The phylum Platyhelminthes encompasses three distinct Nemerteans resemble turbellarians and possess many groups of flatworms: the entirely parasitic tapeworms flatworm features1. About 900 (mostly marine) species (Cestoidea) and flukes (Trematoda) and the free-living and comprise this phylum, which is represented in North commensal turbellarians (Turbellaria). Aquatic turbellari- American freshwaters by three species of benthic, preda- ans occur commonly in freshwater habitats, often in tory worms measuring 10-40 mm in length (Kolasa 2001). exceedingly large numbers and rather high densities. Their These ribbon worms occur in both lakes and streams. ecology and systematics, however, have been less studied Although flatworms show up commonly in invertebrate than those of many other common aquatic invertebrates samples, few biologists have studied the Wisconsin fauna. (Kolasa 2001). Terrestrial turbellarians inhabit soil and Published records for turbellarians and ribbon worms in leaf litter and can be found resting under stones, logs, and the state remain limited, with most being recorded under refuse. Like their freshwater relatives, terrestrial species generic rubric such as “flatworms,” “planarians,” or “other suffer from a lack of scientific attention. worms.” Surprisingly few Wisconsin specimens can be Most texts divide turbellarians into microturbellarians found in museum collections and a specialist has yet to (those generally < 1 mm in length) and macroturbellari- examine those that are available. -
Biologie Studijní Obor: Ekologická a Evoluční Biologie
Univerzita Karlova v Praze Přírodovědecká fakulta Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Pavel Just Ekologie a epigamní chování slíďáků rodu Alopecosa (Araneae: Lycosidae) Ecology and courtship behaviour of the wolf spider genus Alopecosa (Araneae: Lycosidae) Bakalářská práce Školitel: Mgr. Petr Dolejš Konzultant: prof. RNDr. Jan Buchar, DrSc. Praha, 2012 Poděkování Rád bych touto cestou poděkoval svému školiteli, Mgr. Petru Dolejšovi, za odborné vedení, podnětné rady a poskytnutí obtížně dostupné literatury. Bez jeho pomoci by pro mě psaní bakalářské práce nebylo realizovatelné. Díky patří také mému konzultantovi, prof. RNDr. Janu Bucharovi, DrSc., který svými radami a bohatými zkušenostmi přispěl k lepší kvalitě této bakalářské práce. Nemohu opomenout ani svou rodinu a přítelkyni Kláru, kteří pro mě byli během práce s literaturou a psaní rešerše velkou oporou a projevovali nemalou dávku tolerance. Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou práci zpracoval samostatně a že jsem uvedl všechny použité informační zdroje a literaturu. Tato práce ani její podstatná část nebyla předložena k získání jiného nebo stejného akademického titulu. V Praze, 25.08.2012 Podpis 2 Obsah: Abstrakt 4 1. Úvod 5 1.1. Taxonomie rodu Alopecosa 6 2. Ekologie 8 2.1. Způsob života 8 2.2. Fenologie 10 2.3. Endemismus 11 3. Epigamní chování 12 3.1. Evoluce a role námluv 13 3.2. Mechanismy rozeznání opačného pohlaví 15 3.2.1. Morfologie samčích končetin 16 3.2.2. Akustické projevy 19 3.2.3. Olfaktorické signály 21 3.3. Epigamní projevy samců a samic 22 3.4. Pohlavní výběr 26 4. Reprodukční chování 29 4.1. Kopulace 29 4.2. -
Species Composition of the Free Living Multicellular Invertebrate Animals
Historia naturalis bulgarica, 21: 49-168, 2015 Species composition of the free living multicellular invertebrate animals (Metazoa: Invertebrata) from the Bulgarian sector of the Black Sea and the coastal brackish basins Zdravko Hubenov Abstract: A total of 19 types, 39 classes, 123 orders, 470 families and 1537 species are known from the Bulgarian Black Sea. They include 1054 species (68.6%) of marine and marine-brackish forms and 508 species (33.0%) of freshwater-brackish, freshwater and terrestrial forms, connected with water. Five types (Nematoda, Rotifera, Annelida, Arthropoda and Mollusca) have a high species richness (over 100 species). Of these, the richest in species are Arthropoda (802 species – 52.2%), Annelida (173 species – 11.2%) and Mollusca (152 species – 9.9%). The remaining 14 types include from 1 to 38 species. There are some well-studied regions (over 200 species recorded): first, the vicinity of Varna (601 spe- cies), where investigations continue for more than 100 years. The aquatory of the towns Nesebar, Pomorie, Burgas and Sozopol (220 to 274 species) and the region of Cape Kaliakra (230 species) are well-studied. Of the coastal basins most studied are the lakes Durankulak, Ezerets-Shabla, Beloslav, Varna, Pomorie, Atanasovsko, Burgas, Mandra and the firth of Ropotamo River (up to 100 species known). The vertical distribution has been analyzed for 800 species (75.9%) – marine and marine-brackish forms. The great number of species is found from 0 to 25 m on sand (396 species) and rocky (257 species) bottom. The groups of stenohypo- (52 species – 6.5%), stenoepi- (465 species – 58.1%), meso- (115 species – 14.4%) and eurybathic forms (168 species – 21.0%) are represented. -
Cellular Dynamics During Regeneration of the Flatworm Monocelis Sp. (Proseriata, Platyhelminthes) Girstmair Et Al
Cellular dynamics during regeneration of the flatworm Monocelis sp. (Proseriata, Platyhelminthes) Girstmair et al. Girstmair et al. EvoDevo 2014, 5:37 http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/5/1/37 Girstmair et al. EvoDevo 2014, 5:37 http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/5/1/37 RESEARCH Open Access Cellular dynamics during regeneration of the flatworm Monocelis sp. (Proseriata, Platyhelminthes) Johannes Girstmair1,2, Raimund Schnegg1,3, Maximilian J Telford2 and Bernhard Egger1,2* Abstract Background: Proseriates (Proseriata, Platyhelminthes) are free-living, mostly marine, flatworms measuring at most a few millimetres. In common with many flatworms, they are known to be capable of regeneration; however, few studies have been done on the details of regeneration in proseriates, and none cover cellular dynamics. We have tested the regeneration capacity of the proseriate Monocelis sp. by pre-pharyngeal amputation and provide the first comprehensive picture of the F-actin musculature, serotonergic nervous system and proliferating cells (S-phase in pulse and pulse-chase experiments and mitoses) in control animals and in regenerates. Results: F-actin staining revealed a strong body wall, pharynx and dorsoventral musculature, while labelling of the serotonergic nervous system showed an orthogonal pattern and a well developed subepidermal plexus. Proliferating cells were distributed in two broad lateral bands along the anteroposterior axis and their anterior extension was delimited by the brain. No proliferating cells were detected in the pharynx or epidermis. Monocelis sp. was able to regenerate the pharynx and adhesive organs at the tip of the tail plate within 2 or 3 days of amputation, and genital organs within 8 to 10 days. -
Maternal Effects Modulate Sexual Conflict
1 Motherly love curbs harm: maternal effects modulate sexual conflict 2 Roberto García-Roa1†, Gonçalo S. Faria2†, Daniel Noble3 & Pau Carazo1* 3 4 1. Ethology lab, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of 5 Valencia, Valencia, Spain. 6 2. Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, 7 France. 8 3. Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National 9 University, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia. 10 † authors contributed equally to this manuscript. 11 * Corresponding author: Pau Carazo, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary 12 Biology, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna (Valencia), Spain. Telephone: +34 13 3544051, e-mail: [email protected]. 14 Running title: Maternal effects curb sexual conflict 15 Article Type: Letter 16 Word count: 150 (abstract) and 4375 (main text); Figures: 3; References: 54. 17 Keywords: Sexual conflict, sexual selection, maternal effects, population viability, 18 population growth, sexually antagonistic coevolution, evolution. 19 Statement of authorship: PC and RG-R conceived this study. GF, DN, RG-R & PC designed 20 the study. GF developed the mathematical models and Figure 1. DN PC & RG-R performed 21 the systematic literature search. DN explored the data for potential meta-analysis. PC prepared 22 Figures 2 and 3. PC wrote the manuscript with contributions by GF, RG-R and DN. 23 Data accessibility statement: Should the manuscript be accepted, the data supporting the 24 results presented will be deposited in a public repository and the data DOI will be included at 25 the end of the article. 26 Abstract 27 Strong sexual selection frequently favours males that increase their reproductive success by 28 harming females, with potentially negative consequences for population growth. -
Preface. Introduction. the Members of the Genus Macrostomum Have Been
~.ov F. F. Ferguson, Genus Macrostomum O. Schmidt 1848. Part 1. 7 A Monograph of the Genus Macrostomum O. Schmidt 1848. Part J. By FREDERIOK FERDINAND FERGUSON. (Miller School of Biology, University of Virginia.) (With 2 Figures and 4 Maps.) Eingeg. 12. Dezember 1938. Preface. This work has been undertaken with a certain degree of temerity for the 11uthor of this volume is sure that there are many taxonomists who could have accomplished this research with less error, fewer omissions and more clarity. The monograph was prompted by the desire to place the taxonomy of the genus Mac1'Ostomum upon a scientific basis which may stimulate further research upon an interesting group of animals. The text is divided in such It manner that the future interests of many types of research may be served. The references have been presented in as compact and chronological form as possible. I should like to express my sincere thanks to the many agencies and .friends which have combine·d to produce this volume. Dr. IVEY F. LEWIS has been most gracious in making the laboratory facilities of the Miller School of Biology available and in granting several fellowships at the Mountain Lake Biological Station which have greatly accelerated the progress of the work. My thanks are extended to the Research Committee of the Virginia Academy of Science whose grant of 1937-38 has greatly increased the amount of ma terial made available to me from the Shenandoah National Park. I wish especially to thank Dr. EDWIN POWERS who kindly placed the excellent fa cilities of the Zoology Department, University of Tennessee at my disposal during the summer of 1937 and to Mr. -
Manuscript Accepted 6 January 1986)
FIRST REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ORDER MACROSTOMIDA IN AUSTRALIA (PLATYHELMINTHES, MACROSTOMIDAE) by RONALD SLUYS Institute of Taxonomic Zoology, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 20125, 1000 He Amsterdam, The Netherlands. (Manuscript accepted 6 January 1986) ABSTRACT The ho!otype was sectioned at intervals of 5 {tm; the SLUYS, R. 1986. First representative of the order Macroslomicla in paratypes at 8 {tm. All sections were stained in Mallory Australia (Plalyhelminlhes, Macrostomiclae). Rec. S. Ausl. Mus. Heidenhain. 19(18): 399-404. Etymology A new species of macrostomid flatworm is described, The specific epithet is from the Latin pala (= spade) Promacrostomum palum sp. nov., forming the third and refers to the shape of the hind end of the body. member of its genus and being the first representative of the order Macrostomida to be reported for Australia. Description External Features The preserved specimens measured 2.38-3.5 mm in INTRODUCTION length and 0.75-1 mm in diameter. In some specimens Macrostomid flatworms have been reported from all of sample AM W197775 the front end of the body was major parts of the world, except for Australia and New pointed, but in others and in specimens from SAM Zealand (cf. Ferguson 1939, Map 2; Ferguson 1954, V3973-75 it was broadly rounded (Figs 1,2). The hind Table I; Williams 1980, p. 52). The majority of the end of the body is of a peculiar shape. In preserved species within the family Macrostomidae belong to the specimens the posterior lateral margins give rise to a large genus Macrostomum O. Schmidt, 1848. The dorsally directed ridge at either side of the body; the present paper describes a new macrostomid species, posterior margin of the body shows a convex middle which was found in Australia. -
Soo Á Natural Environment Research, Council
A •ilas a 0 A • 0 0 a a III Ilk a a a - • - - . Soo á Natural Environment Research, Council Dr. P.S. Maitland Institute of Terrestrial Ecology A Coded Checklist of Animals occurring in Fresh Water in the British Isles. First published 1977 Institute of Terrestrial Ecology c /o Nature Conservancy Council 12 Hope Terrace EDINBURGH EH9 2AS 031 447 (Edinburgh) 4784 The Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITE) was estab- from natural or man-made change. The results of this lished in 1973, from the former Nature Conservancy's research are available to thoseresponsible for the research stations and staff, joined later by the Institute protection, management and wise use of our natural of Tree Biology and the Culture Centre of Algae and resources. Protozoa. ITE contributes to and draws upon the collective knowledge of the fourteen sister institutes Nearly half of ITE's work is research commissioned by which make up the Natural Environment Research customers, such as the Nature Conservancy Council Council, spanning all the envrionmental sciences. who require information for wildlife conservation, the Forestry Commission and the Department of the The Institute studies the factors determining the Environment. The remainder is fundamental research structure, composition and processes of land and supported by NERC. freshwater systems, and of individual plant and animal species. It is developing a sounder scientific basis for ITE's expertise is widely used by international organisa- predicting and modelling environmental trends arising tions in overseas projects and programmes of research. 2 Introduction The purpose of this publication is to provide a The format of the check list itself is quite simple comprehensive list of all free-living animals, from and the numbers meaningful taxonomically. -
Frequent Origins of Traumatic Insemination Involve Convergent
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.16.431427; this version posted February 17, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Frequent origins of traumatic insemination 2 involve convergent shifts in sperm and genital 3 morphology 4 5 Jeremias N. Brand1*, Gudrun Viktorin1, R. Axel W. Wiberg1, Christian Beisel2, Luke J. Harmon3 and 6 Lukas Schärer1 7 8 1 University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, Vesalgasse 1, 9 4051 Basel, Switzerland 10 2 Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland 11 3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, USA 12 13 Short title: 14 Frequent origins of traumatic insemination 15 16 *Corresponding Author 17 University of Basel, 18 Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, 19 Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland 20 Email: [email protected] 21 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.16.431427; this version posted February 17, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 22 Abbreviations 23 PC: principal component 24 pPCA: phylogenetically corrected principal component analysis 25 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.16.431427; this version posted February 17, 2021.