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Comparative Anatomy and Evolution of the Gastrotrich Muscular System

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Comparative Anatomy and Evolution of the Gastrotrich Muscular System University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 2002 Comparative anatomy and evolution of the gastrotrich muscular system Richard Hochberg University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Hochberg, Richard, "Comparative anatomy and evolution of the gastrotrich muscular system" (2002). Doctoral Dissertations. 67. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/67 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographicaily in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9* black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTION OF THE GASTROTRICH MUSCULAR SYSTEM BY RICHARD HOCHBERG BS, Humboldt State University, 1993 MA, Humboldt State University, 1998 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Zoology May, 2002 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3045327 Copyright 2002 by Hochberg, Richard All rights reserved. (ft UMI UMI Microform 3045327 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This dissertation has been examined and approved. jtim w lf\ Lhfa-L Dissertation Director, Dr. Marianne K Litvaitis, Associate Professor of Zoology Dr. Lahj(p.L anjm . Harris, “Professor ‘ of Zoology Dr. Seth Tyler, Professor of Biology (University of Maine) A ^ Dr. Charles W. Walker, Professor of Zoology IttifczLLL Dr. Winsor H. Watson ID, Professor of Zoology ? Z O C T 2 - f DateH a h Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEDICATION For my parents, Arthur and Sandra Hochberg, whose encouragement and support have been without equal throughout my college career. I would also like to dedicate this thesis to the memory of the late Dr. Gary J. Brusca. Gary was more than a great Invertebrate Zoologist, he was a great inspiration to thousands of students like myself, and he will be sorely missed but never forgotten. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I extend my deepest appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Marianne Klauser Litvaitis, who provided me endless encouragement and the freedom I needed to do this research. Her unfailing support means a great deal to me. For their encouragement and support, my sincere thanks are also extended to my graduate committee: Drs. Larry Harris, Seth Tyler, Charles W. Walker, and Winsor H. Watson III. The faculty members and graduate students here at U.N.H. provided an ideal environment in which to work and develop my research. In particular, I thank Shane Bradt and the AMIS members Matt Foradori, James Sulikowski and Pat Danley. A very special thanks go out to Matt Hooge at the University of Maine for numerous thought- provoking discussions on meiofauna. I also acknowledge the help of several colleagues who have been grateful enough to critically review the manuscripts that have resulted from this dissertation: Dr William D. Hummon, Dr Edward E Ruppert, Dr Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa, Dr Reinhardt Kristensen, Dr Reinhard Rieger and Dr Tor Bakke. This dissertation had several forms of financial support and I gratefully acknowledge the following agencies: Center for Marine Biology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School and the USD A Agricultural Experiment Station of ihe University of New Hampshire; Sigma Xi Grants in Aid of Research; and the Australian Biological Resources Society (ABRS). iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION........................................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................ix ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................xii CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 1 I.PHYLOGENY OF GASTROTRICHA: A MORPHOLOGY-BASED FRAMEWORK OF GASTROTRICH RELATIONSHIPS................................................. 7 Methods .................................................................................................................................. 8 Results ....................................................................................................................................13 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 16 II. GASTROTRICHA MACRODASYIDA: A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF GASTROTRICH MORPHOLOGY.................................................................................... 23 Methods ................................................................................................................................26 Results .................................................................................................................................. 27 Discussion ............................................................................................................................33 IB. THE MUSCULATURE OF DACTYLOPODOLA BALTICA AND OTHER MACRODASYIDAN GASTROTRICHS IN A FUNCTIONAL AND PHYLOGENETIC PERSPECTIVE.....................................................................................................................45 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Methods and Materials 47 Results ...................................................................................................................................50 Discussion .............................................................................................................................59 IV. FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE MUSCLES IN TETRANCHYRODERMA PAPII (GASTROTRICHA,MACRODASYIDA)...................67 Methods and Materials ......................................................................................................... 68 Results ...................................................................................................................................69 Discussion .............................................................................................................................79 V. A MUSCULAR DOUBLE-HELIX IN GASTROTRICHA..........................................85 Methods and Materials ......................................................................................................... 86 Results ................................................................................................................................... 87 Discussion .............................................................................................................................94 VI. ORGANIZATION OF MUSCLES IN CHAETONOTIDA PAUCITUBULATINA ...............................................................................................................................................
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