Code-Mixing as Found in Kartini Magazine
Dewi Yanti Agustina Sinaga
Abstract
This study deals with code-mixing in Kartini magazine. The objective of the study is to analyze the components of language used in code-mixing namely word, phrase, clause and sentence and to find out the components of language which occurs dominantly in code-mixing in Kartini magazine. This study is limited on the use of code-mixing only in English and Indonesian language in articles of Kartini magazine and it taken randomly as the sample. The study was conducted by using descriptive quantitative design. The technique for collecting the data was a documentary technique. The data were analyzed based on the components of language which consists of word, phrase, clause and sentence. Having analyzed the data,it was found that the components of language dominantly used is in word. The percentage of word is 59,6% followed by phrase 38%, sentence 2,4% and clause 0%.
Key words : Code mixing, word, phrase, clause and sentence
1. The Background of the Study
Communication has become a basic need for human beings. The activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or giving information is called communication (Hornby, 2008: 84). The main instrument of communication is language. By using it, human can get information through language.
Jendra (2010: 1) explains that “The word language is used only to refer to human’s way of communicating. In addition, Alwasilah (1983: 37) also defines that “Language is an activity of human mind, and activities of human minds are wonderfully varied, often illogical, sometimes unpredictable and occasionally obscure. They are illogical, unpredictable or obscure often because of the forces of emotion, fears, desires, wishes hopes, etc., affect our language at every instant in real life, especially our selecting of words and the structures of our sentences”. Language is an inseparable element from daily interaction of human life to communicate with each other. Since human beings are social cultures, they have a tendency to live to their society and need communication and interaction. They cannot live alone in isolation without interaction with other people.
In bilingual communication, two various languages are often used along together. In this kind of situation they sometimes speak by mixing language or codes, which they know. Sometimes the languages are mixed or they are switched to another one. Then these phenomena are known as Code- mixing and Code-switching. One of the bilingual phenomena is Code-mixing or language mixing. It is the use of more than one language mixed in the same utterance. It can occur in any language such as Spanish – Chinese, Dutch - French, Malay – Arabic and many others. Code-mixing also often happen among Indonesian people.
Usually they mix a foreign language such as English and Indonesian language. Some examples as follow:
1. ‘Kamu harus ingat tidak ada orang yang perfect di dunia ini’
(You have to remember that no body’s perfect in this world). 2. ‘Kita selesaikan problemnya bersama’
(We solve the problem together).
3 ‘Banyak orang sangat suka shopping dan nongkrong’
(Many people like shopping and hangout very much).
4. ‘Weekend asyik di Semarang’
(Interesting weekend in Semarang)
5. Saya suka membaca love story.
( I like read love story)
The examples above show the use of different codes in one sentence.
It can be seen that the word perfect, problem, shopping, and weekend, love story are taken from English and they are mixed in Indonesian language. However that words do not influence the structure of language involved.
In principle, code-mixing is the mixing of one language into the structure of other language so that it is only such piece and does not change structure of the components of language involved which consist of word, phrase, clause, and sentence.
Actually code-mixing not only occurs in spoken communication but also in written communication. The phenomenon of code-mixing can also be found in magazine particularly Kartini magazine. Mostly magazines which uses bilingual language is magazine that deal with young people. The larger readers of Kartini magazine are young people whereby code-mixing is commonly used in the articles. Language which is mostly mixed in Kartini magazine is English.
In this case English is an international language where many countries in the world use it in very occasion either spoken or written communication. As the effect, nowadays Indonesian language is also influenced by English because most Indonesian people do mixing both especially in written communication.
Therefore, related to this situation which the use of English is mixed into Indonesian language so this study is specialized in studying English and Indonesian code-mixing in articles of magazine. Based on the explanation above the writer is interested to study English and Indonesian code-mixing in Kartini magazine.
In relating to the problems of the study above, this study is aimed to identify the components of language which are used in code-mixing in Kartini magazine and to find out the components of language which is dominantly used in code-mixing in Kartini magazine.
Code-mixing becomes phenomena of language because of its application among social interaction in bilingual community. It can be found not only in spoken communication but also in written communication such as magazine. Kartini magazine are chosen as the object of this study. Many articles in Kartini magazine have used code-mixing with English.
In this case, the scope of the study is limited on the use of code-mixing only in English and Indonesian language in articles of Kartini magazine. The Kartini magazine that will be analyze is Kartini no.2300. 14-28 July 2011. This limitation is made in order that the readers will be easy to understand the content of the research.
The findings of this study are expected to be useful for:
1) The students: it would provide a better understanding about code-mixing and the components of language involved there so students are able to analyze components of language which are used in code-mixing. The findings of this study are also supposed to give contribution to English students. This study will provide a better technique for other researchers to conduct further research about code-mixing using other media.
2) The English teachers: in particular who teach sociolinguistics, to add the variation of the teaching about code-mixing which not only occurs in spoken language but also in written language such magazine.
3) The Department of English: This research can be used as an additional source for bilingualism study especially in code-mixing discussion.
4) The readers: to get information and to increase knowledge about code-mixing between English and Indonesian language and its application that can be found in Kartini magazine so readers are able to identify code-mixing when they read magazine. The study will give them information about code-mixing for further study.
Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is a term which is concerned with the relationship between language and context in which it is used. Fishman (1972: 4), as quoted by Chaer and Agustina (2004: 3) explains that sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their function, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact, change and change one another within a speech community. It is in line with Hudson (1980: 1) that defines sociolinguistics as the study of language in relation to society.
In addition, Wardhaugh (1986) as quoted by Jendra (2010: 10) states that “Sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal of a better understanding of the structure of language and how language functions in communication. Furthermore Spolsky (1998) also offers the definition of sociolinguistics.
He says that sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. Based on the definition of sociolinguistics above, it can be concluded that sociolinguistics relates with the analysis of using language such as the description of language patterns used, the variety of dialects, the choice of language and speakers who are involved.
In short, Fishman (1972:15) defines this term as a study of who speak, what language, to whom, when and to what end. Sociolinguistics gives clue in communication by showing the language, variety of language and speech style used if someone interacts to another one. (Dittmar, 1976: 128) quoted by Chaer and Agustina (2004: 5) states that there are seven cases which are analyzed in sociolinguistics; social identity of speaker, social identity of listener, social environment, social dialects, social stratification of speaker, levels of variety of language and practice application. Sociolinguistics encompass a broad range of concerns, including bilingualism, Pidgin and Creole language and other ways, using language is influenced by contact among people of different language communities i.e. speakers of Arabic, Chinese, even English and Indonesia. The basic notion underlying sociolinguistics is quite simple. Symbolically language represents fundamental dimensions of social behavior and human interaction. The communication ways in which language is reflected by human being has been influenced by the social context.
Speech Community
Human beings are social beings who are always committed to a certain group of people called a community. A particular community has its own characteristics, including the way of communication. This community is called speech community. Blommfield (1933: 40) offers the simple definition of speech community. He says that a speech community is a group of people who interact by means of speech. In addition, Hymes (1974: 51) defines speech community as “a community sharing knowledge of rules for the conduct and interpretation of speech”. Hudson (1980: 28) also confirms that speech community is a set of people who have something in common linguistically – a language or dialect, interaction by means of speech, a given range of varieties and rules for using them, a given range of attitudes to varieties and items.
The members of the same speech community should share linguistic norms. That is, they share understanding and values of attitudes toward language varieties present in their community. “The term speech community refers to the unit of analysis of a language in its context; that is, the speech community is the unit of analysis of language in a culture or in society. A speech community is a set of individuals who share the knowledge of what is the appropriate conduct and interpretation of speech. These individuals also share the understanding of at least one language so that they may communicate with each other” Eastman (1983).
Multilingualism
According to Jendra (2010: 69), multilingual is refer to the people who can use more than two languages. In addition, the term multilingual can refer to an individual speaker who uses two or more language, a community of speakers in which two or more languages are used, or speaker of different languages. A multilingual person, in a broad definition is someone who can communicate in more than one language, be actively through speaking and writing or passively through listening and reading. Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood that often called first language. The first language sometimes also referred as the mother tongue.
Bilingualism
In general, bilingualism is about the using of two languages. Many linguists define about this term. As Hamers and Blanc (1987: 6) define bilingualism as “the state of a linguistic community in which two languages are in contact with the result that two codes can be used in the same interaction and that a number of individuals are bilingual”.
It is in line with Chaer and Agustina (2004: 84) who says that “Bilingualism is the using of two languages or two languages code”. (Bloomfield, 1933: 56) states the others definition of bilingualism that is “the native-like control of two languages”. Titone (1972) as quoted by Hamers and Blanc (1987: 7) has also proposed another definition of bilingualism as “the individual’s capacity to speak a second language while following the concepts and structures of that language rather than paraphrasing his or her mother tongue”. The people who have an ability of using more than one language equally is called Bilingual (Jendra 2010: 69). To be a bilingual, speaker has to master at least two languages. The first is mother tongue and another language as the second one. In other words, since the members of a bilingual community vary in the capacity of mastering the languages used in the community, they have to be able to set a condition where they can communicate effectively. This condition leads them to do code-mixing.
In this case, Mackey (1968) analyzed a bilingual’s ability based on four aspects:
1) Degree
It is level of ability toward both languages. The ability of language will be seen through reading, listening, writing, and speaking. Then this ability covers phonology, grammatical, lexicon and semantics.
2) Function
A bilingual is able to use more than one language because of situation. Function of language is an expression which relates context and situation of communication. For example, language is used differently either in the office or in the social interaction.
3) Alternation
Alternation from one language to another will be created when topics, speakers involved and tension has been changed. Certain topic is chosen in order to make the conversational exchange could be happened smoothly.
4) Interference
It can occur because of habit in using of mother tongue as first language which affected second language whether vocabulary, rules and dialect. This condition identifies a bilingual’s ability in mastering both languages well. The languages spoken by the bilinguals naturally interfere each other.
As Singh (2001: 43) said that bilingual ability at the level of predominance, that is how far a bilingual is able to use the two languages, would affect one another in using the languages. In fact, two languages possibly affect one another. It can occur when a bilingual uses second language continually in long period. When the first language is used again, both languages will be mixed automatically.
This behavior creates new issues in linguistics for instance code-mixing and code-switching.
A speaker may take every effort to code-mix by including a single utterance from one language although he/she does not actually use that language very much.
This situational context will alter when a speaker does switching from one language to another. Thus bilingualism reshapes not only one’s language but also the situation.
Among sociolinguistic factors which are very influential in determining code selection in a bilingual speaker’s speech are bilingualism, the participants involved, social community and situation.
Code
Code is a term which refers to a variety. Variety is a sociolinguistics term referring to language in context. It is a set of linguistics form used under specific social circumstance, i.e. with distinctive social distribution. Variety is therefore a broad term, which includes different regional language, different accents, different linguistic style, different function and dialects. Bloomfield (1993) also stated that mastering two languages means mastering two code systems.
The term code cannot be separated from two phenomenal terms namely code-mixing and code-switching. Those are terms in bilingualism for language and especially speech that draws to differing extents at least two languages combined in different ways. Hymes (1964) as quoted by Jendra (2010: 71-73) suggested eight factors that bilingual, multilingual, or monolingual people may consider when choosing a code. The factors were formulated into an acronym, namely SPEAKING, which stands for Setting and Scene, Participants, Ends, Acts sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms of interaction, and Genre. The eight factors describe as followed:
1) Setting and Scene
The setting and scene are the places, occasions, or natural situations that can influence the people in choosing a code. People may consider choosing a more formal variety of language when talking in an office than when talking in a picnic place.
2) Participants
The participants are the people involved in the communication found in the setting. A good public speaker for example, wants to know about his (her) audience (the participants) before performing a speech. He (she) may think of considering what kinds of jokes he (she) should tell or whether he (she) should speak in a more casual way or formal one after considering the audience.
3) Ends
The ends are the goals or purposes that a speaker wishes to reach. If a political party delivers a speech in campaign, he (she) wishes to persuade the crowd before him (her) in order to receive support for the election. Thus for different ends, speaker of a language often choose different code.
4) Act Sequence
The act sequence refers to the order of a speech, a narrative, a conversation, or a talking. A formal speech for example, is set carefully with an opening expression, followed with an introduction, a story, before entering the main topic. The sequence in speaking is then considered to be also an important factor to consider.
5) Key
The key is referred to the manner, spirit, and feeling of the message wished to be captured within the conversation. It is also referred to the spirit captured in the voiced or manner of a speaker.
6) Instrumentalities
The instrumentalities are referred to the register and forms of the speech. The forms that might be under consideration are whether it will be delivered in a more formal way or a casual friendly one. 7) Norm of Interaction
The norm of interaction is the contextual custom in using the code, including for example allowance for an interruption, using gestures freely, addressing an audience, eye contacts, distance, asking question about belief, et cetera.
8) Genre
The genre is referred to the type of the utterances whether it is in the form of a poem, a proverb, a lecture, et cetera.
“The factors described above have been one of the most important foundations in the general study of code-choices. To certain degree these factors that influence other forms of language- contact-phenomenon, namely code-switching, code-mixing…” Jendra (2010: 73).
Code-Switching
Most nations have speakers of more than one language. Those speakers routinely use two or three languages in their conversational exchange. There is a situation where speakers deliberately change a code being used, namely by switching from one to another Jendra (2010: 73). Code- switching is the inevitable consequence of bilingualism. Hymes (1974: 103) defines code-switching is a term for alternate use of two or more languages varieties of language or even speech styles. It occurs when a bilingual alternates between two languages, moves from one to another. Switching occurs when an individual who is bilingual alternates between two languages during his/her speech with another person. A person who is bilingual may be said to be one who is able to communicate, to vary extents, in a second language. This includes those who make irregular use of a second language but have not far sometime or those who have considerable skill in a second language. For example, an Indonesian student who studies in Australia will use English in his daily conversation. However when he meets other Indonesian students there, his language will be switched to Indonesian language. After he backs home, his language is also switched from English to Batak language because his family uses it.
The speaker does switching because the situation of the conversation also changes. These are some reasons why code-switching takes place as (http://iteslj.org/articles/crystal.code- switching.html):
a) A speaker is unable to express him/herself in one language so he switches to other to compensate for the deficiency.
b) Switching commonly occurs when an individual wishes to express solidarity with particular social group. Motivated by the identity or relationship of the speaker that is the different relationship among the participants or more formal relationship of the participants that sometimes involves the different status.
c) The alternation that occurs when the speaker wants to convey his/her attitude to the listener. Where monolingual speakers can communicate these attitudes by means of variation in the level of formality in their speech, bilingual speakers can convey the same by code-switching.
Code-Mixing One of the most striking phenomenon in bilingual’s performance is the occurrence of the seemingly mixing of two languages and known as code-mixing. Wardough (1994: 108) argues that code-mixing occurs when conversant uses both languages together to the extent which they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance. A quite parallel opinion also stated that “…many speakers who use mix-mix could equally well talk to each other in English but they use both languages, switching backward and forward, often several times within one sentence” (Platt 1984, 147).
Bilingual speakers may utilize code-mixing as a marker in-group identity in various intra- group bilingual community. It may occur because speakers want to show their solidarity and familiarity each other.
In principle, code-mixing is the mixing from one language into the structure of other language in the same utterance. It is the embedding of various components of language such as word, phrase, clause and even sentence from a cooperative activity where the participants in order to infer what is intended. In this case Code-mixing involves components of language such as word, phrase, clause and even sentence in the same utterance. The components of language between two languages involved do not influence its structure. Sankoff and Poplack (1981) have claimed that the structural integrity of the components of languages is preserved in code-mixing.
The Cause Factors of Code-mixing
There are some factors that cause people do code-mixing as presented by Beardsmore (1982: 38):
1) Bilingualism
It cannot be avoided that the ability to use or to speak more than one language is a basic factor of code-mixing. Most of the world’s population is bilingual or multilingual.
2) Speaker and partner speaking
Communication is the process of expressing ideas between two participants of conversation. Speaker needs partner speaking to communicate and code-mixing could appear if both use and understand it well.
3) Social community
An individual lives and cooperates in one community either in monolingual or bilingual community. Now most communities are bilingual that use two languages in their interactions. In this case, an individual will be influenced by social community directly.
4) Situation
Usually code-mixing occurs in relax or informal situation. This situation is closer with daily conversation and for writers is also describe as their habitual communication.
5) Vocabulary
There is not appropriate word or when there is a lack of vocabulary in one language. The inability to find an appropriate word or expression in one language makes people change the word or phrase from one to another language and it can be combined together. 6) Prestige
Globalization era has led people must able to speak more than one language, especially English. For many young people code-mixing becomes own style which is hoped to be modern and educational one. They mix language because of prestige.
Types of Code-mixing
Based on it occurrence within a discourse, B.U Siregar (1996: 50) classifies code-mixing into two types:
1) Intra-sentential mixing
Intra-sentential mixing may range from the alternation of single words or phrases to clauses within a single sentence or utterance.
Some examples of code-mixing in English and Indonesian language will be describes as follows:
a) Fashion menjadi hal penting bagi para remaja
(Fashion becomes important things for teenagers)
b) Karena kesal mereka walk out
(Because they feel annoyed, they walk out)
c) Apapun alasanya, I don’t care
(Whatever the reason, I don’t care)
Based on the examples above, it can be seen that those are code-mixing sentences with single word (sentence a), single phrase (sentence b) and single clause (sentence c). The word ‘fashion’, the phrase ‘walk out’ and the clause ‘I don’t care’ are taken from English.
2) Extra-sentential Mixing
Normally extra-sentential mixing occurs between sentences. Because it occurs at sentence boundaries, it requires less complex syntactic interaction between two languages involved in code-mixing. As the following example: Life is choice. Oleh karena itu setiap orang punya masalah masing-masing. (Life is choice. Therefore everybody has his own problems).
The Similarity and Difference between Code-switching and Code-mixing
Code-switching and Code-mixing are well-known traits in the speech pattern of the average bilingual in any human society. Both occur in bilingual communication by using more than one language. In sociolinguistics study, code-switching and code-mixing are often discussed inseparably although those are hard to differentiate.
Code-switching occurs by each language which has its own function from two distinct grammatical systems across sentence boundaries and it does purposely. While code-mixing is mixing two languages where there is main code used in its function but contrastive condition with another one involved which is only as pieces in the utterance of code-mixing. Furthermore, Fasold (1984: 180) added that if someone utters a word or phrase from one language when he is speaking in certain language, it is code-mixing.
But if he utters sentences from one language and clearly it has grammatical construction so the code-switching occurs, for example a bilingual who uses two languages alternately toward his partner speaking.
The Components of Language
Language is divided into two parts: spoken language and written language. Zyegintsev (1976) a machine that processes natural language must first be able to categorize, the wide variety of language components which are morpheme/word, phrase, clause and sentence.
Word
Word is the smallest unit of language that can exist on its own in either written or spoken language. It is also constituents of a sentence that due to their order, their suffices, prefixes and differentiating signs give some meaning. Givon defines that word or morpheme is the smallest code units in language (1984: 44). The term ‘morpheme’ is used refers to the smallest (indivisible) units of semantic content which words made up (Katamba, 1993: 20). It means that morpheme cannot be decomposed into smaller units which are either meaningful or mark such singular or plural.
There are two kinds of morpheme. First, free morpheme also called as simple word which is capable of standing independently. For example: book, study, happy, young, etc. Second, bound morpheme always attaches with other word, such as –s, -er, -ed, pre-, mis-, un-, etc. For example: player (play + -er), unclear (un- + clear). Here are some examples of code- mixing in English and Indonesian language in word.
a) Sorry, saya terlambat (sorry, I’m late)
b) Inilah show terbesar tahun ini (it is the biggest show of this year)
c) Jangan khawatir, mereka akan handle semuanya (don’t worry they will handle everything).
d) Saya akan selalu pray untuk kamu (I will always pray for you)
e) Saya out dari masalah ini (I’m out from this problem)
Phrase
A phrase is a group of words acting as single part of speech and not containing both a subject and a verb, a part of a sentence and does not express a complete thought (grammar.uoregon.edu/phrases). In other word, phrase is a group of words that go together but do not build a complete sentence. For example: this computer, under the staircase, hot news, girl power, living in natural environment, to arrive there on time, office boy and many others. Here are some examples of code-mixing in English and Indonesian language in phrase:
a) Dia bad mood, jangan ganggu! (Don’t disturb! He’s bad mood now)
b) Saya yakin sudah out of date (I’m sure it has been out of date)
c) Soft drink bisa merusak kesehatan (soft drink can break your healthy) d) Saya sudah study hard untuk ini (I’m already study hard for this)
e) Semua produk kita akan sold out hari ini (All our product will sold out today)
Clause
Clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a verb (grammar.uoregon.edu/clause). Clause in general classified as independent and dependent clause. An independent clause is the main idea of sentence. It can stand alone by itself or make sense by itself. When it is separated from other clause, it referred to simply as sentence. While a dependent clause is the subordinate idea of sentence.
It must be combined with an independent clause in order to be a part of a sentence. It is also created by a subordinating conjunction. Another term of dependent clause is subordinate clause.
For examples: The concert was canceled because the singer was ill
The concert was canceled is the independent clause
Because the singer was ill is the dependent clause
Here are some examples of code-mixing in English and Indonesian language in clause:
a) Inilah kisah nyata inspiring me a lot tentang kehidupan
(This is the true story inspiring me a lot about life)
b) Saya tidak percaya because they never told me anything)
(I don’t believe it because they never told me anything)
c) I’m ready kapanpun dan dimanapun
(I’m ready whenever and wherever)
d) Saya suka membaca buku which you give to me
(I like reading a book which you give to me)
Sentence
Based on the meaning, a sentence is a ‘complete thought’ by seeing or hearing a statement. Based on the function, the definition becomes a sentence consists of a subject and predicate (Frank, 1972: 220).
Here are some examples of code-mixing in English and Indonesian language in sentence:
a) Hidup tak selamanya mudah. Have you ever thought about it?
(Life is not easy forever. Have you ever thought about it?
b) Apa kamu mempunyai impian menjadi kaya dalam sehari? Come on and give me break.
(Do you have a dream become very rich in a day? Come on and give me a break) c) Dengarkan! No one can stand in your ways!
(Listen! No one can stand in your ways!)
d) Jangan menyerah. I love you
(Don’t give up. I love You)
e) Buku ini? I already read it all.
(This book. I already read it all)
Magazine
Magazine is one media of communications which the information is transferred in a form of written language. Magazine is a periodical issued containing a collection of articles, stories, pictures, or other features (wikipediaorg./wiki/.encyclopedia/magazine). Magazine is more complete than newspaper and it is printed weekly or monthly.
The first magazine, Gentleman, was published in England. This magazine only contained some topics such as politics, biography and literature. Then era has changed. Magazine not only contains some topics but also many various contents. It has many articles in various topics, for instance hot news, figure, health, culture, entertainment, sport, advertisement, fashion and technology. Although first magazine comes from England, other countries also follow to publish their own magazine. One of them is Indonesian magazine.
Indonesian Magazine
Indonesian magazine is a magazine written in Indonesian language and it is published in Indonesia (wikipediaorg/.wiki/.encyclopedia/magazine). Nowadays, the development of magazine increases well. All Indonesian magazines are not originally from Indonesia but also imported from foreign countries which are called import magazine. Actually import magazine is international magazine which has been published more than one language in some countries. Some import magazines which are published in Indonesia are written Indonesian language.
In this modern day, when people are getting more educated and information is getting more important, they start to look for information. In order to get certifiable information, the source of ideas of information can come from everywhere by using many media such magazine. Most readers of magazine are young people and mostly the media which uses two languages is the media that deal with young people. They mix one language to others in order to be modern. In this case, the Indonesian magazine used in this study is originally published in Indonesia such as Kartini.
2.The Research Method
This study was conducted by using descriptive study. Descriptive study is the theory to analyze the use of language. Nazir (1988: 32) said that descriptive study is one which uses to make description of situation, or event so this study account for the accumulation the basic data. Based on the definition above, this study is a descriptive quantitative because it is intended to analyze the components of language are used in code-mixing found in the articles of Kartini magazine and also to find out the types and the dominant type of code-mixing used in Kartini magazine.
The researcher in this case took the articles from Kartini magazine. Kartini magazine in 14-28 July 2011 is used as the population. Then the sample was taken randomly sampling by applying lottery technique. The sample was selected by writing the title of articles in Kartini magazine on a slip of paper and places all in a container then it was shaken. After that, the slip was taken from the container until the desired numbers of sample were gained.
The data were gathered by using documentary technique. This research was started by selecting the Kartini magazine, reading the articles of Kartini magazine and analyzing code-mixing in Kartini magazine based on components of language.
The Procedure of Analyzing Data
In this study, the data were analyzed in these following steps:
1) Identifying code-mixing that were found in Kartini magazine.
2) Underlining code-mixing that were found in Kartini magazine.
3) Classifying code-mixing were found in Kartini magazine based on the components of language.
4) Counting the number of components of language used in code-mixing from Kartini magazine.
5) Converting to percentages by using this formula:
X = F/N x 100%
Where : X = Percentage of using components of language in code-mixing
F = Number of using components of language in code-mixing
N = Total number of using components of language in code-mixing
100% = Standard percentage
6) Deriving the components of language dominantly used in code-mixing in Kartini Magazine.
The data of this research had been selected from Kartini magazine on 14-28 July 2011. The data were limited only in code-mixing in English and Indonesian language in articles of Kartini magazine. Based on the data, actually there were 183 utterances of code-mixing. Because the purpose of this study was to find the most frequent components of language, the utterances which were repeatedly written were not counted. So, the data used in this study are only 166 utterances of code- mixing.
The researcher collect the articles from Kartini magazine and analyzed the utterances of code- mixing that exist in that articles. The researcher analyzed the utterances based on the components of language and classified them into components of language which consist of word, phrase, clause and sentence. All the data can be seen in Appendices.
Some of the data can be shown as follows: 1) Word
a) Menyambut Ramadhan tahun ini kami sajikan feature dua masjid tua di Indonesia.
b) Building ini merupakan pengaplikasian gel terakhir pada kuku anda.
c) … Untuk finishing terakhir masukkan kuku anda ke lampu … memberikan kesan riasan yang catchy apabila digunakan secara tepat.
d) Berikan shading warna coklat pada pipi dan cuping hidung untuk menyempurnakan bentuk wajah Anda.
e) Styling ikal seluruh bagian rambut, kemudian roll masing-masing bagian rambut untuk mempertahankan tekstur dan pengembangan rambut.
f) Tahun ini, shampoo kepercayaan dan kesayangan keluarga … Mr. Lebat dan Miss Keramas selaku pembawa acara.
g) … Tetap aktif sebagai model serta diminta menjadi presenter di berbagai acara …
h) Ia lebih memilih untuk fokus pada bisnis clothing-nya dulu … ternyata ia dengan senang hati mengisi waktunya dengan traveling dan membaca.
i) Ini adalah aset diluar kariernya sebagai entertainer … Apalagi bergelut di dunia entertainment bukan hal yang mudah.
j) … Berbincang-bincang dengan mereka pada undangan dinner bersama kaisar dan permaisuri … Setelah melewati gate, kita menyusuri jalan yang ada …
k) Begitu powerful, bisa berbuat apapun sekehendak hati saya … Lingkungan ghetto yang sangat keras …
l) Program go Bali, yaitu jalan-jalan ke Bali, menginap di hotel berbintang, training …
m) … Dari hobi yang merupakan passion-nya …email tidak bisa didiamkan selama dua hari …
n) … Panggung yang ber-setting istana … menggunakan sayap bak angel …
o) … Aplikator spatula mewah dengan sekali ulasan untuk warna glossy lima kali bersinar lebih indah …
p) … Sebagai void untuk koridor … bench persegi panjang dan meja samping … berdekatan dengan pantry.
The bolded utterances from the magazine above show code-mixing in English and Indonesian language. All the utterances above are code-mixing in word because it was used the single utterance of English language and it insert into Indonesian language sentences.
In addition, word is the smallest unit of language that can exist on its own in either written or spoken language. Those utterances are taken from English mixing with Indonesian language in Kartini magazine.
2) Phrase
a) … Padahal sebagai single parent itu adalah satu-satunya sumber penghasilannya.
b) … Tehnik draperi di atas beraneka ragam bahan, mulai dari raw silk … Dorong bagian kutikula dari kuku anda menggunakan wood stick … memberikan kesan French manicure pada kuku anda.
c) … Melakukan studi banding mengenai start-up local disana … Tapi ternyata self publish itu mahal sekali … naskahnya for free gratis di situs kami.
d) Cita-cita besar saya adalah empowering women in technology … anggun dalam balutan gaun pengantin off-white rancangan Giorgio Armani.
e) … Ketinggian sepuluh meter ketika akan bermain flying fox … dengan enam pilihan warna serta inner core yang mengandung pelembab …
f) … Pemandu beberapa acara kuis dan talk show … pagar rendah serta car port ukuran dua mobil …
g) Living room yang menghadap ke arah ruang terbuka … satu coffee table rendah …
h) Aplikasikan French white gel pada bagian ujung kuku … dan lagu dangdut go international bakal kesampaian.
i) … Dengan professional trainer, serta Bali tour and shopping … lalu bekerja sebagai web developer di perusahaan IT.
j) Ini merupakan self-publishing online on demand pertama di Indonesia … sehingga dijuluki kid dynamite dan iron Mike.
Some bolded utterances above show code-mixing in English and Indonesian language. All the utterances above are code-mixing in phrase because it is not containing both a subject and a verb, a part of sentence and does not express a complete thought. In other word, phrase is a group of words that acting as single part of speech but do not build a complete sentence.
Those utterances are taken from English mixing with Indonesian language in Kartini magazine.
3) Sentence
a) … You are not alone we love you, I love Japan jangan menyerah.
b) Dengan semboyan together we will no.1 in the world acara yang dibawakan…
Some bolded utterances from the magazine above show code-mixing in English and Indonesian language. All the utterances above are code-mixing in sentence because based on the meaning, a sentence is a complete thought by seeing or hearing a statement. In addition, based on the function a sentence consist of a subject and a predicate. Those utterances are taken from English mixing with Indonesian language in Kartini magazine. All the data above were analyzed by the researcher based on components of language which consist of word, phrase, clause and sentence.
3.Data Analysis
The data were analyzed based on components of language which consists of word, phrase, clause, and sentence. From the whole analysis the writer classified them into the following table:
Table 1 The Analysis of Data
Classification of code-mixing based on the components of language
UTTERANCES USED COMPONENTES OF LAGUAGE NO. IN CODE-MIXING WORD PHRASE CLAUSE SENTENCE 1 Single parent ✓ 2 Feature ✓ 3 Reflection of you ✓ 4 Raw silk ✓ 5 Mode ✓ 6 Wood stick ✓ 7 French white gel ✓ 8 French manicure ✓ 9 Building ✓ 10 Finishing ✓ 11 Final ✓ 12 Oval ✓ 13 Lip liner ✓ 14 Ideal ✓ 15 Baby pink ✓ 16 Eye shadow ✓ 17 Catchy ✓ 18 Shading ✓ 19 Eye liner ✓ 20 Blush on ✓ 21 Styling ✓ 22 Roll ✓ 23 Make up store ✓ 24 Scotch ✓ 25 Natural ✓ 26 Corsage ✓ 27 Shampoo ✓ 28 Grand final ✓ 29 Milk protein ✓ 30 Lock formula ✓ 31 Miss ✓ 32 Mister ✓ 33 Modern ✓ 34 Cover ✓ 35 Presenter ✓ 36 Film ✓ 37 On-air ✓ 38 Off-air ✓ 39 Model ✓ 40 The perfect house ✓ 41 Tutor ✓ 42 Festival ✓ 43 Entertainer ✓ 44 Clothing ✓ 45 Entertainment ✓ 46 Traveling ✓ 47 School ✓ 48 Blouse ✓ 49 Interior ✓ 50 Gate ✓ 51 Dinner ✓ 52 Pray for ✓ 53 You are not alone we love you ✓ 54 I love Japan ✓ 55 Powerful ✓ 56 Ego ✓ 57 Ghetto ✓ 58 Chaos ✓ 59 Dog eat dog ✓ 60 Kid dynamite ✓ 61 Iron ✓ 62 Timing ✓ 63 Temperamental ✓ 64 The baddest man on the planet ✓ 65 Super ✓ 66 Ligament ✓ 67 Soulmate ✓ 68 Treadmill ✓ 69 Mentor ✓ 70 Reality series taken on ✓ 71 Golden ballroom ✓ 72 The journey of love ✓ 73 Reward ✓ 74 Reward and achievement celebration ✓ 75 Together we will be no.1 in the world ✓ 76 Dancer ✓ 77 Best of the best ✓ 78 Go ✓ 79 Training ✓ 80 Tour and shopping ✓ 81 Top ten ✓ 82 Challenge ✓ 83 Maintenance ✓ 84 Fortune ✓ 85 Contribution ✓ 86 Best performance cosmetic ✓ 87 Bes of ✓ 88 Billionaire achieve ✓ 89 Professional trainer ✓ 90 Passion ✓ 91 Blogging ✓ 92 Digital ✓ 93 Online ✓ 94 New wave marketing picture ✓ 95 Tourism blog writing competition ✓ 96 Start up ✓ 97 Self publishing online on demand ✓ 98 Offline ✓ 99 Upload ✓ 100 For free ✓ TOTAL = 166 99 63 0 4
From the table above shown this following:
1) The total number of using components of language in code-mixing were 166 utterances
2) The number of using code-mixing in word were 99 utterances
3) The number of using code-mixing in phrase were 63 utterances
4) The number of using code-mixing in sentence were 4 utterances.
Through the data above the researcher converted to percentages the components of language that consist of word, phrase, clause, and sentence which dominantly used in code-mixing in Kartini magazine by this formula:
X = F / N x 100
Where X = percentage of using components of language in code-mixing
F = number of using components of language in code mixing
N = total number of using components of language in components of language.
100% = standard percentage.
a) Word
X = F/N x 100%
X = 99/166 x 100%
X = 59,6%
The percentage of using code-mixing in word are 59,6% b) Phrase
X = F/N x 100%
X = 63/166 x 100%
X = 38%
The percentages of using code-mixing in phrase are 38% c) Clause
X = F/N x 100%
X = 0/166 x 100%
X = 0%
The percentages of using code-mixing in clause are 0% d) Sentence
X = F/N x 100%
X = 4/166 x 100%
X = 2,4%
The percentages of using code-mixing in sentence are 2,4%
From the research above the researcher formulated the result of the percentages of code-mixing from Kartini magazine on this following table:
Table 2 The classification of Components of Language
in Code-mixing and Percentage
NO. COMPONENTS OF NUMBER OF CODE- PERCENTANGE MIXING LANGUAGE 1 Word 99 59,6 % 2 Phrase 63 38 % 3 Clause 0 0 % 4 Sentence 4 2,4 % TOTAL 166 100 %
The following are the findings of the analysis:
1) There are 166 utterances of code-mixing in Kartini magazine which were analyzed based on the components of language namely word, phrase, clause, and sentence.
2) The most dominantly occurred was in word (59,6%) which was followed by phrase, it was 38% , sentence 2,4% and clause 0%.
4. Conclusion
Based on the result of the study, some conclusions are drawn as the following:
1) The components of language which are used in code-mixing in Kartini magazine are word, phrase, and sentence.
2) There are 166 utterances of code-mixing in Kartini magazine. The data were analyzed based on the components of language and the result of the percentage of code-mixing in word is 59,6%, in phrase 38%, in clause 0%, in sentence 2,4% and the component of language that is most dominantly occurred is in word (59,6%). Related to the conclusion above, the suggestions are formulated as the following:
1) It is suggested to conduct further research about code-mixing using other media such as television and many others in different ways to give a valuable contribution for people in understanding the use of code-mixing among bilingual societies.
2) It is suggested to the writers of articles in Kartini magazine to avoid the use of code- mixing. Indonesian and English language have to use well without mixing them because the language which is used in one magazine will be read and applied by readers easily and directly in their communication. So, it will give bad effect toward the using of Indonesian language to readers.
3) It is suggested to the readers to use Indonesian language or English as well as possible without mixing both languages. There are many articles in Kartini magazine which have used code-mixing between Indonesian language and English language and it will interfere the integrity of using Indonesian language itself.
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