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Water Quality of Lake Barombi Mbo, a Volcanic Crater Lake and Associated Point Sources

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Water Quality of Lake Barombi Mbo, a Volcanic Crater Lake and Associated Point Sources Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(7): 518-536 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 7 (2016) pp. 518-536 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.507.057 Water Quality of Lake Barombi Mbo, A Volcanic Crater Lake and Associated Point Sources P.T. Tabot1, C.A. Che2 and B.A. Fonge2* 1Department of Agriculture, HTTTC Kumba, University of Buea, P.O. Box 249 Kumba, Cameroon 2Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Lake Barombi Mbo is the main source of water for half a million people. Recurrent cases of Typhoid fever among users necessitated quality assessment of the source waters. We aimed to assess the water chemistry, coliform load and trophic status of K e yw or ds this natural resource. Water samples were collected at sites within the lake and Lake Barombi Mbo, point sources. Physicochemical parameters were analysed using standard methods Eutrophication, and means tested for significance using RTANOVA and Spearman rank Water quality, correlation. Coliform load was determined and Salmonella-Shigella media used for Microbial load, the presence of Salmonella typhi. Most physicochemical parameters were within Escherichia coli, the WHO (2008) standards for fresh- recreational water except for N-NH - and Salmonella typhi. 4 bicarbonate ions. Annually, the lake receives 9610, 286.3, 189.2 and 26487 tons of - + - 2- Article Info HCO3 , N-NH4 , NO3 and SO4 respectively with low release through the outlet. Accepted: The lake was eutrophic, promoting macroalgae blooms. There is faecal 15 June 2016 contamination of water from the lake and all inlets as indicated by coliform counts Available Online: >1100 CFU, and Salmonella typhi was present in significant numbers. This attests 10 July 2016 to anthropogenic influences on an ecosystem that is expected to be pristine. The results are significant for management of this and other watersheds in urban and peri urban areas susceptible to anthropogenic influences. Introduction industrial activity, recreation and transport. Water supports life on earth and is one of Lakes are superb habitats for the study of the essential natural resources for existence ecosystem dynamics, which is the and development of life (Rajagopal et al., interactions between biological, chemical 2010). The growing human population and physical processes in the ecosystem harnesses freshwater from streams, springs, (Hairston and Fussmann, 2002). Although rivers and increasingly, lakes. Humans lakes contain less than 0.01% of all the frequently depend on lakes for many goods water on the Earth’s surface, they hold and services such as drinking water, waste >98% of the liquid surface freshwater removal, fisheries, agricultural irrigation, available for human use.The quality of water 518 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(7): 518-536 in lake ecosystems is influenced by These factors have major influenceon watershed processes; the geological, quality of water. chemical and biological processes that occur onthe land and streams that lie uphill. The In most of Africa South of the Sahara, movement ofchemicals, sediments, detritus, portable water is typically sourced from and of many organisms, is typically rivers and streams. One exception is the unidirectional from the watershed to the water supply scheme in Kumba, a lake. In consequence a lake and its metropolis in South West Cameroon with a watershed are often considered a single population of about half a million people, ecosystem (Likens, 1985).Watershed which depends on Lake BarombiMbo, a processes determine the kinds of materials crater lake of volcanic origin which is also a that enter the lake, which in turn reflects Ramsar site. Lake BarombiMbo measures these through changes in water quality 2.5 Km across and 110 m deep, and in 2006 (Dong et al., 2010). Thus where lake was designated a RAMSAR site by the watersheds are prone to anthropogenic government of Cameroon. It is located at activities the potential for alteration of water 4˚4´28N, 9˚23´23E, and forms part of a quality increase drastically. Such activities protected reserve established in 1940 by typically include deforestation, agricultural order No. 17 of 1940 with a view to activities, waste and sewage disposal, protecting existing flora and fauna in the deliberate fish poisoning etc.These activities area. It serves as a fishing ground, touristic alter lake water quality through site, transportation of agricultural and forest sedimentation, sewage contamination, produce, and is the main source of water agrochemical contamination etc., and the supply to the metropolis of Kumba.The lake result is typically eutrophication, toxic algae is animated by five inlets whose flow blooms and contamination by enteric balances the anthropogenic abstraction and bacteria, rendering the water unfit for direct outflow through a small outlet, and as such human consumption (Biradar et al., 2014). there is very little fluctuation in water levels. The microbiological and physic chemical alteration of the quality of water is likely to However little is known about the water arise from a variety of sources including quality of the lake. According to (Giresse, application of agrochemicals and organic 1991) quantitative water chemistry wastes, infiltration of effluents from sewage assessment was carried out in 1991 with treatment plants, pits, lagoons and ponds very little work on bacteria evaluation. In used for storage (Aydin, 2007). In assessing the year 2010 a water pollution crisis the quality of water therefore, qualitative occurred, but no follow-up studies on the and quantitative indices are applied. underlying causes exists, and as the water Qualitative indices will include colour, continues to be abstracted for consumption odour and taste, and perhaps the general there is increased risks to the human hygiene around the catchment. Quantitative population. The purpose of this study was to indices provide definitive data on the quality assess the quality of water through physico- of water and include characterization for chemical and microbiological assessment. algae community structure, enteric bacteria We hypothesized that the water source is assessment, nutrients composition and unfit for drinking, and the treatment chemical assessment; physical assessments procedures from source to taps are barely such as pH, total dissolved solids and effective. conductivity of the water are also necessary. 519 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(7): 518-536 Materials and Methods Two sets of sampling sites were selected: Point Sources represent the inlet streams Description of the study area into the lake. Within the lake, sampling sites were also established. Details of the Lake Barombi Mbo is located at 4˚4´28N, sampling sites and their characteristics are 9˚23´23Eatan altitude of 301m asl. It is presented (Table 1). about 60 km NNE of the 4100 m high active Mt. Cameroon (Giresse et al., 1994) (Figure Collection, Handling of Samples 1). It forms part of the Cameroon Volcanic chain, and is the largest volcanic lake in Water samples West and Central Africa. It is radiocarbon- dated at about 1 million years old (Giresse et Three sets of surface water were collected in al., 1994; Balgah and Kimengsi, 2011). The 0.5 L plastic bottles for chemical and lake is animated by five streams, bacteriological analyses from five Lake subsequently referred to as point sources in Sites (LS1 to LS5), one Outlet (LS6) and this paper. Fifteen species of fish have been five Point Sources (PS1 to PS5). For recorded from the lake, 12 of which are bacterial samples, two additional samples endemic. The lake also has an endemic were collected from a tap in town for species of sponge (Corvospongillathysi), comparison. Before collection, each and an endemic species of shrimp (Caridina container was rinsed several times with the sp.).It provides portable water for the entire surface water. Samples for bacterial analyses Kumbametropolis and its environs (Duker were stored at 0°C and analysed within six and Borre, 2001). hours. Samples Analyses The Climate of the region is equatorial, and the SW Monsoon winds bring rain into the Physicochemical and nutrient analyses of region from March-April to November. The water dry season ranges from December to February. Typically rainfall averages 3,000 Analyses for nutrients were done at the Plant to 4,000 mm per year (Giresse et al., and Soil laboratory in the University of 1991).The mean annual temperature Dschang and the following were analysed: approximates 28 °C or even less as the Bicarbonate (HCO₃-) (mg/l), Electrical altitude increases, with an annual humidity conductivity (EC), Turbidity (NT), ranging from 70-84 %. The soil is covered Nitrogen-Nitrate (N-NO₃-), Sulphate (SO₄²), by a 2-3 m thick fersialitic soil characterised Zinc (Zn), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), by a common hydromorphic soils having Iron (Fe), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), and bluish-gray colour. Soluble Phosphorus (P Soluble) using standard methods (APHA 2005). Salinity Identification of study sites and samples and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) were collection calculated from conductivity using the conversion factor described by Dohrman Sampling sites were identified during a (2011) as used in Fonge et al.(2012). reconnaissance survey in February 2014. Selection of sites took into consideration the Salinity = (conductivity) 1.0878 * 0.4665 different types of land uses and also the TDS = conductivity µS/cm * 0.674 different point sources entering the lake. 520 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(7): 518-536 Total coliform count and Salmonella abundance, cells were enumerated under a analysis light microscope. Identification was done according to Nguetsop et al. (2007) and Total coliform count was carried out to Nwankwo and Onyema (2003). assess levels of coliforms in the water. A set of samples was subjected to a presumptive The Euglenophycean Index was calculated test in the Life Sciences Laboratory of the for each site as follows: University of Buea.
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