Aquifex Aquifex Pyrophilus

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Biofilm Centre 1 Bacterial diversity 2

Biofilm Centre 2 Aquifex

Prescott et al., 2000 Biofilm Centre 3 Aquifex (Hyper)thermophilic, autotrophic, aerobic

From the Lunar and Planetary Institute.

Approximately 2 meters downstream of the spring pictured to the right. Pink microbial filaments containing Aquifex and Thermotoga were found in this channel. The tempurature was measured to be 83 degrees Celsius and the pH was found to be 8.

4 Aquifex Aquifex pyrophilus novel group of marine hyperthermophilic H2 -oxidizing bacteria ¾ As a hyperthermophilic bacterium, Aquifex aeolicus grows in extremely hot tempuratures such as near volcanoes or hot springs. ¾ They grow optimally at temperatures around 85 degrees but can grow at temperatures up to 95 degrees. ¾ It needs oxygen to carry on its metabolic machinery, but it can function in relatively low levels of oxygen (A. pyrophilus can grow in levels of oxygen as low as 7.5 ppm). ¾ Aquifex species generally form large cell aggregates, which can be comprised of up to 100 individual cells. Copyright for all images: K.O.Stetter & R.Rachel, Univ.Regensburg

Biofilm Centre 5 Thermotoga

Prescott et al., 2000 Biofilm Centre 6 7 Thermotoga maritima

„ Originally isolated from geothermally heated sediment in Vulcano, Italy. „ Growth optimum 80°C. „ This bacterium breaks down many simple and complex carbohydrates, including cellulose and xylan. „ If converted to fuels such as ethanol, cellulose and xylan are potential sources of renewable energy. „ Candidate for biofuel production

Biofilm Centre 8 Dr. H. Steele 2006 Deinococci

Biofilm Centre 9 Prescott et al., 2000 Deinococci

Deinococcus radiodurans: ¾ An extremophilic bacterium, and is the „strange berry which withstands radiation“ mostradioresistant organism known. While a dose of 10 Gy is sufficient to kill a human, and a dose of 60 Gy is sufficient to kill all cells in a culture of E. coli, D. radiodurans is capable of withstanding an instantaneous dose of up to 5,000 Gy with no loss of viability, and an instantaneous dose of up to 15,000 Gy with 37% viability. ¾ It can survive heat, cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid, and because of its resistance to more than one extreme condition, D. radiodurans is known as a polyextremophile. It has also been listed as the world's toughest bacterium in "The Guinness Book Of World Records" because of its extraordinary resistance to several extreme conditions. It has been classified as a Gram-positive bacterium.

Scientific classification 1 gray (Gy) is the Kingdom:Bacteria absorption of one joule Phylum:Deinococcus-Thermus of energy, in the form Order:Deinococcales of ionizing radiation, Genus:Deinococcus by 1 kg of matter. Species:D. radiodurans Binomial name: Deinococcus radiodurans Brooks & Murray, 1981

Biofilm Centre 10 Deinococci

Prescott11 et al., 2000 Photosynthetic bacteria

12 Cyanobacteria: oxygenic photosynthesis

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2Ü

¾ Primary producers (organisms that fix CO2 for cellular carbon) play key roles in both oceanic food chain dynamics and in marine biogeochemistry. ¾ The factors that control their growth directly impact global processes. ¾ Cyanobacteria, including species of Synechococcus, Trichodesmium, and Crocosphaera, are prominent constituents of the marine biosphere that account for a significant percentage of global primary productivity. ¾ Additionally, in warm waters diazotrophic cyanobacteria (i.e., Trichodesmium and Crocosphaera) are vital components of the global nitrogen cycle through the production of “new” nitrogen.

Biofilm Centre 13 Fossil cyanobacteria a) thin sections of Archean Apex (ca. 3,5 billion years old), Western Australia b) Gloediniopsis, about 1,5 billion years old from Ural mountains c) Palaeolyngbia, about 950 million years old, from Eastern Sibiria

14 Cyanobacteria (Greek: κυανός (kyanós) = blue + bacterium) also known as Cyanophyta is a phylum (or "division") of Bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis.

¾They are often referred to as blue-green algae, although they are in fact prokaryotes, not algae. The description is primarily used to reflect their appearance and ecological role rather than their evolutionary lineage. The name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color of the bacteria, cyan; the bacteria do not use or produce cyanide whose chemical prefix is „cyano-“

¾ Putative fossil traces of cyanobacteria have been found from around 3.8 billion years

¾They are a significant component of the marine nitrogen cycle and an important primary producer in many areas of the ocean.

¾Their ability to perform oxygenic (plant-like) photosynthesis is thought to have converted the early reducing atmosphere into an oxidizing one, which dramatically changed the life forms on Earth and provoked an explosion of biodiversity.

¾ See: Oxygen Catastrophe.

Biofilm Centre 15 The oxygen catastrophe

¾ A massive environmental change believed to have happened during the Siderian period at the beginning of the Paleoproterozoic era, about 2.4 billion years ago. It is also called the Oxygen Crisis, Oxygen Revolution or The Great Oxidation. ¾ When evolving life forms developed oxyphotosynthesis about 2.7 billion years ago, molecular oxygen was produced in large quantities. This eventually caused an ecological crisis, as oxygen was toxic to the anaerobic organisms living at the time. ¾ However, it also provided a new opportunity. Despite recycling, life had remained energetically limited until the widespread availability of oxygen. ¾ This breakthrough in metabolic evolution greatly increased the free energy supply to living organisms, having a truly global environmental impact: the „rusting of the earth“

http://www.answers.com/topic/oxygen-atmosphere-png

16 Cyanobacterium: Anabaena

¾ Anabaena is a cyanobacterium, growing in bead-like cells and living in shallow water and damp soil everywhere ¾ Cyanobacteria increase the nitrogen content of soil, and some species of Anabaena have been used as natural fertilizers in the cultivation of rice ¾ Anabaena circinalis can produce paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin

Biofilm Centre 17 Cyanobacteria: Synechococcus

„ Among the most abundant organisms on the planet, these photosynthetic bacteria live in the open ocean. „ Some forms can swim through the water at speeds up to 25mm per second, despite their lack of external propelling devices. „ Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus bacteria account for two-thirds of the carbon fixation that occurs in the oceans.

Cyanobacterial stromatolites

Dr. H. Steele 2006 Biofilm Centre 18 Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria

Prescott et al., 2000 19 Cyanobacterial bloom

http://www.fultonlewis.com/images/GulfGreeningPhoto.jpg 20 Toxic cyanobacterial blooms

Microcystis aeruginosa (formerly known as blue-green algae) grow in Hartebeesport dam (drinking water reservoir of Pretoria, South Africa) producing toxins

Other toxin producing species: Anabaena spp. Microcystis aeruginosa Nodularia spp

Biofilm Centre 21 Actinobacteria

¾ The Actinobacteria or Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive bacteria with high G+C ratio. ¾ They include some of the most common soil life, playing an important role in decomposition of organic materials, such as cellulose and chitin and thereby play a vital part in organic matter turnover and carbon cycle. ¾ Thus replenishing the supply of nutrients in the soil and is an important part of humus formation. ¾ Actinoabaceria are complex with a large genome

22 Actinomycetes ¾ Actinomycetes are aerobic, Gram-positive bacteria that form branching, usually non-fragmenting hyphae and asexual spores ¾ The asexual spores borne on aerial mycelia are called conidiospores or conidia if they are at the tip of hyphae and sporangiospores when they are within the sporangia ¾ Actinomycetes have several distincitvely different types of cell walls and often also vary in terms of the sugars present in cell extracts. Properties such as color and morphology are also taxonomically useful ¾ Actinobacteria are well known as secondary metabolite producers and hence of high pharmacological and commercial interest. In 1940 Selman Waksman discovered that the soil bacteria he was studying made actinomycin, a discovery which granted him a Nobel Prize. Since then hundreds of naturally occurring antibiotics have been discovered in these terrestrial microorganisms, especially from the genus Streptomyces. ¾ Other Actinobacteria inhabit plants and animals, including a few pathogens, such as Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus and a few species of Streptomyces

Biofilm Centre 23 Actinomyces

¾ A genus of Gram-positive bacteria Some species are anaerobic, while others are facultatively anaerobic ¾ Actinomyces species do not form spores, and, while individual bacteria are rod-shaped, morphologically Actinomyces colonies form fungus- like branched networks of hyphae ¾ Some actinomycetes are responsible for the smell of soil after fresh rain

¾ Actinomyces naeslundii are Gram positive rod shaped bacteria that occupy the oral cavity. ¾ They have been implicated in periodontal disease and root caries. These bacteria are also associated with good oral health. ¾ These bacteria are some of the first to occupy the oral cavity and colonize the tooth's surface.

Biofilm Centre 24 Prescott et al., 2000 Actinomycetes spores

Prescott et al., 2000

25 Colonial growth of actinomycetes

Biofilm Centre 26 Prescott et al., 2000 Streptomycin

Streptomycin intereferes with bacterial peptide synthesis by binding to sites on the ribosomes. Streptomycin is used to treat tuberculosis

Prescott et al., 2000 27 http://openwetware.org/images/e/ef/Streptomyces_Life_Cycle_(small).gif28 The role of G-C content

¾ G (guanine) and C (cytosine) undergo a specific hydrogen bonding whereas A (adenine) bonds specific with T (thymine). ¾ The GC pair is bound by three hydrogen bonds and AT paired by two hydrogen bonds, and thus GC pairs are more thermostable compared to the AT pairs

Biofilm Centre 29 DNA melting

Melting point depends upon G-C-content

http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age4660/lect/lect_07/FG06_058.GIF

30 High G-C Gram-positive bacteria

31 Gram positive

Lactobacillus helveticus Lb. delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus Lactococcus lactis Milchsäurebildner Joghurt Käse-Herstellung

Lactobacillus casei Pediococcus pentosaceus Lactobacillus brevis Milchsäuregärung bacteriocins agains Gram+ Fermentation of wine and cheese

Biofilm Centre 32 Gram positive bacteria

„ Bacillus: − Gram positive, − spore forming „ You will be isolating Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus licheniformis in the practical course.

33 Dr. H. Steele 2006 Probiotic bacteria

‘Live microorganisms which when Probiotic Gold WITH Prebiotic administered in adequate amounts confer a Fructooligosaccharides health benefit on the host’ ** Providing 10 Billion friendly bacteria per day! ** Lactobacillus Acidophilus Lactobacillus Casei Lactobacillus Plantarum Lactobacillus Rhamnosus Bifidobacterium Bifidum

Biofilm Centre 34 Bacteria: Bifidobacterium longum

„ An important resident of the human gastrointestinal tract, this bacterium helps keep the digestive system running smoothly, inhibits harmful bacteria, and boosts the immune system. It converts sugars into lactic acid.

http://www.bt.ilw.agrl.ethz.ch/images/billes_ICT2_2.jpg Dr. H. Steele 2006 Biofilm Centre 35 Streptomyces coelicor

¾ One of medicine's most important microbes, this bacterium and its relatives produce most of the natural antibiotics in use today, including tetracycline and erythromycin. ¾ The family of bacteria, called streptomycetes, also produces compounds that have anti-cancer properties.

Erythromycin

Tetracyclin

Dr. H. Steele 2006 Biofilm Centre 36 Nocardia

Nocardia asteroides skin lesions: Pregnant woman was jogging and caught her leg on a sharp spined plant. Dr. Gary Lum, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia.

Prescott et al., 200537 National Foundation for Infectious Diseases

http://tms.lernnetz.de/immun/bilder/3.jpg Biofilm Centre 38 Staphylococcus

MRSA: Methicillin resistant S. aureus Chronic wounds

Prescott et al., 2000 39 Desulfomaculum

Desulfotomaculum is a genus of Gram-positive, obligately anaerobic soil bacteria. ¾ Desulfotomaculum can cause food spoilage in poorly processed canned foods. ¾ Their presence can be identified by the release of hydrogen sulfide gas with ist smell when the can is opened. ¾ They are endospore-forming bacteria. ¾ A new strain of desulfotomaculum bacteria has been discovered in a South African gold mine, that exists completely independent of photosynthesis. ¾ The bacterium uses the energy provided by radioisotopes to form hydrogen sulphide, H2S, which replaces the hydrogen bonds produced by normal photosynthesis. ¾ This discovery holds great promise, as it proves that organisms can obtain energy from sources other than from the sun, which means similar life-forms may be found on other planets in the Solar System. Prescott et al., 2000

Biofilm Centre 40 Clostridia

„ Clostridium perfringens and C. botulinum cause food poisoning and gangrene „ Gram positive, spore forming bacteria „ Low GC content „ anaerobic

Dr. H. Steele 2006 41 The botulinum toxin is specific for peripheral nerve endings at the point where a motor neuron stimulates a muscle. The toxin binds to the neuron Clostridia and prevents the release of acetylcholine across the synaptic cleft

www.bact.wisc.edu/.../SoldierTetanus.gif

Biofilm Centre 42 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Family:Mycobacteriaceae Genus:Mycobacterium Lehmann & Neumann 1896 Obligate intracellular parasite in macrophages Lacking cell wall, but have protective wax-like lipid layer

http://www.michigan.gov/images/mdch/M.tuberculosis_191632_7.jpg http://apps.uwhealth.org/health/adam/graphics/images/en/19099.jpg

Biofilm Centre 43 Mycobacteria

Mycobacteria in a biofilm on the internal surface of a silicon tubing after three weeks of exposure to drinking water, visualized by Ziehl- Nehlsen dye

Biofilm Centre Courtesy of R. Schulze-Röbbecke44 Mycobacterium leprae

Jesus, healing ten lepers

Biofilm Centre 45 Spirochetes

Biofilm Centre 46 Borrelia burgdorferi

¾ Borrelia burgdorferi is a Gram-negative, spirochetal bacterium that causes Lyme disease, an emerging pathogen. ¾ Untreated or persistent cases may progress to a chronic form most commonly characterized by meningoencephalitis, cardiac inflammation (myocarditis), and arthritis

Biofilm Centre 47 Spirochaetes

Biofilm Centre 48 Bacterial diversity 2

Biofilm Centre 49 Student´s presentations

19.10.09 26.10.09 Life in the dead sea Martin Keller Life in boiling water Hao Pan

02.11.09 Life in ice and snow Vera Slomka Life after disinfection Sahar Afshan 09.11.09 Life in nuclear power plants Marina Horstkott Degradation of plastic bags Uli Klümper 16.11.09 Life at the bottom of the sea Fabian Ruhnau Life on Mars Manuel Sauer 23.11.09 Life in the desert Linda Gehrmann Life in acids Rani Bakkour 30.11.09 07.12.09 What is the BDOC and how is it determined? Verena Koerfer What is the AOC and how is it determined? Daisy Fernandez 14.12.09 Life for biofuels Patrizia Peters Life in rocks Noor Jehen 21.12.09 Water, religion, culture Noor Jehen, Hao Pan Lei Lei Yang, Sahar Afshan Rani Bakkour, Daisy Fernandez 11.01.10 Life in distilled water Lei Lei Yang Life in clouds Nadine Krüger 18.01.10 Methane hydrates Mario Nikolaiski Marine snow Eugen Federherr 25.01.10 Life in deep subsurface Robert Lobe Cyanobacterial toxins Cornelia Zscheppank

01.02.10 50 Prescott et al., 2000 51 Prescott et al., 2000 Biofilm Centre 52 Biofilm Centre 53 Prescott et al., 2000 Biofilm Centre 54 Prescott et al., 2000 Biofilm Centre 55 Prescott et al., 2000 Prescott et al., 2000

Biofilm Centre 56