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Aquifex Aquifex Pyrophilus HelferInnen gesucht für die Master-Feier Termin: 16. Dezember 2009 Glaskasten, Campus Essen Ab 13.00 Uhr Bitte bei Prof. Schmidt melden Biofilm Centre 1 Bacterial diversity 2 Biofilm Centre 2 Aquifex Prescott et al., 2000 Biofilm Centre 3 Aquifex (Hyper)thermophilic, autotrophic, aerobic From the Lunar and Planetary Institute. Approximately 2 meters downstream of the spring pictured to the right. Pink microbial filaments containing Aquifex and Thermotoga were found in this channel. The tempurature was measured to be 83 degrees Celsius and the pH was found to be 8. 4 Aquifex Aquifex pyrophilus novel group of marine hyperthermophilic H2 -oxidizing bacteria ¾ As a hyperthermophilic bacterium, Aquifex aeolicus grows in extremely hot tempuratures such as near volcanoes or hot springs. ¾ They grow optimally at temperatures around 85 degrees but can grow at temperatures up to 95 degrees. ¾ It needs oxygen to carry on its metabolic machinery, but it can function in relatively low levels of oxygen (A. pyrophilus can grow in levels of oxygen as low as 7.5 ppm). ¾ Aquifex species generally form large cell aggregates, which can be comprised of up to 100 individual cells. Copyright for all images: K.O.Stetter & R.Rachel, Univ.Regensburg Biofilm Centre 5 Thermotoga Prescott et al., 2000 Biofilm Centre 6 7 Thermotoga maritima Originally isolated from geothermally heated sediment in Vulcano, Italy. Growth optimum 80°C. This bacterium breaks down many simple and complex carbohydrates, including cellulose and xylan. If converted to fuels such as ethanol, cellulose and xylan are potential sources of renewable energy. Candidate for biofuel production Biofilm Centre 8 Dr. H. Steele 2006 Deinococci Biofilm Centre 9 Prescott et al., 2000 Deinococci Deinococcus radiodurans: ¾ An extremophilic bacterium, and is the „strange berry which withstands radiation“ mostradioresistant organism known. While a dose of 10 Gy is sufficient to kill a human, and a dose of 60 Gy is sufficient to kill all cells in a culture of E. coli, D. radiodurans is capable of withstanding an instantaneous dose of up to 5,000 Gy with no loss of viability, and an instantaneous dose of up to 15,000 Gy with 37% viability. ¾ It can survive heat, cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid, and because of its resistance to more than one extreme condition, D. radiodurans is known as a polyextremophile. It has also been listed as the world's toughest bacterium in "The Guinness Book Of World Records" because of its extraordinary resistance to several extreme conditions. It has been classified as a Gram-positive bacterium. Scientific classification 1 gray (Gy) is the Kingdom:Bacteria absorption of one joule Phylum:Deinococcus-Thermus of energy, in the form Order:Deinococcales of ionizing radiation, Genus:Deinococcus by 1 kg of matter. Species:D. radiodurans Binomial name: Deinococcus radiodurans Brooks & Murray, 1981 Biofilm Centre 10 Deinococci Prescott11 et al., 2000 Photosynthetic bacteria 12 Cyanobacteria: oxygenic photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2Ü ¾ Primary producers (organisms that fix CO2 for cellular carbon) play key roles in both oceanic food chain dynamics and in marine biogeochemistry. ¾ The factors that control their growth directly impact global processes. ¾ Cyanobacteria, including species of Synechococcus, Trichodesmium, and Crocosphaera, are prominent constituents of the marine biosphere that account for a significant percentage of global primary productivity. ¾ Additionally, in warm waters diazotrophic cyanobacteria (i.e., Trichodesmium and Crocosphaera) are vital components of the global nitrogen cycle through the production of “new” nitrogen. Biofilm Centre 13 Fossil cyanobacteria a) thin sections of Archean Apex (ca. 3,5 billion years old), Western Australia b) Gloediniopsis, about 1,5 billion years old from Ural mountains c) Palaeolyngbia, about 950 million years old, from Eastern Sibiria 14 Cyanobacteria (Greek: κυανός (kyanós) = blue + bacterium) also known as Cyanophyta is a phylum (or "division") of Bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis. ¾They are often referred to as blue-green algae, although they are in fact prokaryotes, not algae. The description is primarily used to reflect their appearance and ecological role rather than their evolutionary lineage. The name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color of the bacteria, cyan; the bacteria do not use or produce cyanide whose chemical prefix is „cyano-“ ¾ Putative fossil traces of cyanobacteria have been found from around 3.8 billion years ¾They are a significant component of the marine nitrogen cycle and an important primary producer in many areas of the ocean. ¾Their ability to perform oxygenic (plant-like) photosynthesis is thought to have converted the early reducing atmosphere into an oxidizing one, which dramatically changed the life forms on Earth and provoked an explosion of biodiversity. ¾ See: Oxygen Catastrophe. Biofilm Centre 15 The oxygen catastrophe ¾ A massive environmental change believed to have happened during the Siderian period at the beginning of the Paleoproterozoic era, about 2.4 billion years ago. It is also called the Oxygen Crisis, Oxygen Revolution or The Great Oxidation. ¾ When evolving life forms developed oxyphotosynthesis about 2.7 billion years ago, molecular oxygen was produced in large quantities. This eventually caused an ecological crisis, as oxygen was toxic to the anaerobic organisms living at the time. ¾ However, it also provided a new opportunity. Despite recycling, life had remained energetically limited until the widespread availability of oxygen. ¾ This breakthrough in metabolic evolution greatly increased the free energy supply to living organisms, having a truly global environmental impact: the „rusting of the earth“ http://www.answers.com/topic/oxygen-atmosphere-png 16 Cyanobacterium: Anabaena ¾ Anabaena is a cyanobacterium, growing in bead-like cells and living in shallow water and damp soil everywhere ¾ Cyanobacteria increase the nitrogen content of soil, and some species of Anabaena have been used as natural fertilizers in the cultivation of rice ¾ Anabaena circinalis can produce paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin Biofilm Centre 17 Cyanobacteria: Synechococcus Among the most abundant organisms on the planet, these photosynthetic bacteria live in the open ocean. Some forms can swim through the water at speeds up to 25mm per second, despite their lack of external propelling devices. Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus bacteria account for two-thirds of the carbon fixation that occurs in the oceans. Cyanobacterial stromatolites Dr. H. Steele 2006 Biofilm Centre 18 Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria Prescott et al., 2000 19 Cyanobacterial bloom http://www.fultonlewis.com/images/GulfGreeningPhoto.jpg 20 Toxic cyanobacterial blooms Microcystis aeruginosa (formerly known as blue-green algae) grow in Hartebeesport dam (drinking water reservoir of Pretoria, South Africa) producing toxins Other toxin producing species: Anabaena spp. Microcystis aeruginosa Nodularia spp Biofilm Centre 21 Actinobacteria ¾ The Actinobacteria or Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive bacteria with high G+C ratio. ¾ They include some of the most common soil life, playing an important role in decomposition of organic materials, such as cellulose and chitin and thereby play a vital part in organic matter turnover and carbon cycle. ¾ Thus replenishing the supply of nutrients in the soil and is an important part of humus formation. ¾ Actinoabaceria are complex with a large genome 22 Actinomycetes ¾ Actinomycetes are aerobic, Gram-positive bacteria that form branching, usually non-fragmenting hyphae and asexual spores ¾ The asexual spores borne on aerial mycelia are called conidiospores or conidia if they are at the tip of hyphae and sporangiospores when they are within the sporangia ¾ Actinomycetes have several distincitvely different types of cell walls and often also vary in terms of the sugars present in cell extracts. Properties such as color and morphology are also taxonomically useful ¾ Actinobacteria are well known as secondary metabolite producers and hence of high pharmacological and commercial interest. In 1940 Selman Waksman discovered that the soil bacteria he was studying made actinomycin, a discovery which granted him a Nobel Prize. Since then hundreds of naturally occurring antibiotics have been discovered in these terrestrial microorganisms, especially from the genus Streptomyces. ¾ Other Actinobacteria inhabit plants and animals, including a few pathogens, such as Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus and a few species of Streptomyces Biofilm Centre 23 Actinomyces ¾ A genus of Gram-positive bacteria Some species are anaerobic, while others are facultatively anaerobic ¾ Actinomyces species do not form spores, and, while individual bacteria are rod-shaped, morphologically Actinomyces colonies form fungus- like branched networks of hyphae ¾ Some actinomycetes are responsible for the smell of soil after fresh rain ¾ Actinomyces naeslundii are Gram positive rod shaped bacteria that occupy the oral cavity. ¾ They have been implicated in periodontal disease and root caries. These bacteria are also associated with good oral health. ¾ These bacteria are some of the first to occupy the oral cavity and colonize the tooth's surface. Biofilm Centre 24 Prescott et al., 2000 Actinomycetes spores Prescott et al., 2000 25 Colonial growth of actinomycetes Biofilm Centre 26 Prescott et al., 2000 Streptomycin Streptomycin intereferes with bacterial
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