ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research ______ISSN 2231-5780 Vol.11 (7) July (2021), Impact Factor: 7.188 Online available at www.zenithresearch.org.in Email: [email protected]

A TOURISM PROSPECT OF RELIGIOUS DESTINATION OF WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NAIMISARANYA (NEEMSAAR)

VINOD KUMAR PANDEY PROF. M K AGARWAL SUJAY VIKRAM SINGH Research Scholar Head of Department Senior Research Fellow Department of Economics Department of Economics Department of History of Art and Tourism Management University of University of Lucknow Banaras Hindu University

Abstract

The revival of religious sites and its connection with tourism has created keen interest among researchers in recent times. The paper emphasizes the prospect of religious tourism in Naimisranaya as there is dearth of academic research in the selected destination. The study explores issues and suggested promotional strategies for development of tourism industry. Expert interview and secondary sources (news articles, magazine, and reports) were used as data collection source, primary data was collected using purposive sampling. The finding of study offers insights into prospects pioneering roles in key religious sites of Naimisaranya, to create initiatives in rebuilding religious tourism destination.

Keywords:Chakrateertha, Naimisaranya,Religious Tourism, Spirituality,Tourism Prospects.

Introduction

The religious tourism refers to “patterns of travel where visitor fulfil religious needs by visiting places of religious importance and pilgrimages” (Stausberg,2011). Most of the world‟s great religious centres, past and present, have been destinations for pilgrimages - think of the Vatican, Mecca, Jerusalem, Bodh Gaya (where Buddha was enlightened), or Cahokia (the enormous Native American complex near St. Louis). Religion and pilgrimage tourism refers to all travel outside the usual environment for religious purposes, excluding travel for professional purposes (e.g. priest travelling for work). However, in countries where these ceremonies have a strong religious connotation, it may be more appropriate to classify them under the heading of Religion and Pilgrimages (UNWTO, 1995).Religious tourism is a type of heritage tourism that is motivated exclusively or strongly by religious reasons (Timothy & Olsen, 2006). It is one of the oldest forms of tourism and also commonly referred as faith tourism. From above definitions Religious tourism can be regarded as mix between A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories.

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elements of religious attraction, general tourism motivation, and transportation.Religious Tourism is travelling to a religions places with not only an intention of seeking blessings from the god but also enjoy the pleasure of travelling, this would include art, culture, traditions and architecture.

Religious tourism sometimes is connected with other types of tourism, due to its nature which gets combined with other forms of tourism especially social, group, holiday, cultural etc. (Collins-Kreiner 2018; Lois-González and Santos 2015; Olsen and Timothy 2006; Oviedo et al. 2014; Raj and Morpeth 2007; Raj et al. 2015; Rinschede 1992; Timothy and Boyd 2006). Religious tourism also referred as pilgrimage tourism sometimes. Whereas pilgrimage defined as “a journey resulting from religious causes, externally to a holy site, and internally for spiritual purposes and internal understanding” (Barber, 1993) what it supposes the journey of a religious devotee to a sacred religious site (Turner 1973; Turner and Turner,1978). Others, such as Collins-Kreiner (2010b) and Morinis (1992), define pilgrimage as a journey to a site that embodies the highly valued, the deeply meaningful, or a source of core identity for the traveler. These definitions clearly differentiate religious tourism from pilgrimage tourism as the motive, perception and experience of traveller visiting to religious tourism destination and pilgrim visiting to a religious destination for pilgrimage is different. Thus „Pilgrims‟ within the context of the definitions of pilgrimage can be established as existential form of tourism.Indians ranked Religious places high as their preferred tourist destinations according to the State of Nation Study conducted by Lokniti at the Delhi-based Centre for Study of Developing Societies (CSDS) in 2008. A study conducted by Ixigo, leading Indian travel marketplace, reveals that number of Indian travellers have increased for pilgrimage tourism to connect with their religious roots in popular pilgrimage places. The study also specifies the growth in hotel bookings at popular religious sites such as 60 per cent for Puri, 48 per cent for Varanasi, 34 per cent for Tirupati and 19 per cent growth for Shirdi. Travellers plan a short-stay of an average two days during their visit to religious destinations. In close to 60 percent of domestic tourism is religion based. Religion and spirituality are big motivators to cause travel in India. It is due to the deep faith of followers in rituals, mythology and achieving enlightenment and salvation through practicing religion at these holy destinations.

In the context of religious , religiousness is a cornerstone of Indian history and culture where pilgrims of various sects visit their sacred destinations. These

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religious places are iconic sites to visit their sacred destinations. These religious place are booming market for domestic and international tourism.

Previous studies in religious tourism have covered concepts, benefits for destination. However, no studies have been conducted in Naimsaranya. As per data available on UP tourism website for domestic as well as foreign tourist‟s arrival at some of the popular religious sites in Uttar Pradesh, Naimisaranya received least no. of domestic as well as foreign tourists in comparison with other religious sites. Therefore, present study aims to document religious potential and opportunities for tourism infrastructure development in the destination.

Objectives of the study

 To document religious potential of Naimisaranya as a tourism destination.  To identify the problem for religious tourism at Naimisaranya.  To offer prospective suggestion and solution for religious tourism at Naimisaranya.

Literature Review

Significance and Status of Religious Tourism in India

As per Ministry of tourism website 59.3% foreign tourists out of 10035803 have visited India for the purpose of “leisure holiday and recreation” in 2017 and the total foreign earning exchange from tourism in India in 2017 have accounted for Rs. 177874 cr. as compared to 154146 cr. In 2016, registering a growth of 15.4 % in 2017 over 2016. India‟s travel and th tourism sector ranks 7 in the world in terms of its total contribution to the country‟s Gross domestic product (GDP), generating 14.1 trillion INR. It is forecasted to rise by 6.7% per th annum INR 28.5 trillion, 10.00 % of GDP in 2027. India ranked 25 in terms of International th tourists arrivals (ITA‟s) in 2018 with 5.05% share of total ITA‟s around the world and 7 in Asia and the Pacific. Indian economy received 28585 million US$ through foreign exchange earnings in 2018, which is 4.7% more than total FEE‟s in year 2017. India is known for its rich varied cultural and religious heritage worldwide. It has a huge potential for religious tourism as this land is bestowed with the evolution of many great religion like ,

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Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism etc. and the people from worldwide visit India to feel this religious association and its deep rooted history and heritage. In a study conducted by Griffin&Raj (2017) to explore the importance of religious tourism and pilgrimage worldwidedescribe through the data collected from various sources for no. of tourists visiting the important religious places in the world, the list mentions 8 religious places from India. Kumbh mela was placed on top in the list with 100 million tourists for maximum number of visitors in 2012-13. The 49-day Kumbh Mela, 2019 visited by a significant number of 24.01 crore people in the Sangam city. This is the highest footfall the mela has ever witnessed in its history.

Religious Significance and Importance of Naimisaranya in Hindu mythology

Among all the religious destinations in Uttar Pradesh, Naimisaranya possess a strong religious belief, which upholds a connection with the beginning of all cultural and religious aspects of ancient Hindu mythology. It is situated in district Sitapur about 94 kms from the capital city Lucknow. It is located on the left banks of river Gomati. Naimisaranya popularly known as „Neemsaar‟ or „Naimish‟, and is believed to be the abode of Lord . Naimishteerth is considered as one of the eighth svayamvyaktakshetras by lord Vishnu that he himself manifested. This holy place has deep religious significance in Hindu mythology and its description is found in various old Hindu scriptures like Shri Vishnu Shahastranama, Shrimadbhagvatam (1.1.4), Varahpuran, PadamPuran, Vayupuran, Rig veda and SkandPuran etc. It is believed to be the first ever pilgrimage site laid on earth. As Naimisaranya is associated with many mythological incidents and had been land of penance (tapobhoomi) for many great Indian saints. This pious land has many temples and religious sites in it. Naimish has a parikrama (Circumambulation) path of 16 kms., in which all of these sacred places are believed to be located. Naimisaranya possess a strong religious belief, which upholds a connection with the beginning of all cultural and religious aspects of ancient Hindu mythology .Naimisaranya is connected from Lucknow via Sitapur.

Chakrateerthais the focal point among all points of teerthas of Neemsaar. It is believed thatwith the onset of the universe, 88,000 Saints and Sages went to Lord and prayed him with the notion to know the ideal place for uninterrupted meditation, a place which will liberate one from all the difficulties and sins, a place where one can attain divine knowledge and for

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performing spiritual rites for the welfare of the humanity. After hearing their prayers Lord Brahma told them that he would send his disc (called Manomaya Chakra) and it will direct them to the sacred spot. He also said that wherever its axis will fall, that particular place will be the focal point of their sacred place for meditation. Having said this, He released his Chakra and all the Saints followed its path. After completing several revolutions around the universe, finally the Chakra settled at a deserted place and addressed the Saints that, this place which is dwelled on the banks of Adi Ganga Gomati is free from all sins and calamities. Moreover, any rituals performed at this sacred place will be blessed. There is no other holy place, as this one in this entire universe. Saying this, the Chakra fell into the Yagyashala. Due to its forcefull fall with thunderous speed the underworlds broke down and huge gushes ofwater sprouted from underneath. Lord Brahma requested AdiShakti (divine power) Goddess Sri Lalitha Devi to stop the "Brahma Manomaya Chakra''. The divine power stopped that chakra and henceforth settled at this place as “Lingadhaarini”, Since then, this place where the axis of Brahma Manomaya Chakra (Nemi) fell surrounded by the forest came to be known as Nemisharanya or Naimisaranya, and it became the central place for performing meditation by all the Saints and Sages. The spot where the Chakra struck the earth and water spring came out became known as Chakra Teertha.Chakra-Theertha is said to be the centre of the universe. It is said that the large sweet-water spring that marks the location of Chakra-Theertha has no bottom. The British wanted to disprove this as mythology, so they brought a cable and attempted to find the bottom. After more than 1000 meters they ran out of cable and gave up. It is a belief that if you bathe in Chakra-Theertha and make an offering to the presiding deity, Sri Lalitha Devi, on a full Moon/new Moon day that falls on a Monday, you will wash away all the sins committed in a lifetime. ShakthiPeeth is situated here and Goddess Sri Lalitha Devi is being worshipped here as the female presiding deity of Naimisaranya. This place is ideal to provide complete satisfaction and salvation to the ancestors. Almost all talk of Naimisaranya and its significance and importance. The gist of all is said as follows:There are unlimited numbers of teerthas on earth but this is the first among them. Naimisaranya is the most sacred and supreme among all the teerthas. The importance of this teertha is ten times than that of any other teertha. This is an important teertha which offers Bhoga and Moksha both. This is a holy place where Siddhi (super powers) can be attained quickly. 30 thousand teerthas always live in this area. There is lot of importance and significance is given for taking bath in

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Naimisaranya during Mahakumbha when Sun is in MeshaRaasi which happens once in 12 years. If PitruShraaddha (Pindadaan) is done here, ancestors get place in Vaikunta.

 Chakra Theertha  Sri Lalitha Devi Temple (Lingadharini, presiding female deity of Naimisaranya)  VyasaGaddhi/VyasaVatika/VyasaDham (Vedvyas taught Ved/Puranas to his deciples)  Manu - SatrupaTapasthali  Hanuman Garhi(18 feet self-manifested Lord Hanuman)  Gomathi River (AdiGanga)  Balaji Temple (Lord Venkateswara)  Soot Gaddhi (where SutaMahamuni sat while instructing the sages 5,000 years ago, Ugrasrava narrated the story of ShrimadBhagvat to several )  Sri NaradanandSarasvati ashram  Purammandir and Ashram of MaaAanandmayi (old Sscriptures Vedas and puranas kept here)  Devdeveshwar Temple (Mahadeva temple, Believed to be founded by deity )  Siddheshwar temple  Dashasvamedhghat (Shri Ram performed Dashasvamedh here)  Rudravartghat (Shivlinga is said to be in invisible form here in the river)  Sitakund  Pandavkila  Devpuri  Mishrikhteerth or Dadheechikund Methodology

The study is exploratory in nature as it was conducted to understand prospects of religious tourism at Naimisaranya. The authors used both primary and secondary data to gather information related to destination. Primary data was gathered from observation and interview with residents, priests of temples and government officials. The related literatures were obtained from various secondary sources were reviewed. Information from reports, documents and gazette were used in the study.

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Uttar Pradesh and its Religious Background

th Uttar Pradesh is the 4 largest state in India with an approximate area of 2,40,928 Sq. Km. and it is one of the favoured states among top 10 states of India for tourists. In terms of FTV‟s Uttar rd Pradesh holds 3 rank with 13.1 % share of total foreign tourist arrivals in India.Uttar Pradesh is a state, which is religiously rich with the destinations like Ayodhya,Varanasi, , Prayagraj, Sarnath etc. and home to birth of many religions like Buddhism, Jainism etc. It is adorned with various holy shrines, temples, forts, palaces, pilgrimage sites and cities / places of ancient identity and traditions with full of joyous festivals. The state of Uttar Pradesh plays an important role in the politics, education, culture, industry, agriculture andtourism of India. Uttar Pradesh for its varied tourism attractions, visited by 28.50 crores domestic tourists as compared to 23.39 crore domestic tourist in 2017, registering growth of 21.8% of total domestic tourists arrival in 2018.

This change has been noticed by the State government and various tourism circuits have been framed according to their religious and historical background. Ayodhya, Brij, Buddhist, Sufi circuits are some of the examples, which have been identified for planned development of these areas to meet the requirements as per the need of the tourists as well as the locals. The Government in the annual budget 2019 allocated Rs 207 crore for expansion of KashiVishwanath temple corridor, Rs 6 crore for a Vedic Science Centre at Banaras Hindu University, Rs 101 crore for tourist spots in Ayodhya, Rs 125 crore for development of infrastructure in Braj region, Rs 27 crore for development of tourist spots in GarhMukteshwar, Rs 120 crore for pro-poor tourism and implementation of tourism policy and Rs 5 crore for boundary walls of Ramlila grounds. It is also proposed to develop Rishi BhardwajAshram and ShringverpurDham in Allahabad. Moreover, it is also proposed to ensure development of Vindhyachal and Naimisaranya; Sarnath, Shravasti, Kushinagar, Kapilvastu, Kaushambi and Sankisa under Buddhist Circuit; Shakumbhari Devi and Shukratal; TulsiPeeth in Rajapur, Chitrakoot; Maharaja Suheldeo site and Chittaura Lake in Bahraich; and BijliPasiQila in Lucknow. In the recent addition UP government has proposed a sum of five crore ruppes for the development of places of tourism importance on the way to 84 kosiparikrama. Govt. has also proposed 115 crore rupees for constructing Spiritual circuit in Naimisaranya – Mishrikh and Dhobiyagaon. In an effort to promote tourism, Varanasi has started a 5-star luxury tourist cruise in September 2018, at KhidkiyaGhat, named Alaknanda, is the first ever luxury cruise that will ferry passengers around all the 84 ghats. In anotherattempt the

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helicopter service has been started to provide better facilities to devotees at Mundia fair in Govardhan, Mathura. This helicopter service is mainly for those pilgrims, who want to circumambulateGirirajmountain during this fair but due to physical and age drawers, are not able to do so. This helicopter will use a 21-kilometer parikrama of Giriraj.

Neemsaar site visit observation

During visit to the destination it was observed that Naimisaranya having so much of religious importance in Hindu mythology lacks on several aspects to market its rich and vast historical and mythological value for acquiring attention of international as well as domestic tourists. The destination is visited mostly by the traditional or established domestic tourists who have some sort of community relationships. Most of the inbound tourists groups are from , Rajasthan, Gujrat and as these states have their own arrangements for place of stay (hotels or dharamshalas) like Maharashtra hotel constructed by the donation of Maharashtrian people etc. The destination is rarely visited by the foreign tourists in comparison to the other popular religious tourism destinations of Uttar Pradesh. Though domestic tourist‟s visits are of good numbers during various fairs and festivals but this does not show much impact on the economic aspects of the religious site. There are no star category hotels available, where good quality services can be availed. Krishna Sparsh hotel, Maharashtra hotel, Rahiparyatakawasgriha and Dharamshala (Dormitories) are some of the places provide moderate facilities to stay. Generally tourists plan for the same day visit of the destination as there is no other means of religious entertainment/ infotainment (light and music show, park etc.) available. The connectivity through road is better as compare to the Rail connectivity. Naimisaranya has only one passenger train runs between Kanpur toNaimisaranya and the platform even does not provide any upgraded services at waitinglounge. The activities performed by tourists visiting these sites are as follows:

 Holy dip in Chakra Teertha and River Gomathi  Participate in a circumnavigating or 84 Kosiparikrama during holi fair from Naimisaranya to Mishrikh, it starts in the month February / March (falgun) and

ends on burning of Hoika (Holikadahan).

 Visit State level fair organized during Amavas

 PitraCermonies (PindaDaan, ThilaTarpana)

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 Charity can be performed by donating Cow (Godana), Vriksha Dana (Tree), ShayyaDaan (Bedding), Vasthra Dana (clothes) and Wheat. It is said that charity given here in the name of forefathers, their Pithruganas in whichever world they

might be, will get free of all sins and can attain divinity and salvation.  Parayana of sacred Puranas especially Sri Mad BhagavathGeetha, Sri Vishnu

Sahasranama, PurushaSooktha, Narayana, Upanishad at VyasaGaddhi.  Sri SathyanarayanaPooja (Facilities are available for performing the same at Sri

BalajiMandir)

Suggestions:

Religious Tourism is considered as one of the pillars in Indian tourism sector in terms of foreign exchange, creation of employment opportunities for residents at a destination. However, it is vital to facilitate such facilities that cater to needs of tourist segment visiting places of religious importance. Some of the suggestions provided in this case are:

 There is a small Village named „Bari‟ enroute to the Naimisaranya from Lucknow, which can be developed as small village route for tourists to feel rural life.  Neemsaar Railway station walls can be enhanced with spiritual Graffitti on the walls and the surrounding area may be developed with more greenery inside and outside of the station.  An express/ superfast train should be introduced for Naimisaranya as there is no express train available on this route and the facility of A.C. waiting hall must be introduced to improve the quality of the station.  More bilingual signage boards are required with correct spellings in the religious locations of Naimisaranya.  The mythological and historical background of each of the religious place needs to be displayed in bilingual and in an interesting manner.  UP Tourism signage board has spelling errors that need to be replaced with the correct spellings.

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 To popularize Namisharnaya, different posters/ hoardings/visual displays may be established on the connecting Railway stations and Bus stations and other famous religious places in Uttar Pradesh like Varansi, Mathura, and Allahabad etc.  Awareness campaigns can be organized for Local E- Rickshaw drivers to provide information about the tourists visiting Naimisaranya.  To promote, Naimisaranya should also be included in the IRCTC tour packages covering religious tour of Uttar Pradesh.  E-Rickshaws can be painted with spiritual and mythological paintings.  Alternative entertainment facilities like Park, light and music show about mythology etc. may be introduced.  Poojasaamagri (worship materials)/ Offerings and Prasad quantity, quality and price should be standardized.  There is a donation contract system that has been developed by the government, in which locals (temple pujari) pay a sum of contract amount to the government which authorizes them to collect donations from the tourists on a yearly basis. This system of agreement has somehow transformed into a kind of forced donation from the tourists visiting temples. This contract system must be improved and tourists should not be forced for any kind of donations/ offerings.  Naimisaranya can also be developed as a centre for acquiring knowledge about old scriptures and manuscripts with an effective advertisement policy and proper development planning. Conclusions

The study focused on prospects and issues of religious tourism in Naimisaranya and attempted to provide suggestive measures for development of destination in tourism map of Uttar Pradesh as religious tourism place. The research observations have facilitated in explaining purpose for holiday festival period and also discovered out religious tourist motivation to visit the place. Further, prospect of destination depends upon two factors – Tourism facilities and Destination Religious Attraction. The observations shed light on major factors that influence religious tourism at destination such as transportation, accommodation,

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cultural and spiritual attractions, shopping of souvenirs and other tourist amenities. The findings of the study will provide sufficient information and knowledge for better marketing strategies to attract the religious tourist segments to this destination. Since, studies adopts secondary methods to understand prospect of Uttar Pradesh with reference to Naimisaranya. Further studies can explore different aspects of tourists during their visit in Naimisaranya and conduct qualitative and quantitatively analyse the motivation, experience and satisfaction from services by tourist visiting religious spots in this destination.

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