Royal Archaeological Institute Newsletter No August
EDITORIAL • Katherine Barclay IN THIS ISSUE
Editorial Cultural organisations argue that every pound invested in the arts and heritage sector earns £ for the economy. What Grants and Awards impact spending cuts from central and local Government will have is yet to be seen, but all is not yet doom and gloom. Research Grant Reports A recent survey by the Council for British Archaeology found that , people are now involved in voluntary archaeology Dates for your in the UK. This figure has more than doubled since a similar Diary survey was carried out in . Part of the reason for the increase is undoubtedly that funding opportunities such as Cardiff Conference Heritage Lottery Fund grants have enabled the creation of new voluntary groups. Despite the recession, lottery ticket sales have Spring Day Meeting recently been higher than expected, so the Heritage Lottery to Buckinghamshire Fund has more money available, and over the next five years, the four good causes of the arts, sport, heritage and charitable Summer Meeting in activity will move to equal shares of the lottery proceeds. This Pembrokeshire could mean a further £ m for heritage projects in – . RAI Lectures As well as increasing expenditure on major grants of £ m or ‒ more, the HLF is to devote a further £ million to creating new training places on its ‘Skills for the Future’ Institute of programme, which trains people in traditional craft skills, Archaeology/British conservation, heritage resource management and skills in Museum Seminars community engagement. Fifty-four organisations have training ‒ schemes that have been approved. The British Museum will receive £ , to provide fifteen people – at least half of BAA Meetings ‒ them from black, Asian and minority ethnic backgrounds – with traineeships in curation and collection management. They will spend six months at the British Museum and twelve Miscellany months with a partner museum. The Council for British Archaeology has been awarded a grant of £ , for a three- Caption Competition year programme to train nine people a year (twenty-seven in total) to work with voluntary sector archaeology groups. The project will be managed by the CBA, but bursary places will be hosted by a variety of organisations already masonry, carpentry, joinery, lead work, working in this field. plumbing, painting and decorating. The three-year full-time programme, which In a separate initiative, the National Trust is begins in September, will offer sixteen funding a new apprenticeship scheme in a positions at National Trust properties across bid to tackle the severe building skills the country where apprentices will train shortage in the heritage sector. The alongside staff due to retire within that time. programme, which is aimed largely at sixteen The aim is to provide continuity of valued to nineteen year olds, will train young skills by enabling those who are retiring to people in traditional skills, including stone teach and mentor the next generation.
GRANTS AND AWARDS
ROYAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE RESEARCH GRANTS The Institute awards the following grants annually: Tony Clark Fund Up to £ for archaeological work and dating Bunnell Lewis Fund Up to £ towards archaeology of the Roman period in the UK RAI Award Up to £ towards archaeological work in the UK Please write to the Administrator at RAI, c/o Society of Antiquaries, Burlington House, London, for an application form or visit our website, www.royalarchaeolinst.org Closing date for applications: second Wednesday of January . Awards announced in April .
TONY BAGGS UNDERGRADUATE BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISSERTATION PRIZE AWARDS WINNERS 2010 This is a biennial prize for the best The winners of the six British dissertation by an undergraduate at a British Archaeological Awards were announced to a university; nominations are made by full audience at the British Museum on University and College Departments. The July at a ceremony hosted by historian and winner will receive a prize of £ and the broadcaster Michael Wood. Before opportunity for a paper based on the announcing the awards, Michael gave a dissertation to be published in the rousing speech in which he said that Archaeological Journal. The award will be ‘Archaeology is our primary tool for presented at the London meeting of the understanding what Bronowski called “The Institute on March and the result will Ascent of Man”, an essential tool for be published in the Spring edition of understanding ourselves’. The Minister for the newsletter. Tourism and Heritage John Penrose, who presented the prizes for best project and best St Peter Port Harbour which was discovered discovery, memorably said that ‘this and excavated in the s (Rule and Government takes archaeology very Monaghan, ) and a summary of finds seriously’. from other possible Roman wreck sites. Finds from St Peter Port harbour and other The winners of the six Awards were: coastal areas will also be included. Best Archaeological Project: The Tarbat The excavation of the Bonded Stores site in Discovery Programme St Peter Port has increased our knowledge Best Community Archaeology Project: Fin about the Roman period in the islands Cop: Solving a Derbyshire Mystery considerably. Excavations began in January in advance of the Victorian Market Best Archaeological Book: Europe’s Lost Buildings being redeveloped. The site is in World: the re-discovery of Doggerland by Vince the heart of modern St Peter Port close to Gaffney, Simon Fitch and David Smith, the parish church of St Peter (standing by published by the Council for British ). It is at the bottom of one of the two Archaeology valleys that border the town and in the Best Representation of Archaeology in the Roman period would have been a hundred Media: The Thames Discovery Programme metres or so from the waterfront. The main website finds from the excavation were from around the second century , although there were Best Archaeological Innovation: the ‘Lindow several earlier phases. Structural remains of Man: a Bog Body Mystery’ exhibition at the Roman buildings were located under later Manchester Museum (April to April medieval walls. There was evidence of ) metalworking in the higher part of the site. Best Archaeological Discovery: The Part of a small-iron smelting furnace was Staffordshire Hoard excavated. It was built with a dome of clay The chairman of the British Archaeological over a clay floor from which a flue directed Awards board of trustees, Mike Heyworth, the molten metal to a sump area with small announced that the board was planning to angular stones set in a brown soil. The make the Awards an annual event in future. furnace had been fired at least twice and to a very high temperature and is typical of RESEARCH GRANT REPORTS furnaces built around . In another area of the site a building appeared to have R E B burnt down leaving traces of burnt timbers G • Heather Sebire and quantities of floor and roof tile. Work continued on the reports of rescue In all, over sherds of pottery were excavations carried out in the Bailiwick of recovered of which approximately were Guernsey. In particular the excavation report Samian ware. There were many forms on a major Roman site – the Bonded Store, present including flagons, bowls and cups St Peter Port – is being incorporated into a from a wide variety of sources in southern, volume which will include all known central and eastern Gaul. The pottery dated Roman material from the Bailiwick of from the later first century through to the Guernsey with a gazetteer of sites with third century. The Bonded Stores assemblage Roman finds. It will also make reference to indicates that Guernsey was receiving high the Gallo-Roman trading vessel from percentages of products from East Gaul. The . coarse wares also show strong links with the elucidate the use and post-discard histories of areas of the Rhine, the Argonne and the material in more detail than was possible northern France (Wood ). Amongst the with that assemblage. For example, Samian ware were two pots with maker’s measurement of sherds’ surface areas – as stamps, one COBNERTIANUS, and well as their weight – will help to another, MAGIO. Cobnertianus and Magio understand better the fragmentation of both worked at Lezoux, in Central Gaul, material which includes both thick- and around – (pers. com. Brenda thin-walled sherds (for which weight alone Dickinson). Sherds of Dressel a amphora would be misleading). Abrasion is recorded and of Dressel amphora from Spain were for each surface and for edges, rather than found as well as mortaria. Glass fragments using a more usual overall abrasion were retrieved including several pieces of descriptor. In this way, differing histories of vessel handles and a tiny fragment of a use between material in pits, house floors polychrome pillar-moulded bowl. A lump of and middens may be distinguishable. raw glass was also found, which might imply There are clear similarities between this that glass working was going on in the area. assemblage and the material from the – Rule, M. and Monaghan, J. , A Gallo- Durrington Walls excavations. However, Roman Trading Vessel from Guernsey, there are some clear differences. In Guernsey Museum Monograph . decoration, Longworth (, ) noted the three most common techniques as grooving, Roman Guernsey and the Wood, A. M., , incision and cordons and this is also the case context of the pottery from the Bonded Store, in the current assemblage. Yet a decorative Guernsey Museum unpublished report. technique which appears absent from the L N previous assemblage is that of lines formed D W • Ros Cleal and Mike by end-to-end fingernail impressions. This Parker Pearson has been found on sherds belonging to several vessels and is occasionally found on The recording of the large ceramic Grooved Ware elsewhere in Britain. Circular assemblage from the Stonehenge Riverside motifs were defined by Longworth as a excavations of – has been partially diagnostic trait of the Durrington Walls sub- completed and is ongoing. The analysis, style but appear to be limited spatially to the begun with a ‘pump-priming’ grant from the south side of the Durrington Walls avenue RAI, is continuing with a major grant from and the southeast sector of the timber the Arts & Humanities Research Council. monument known as the Southern Circle. Over , sherds of Late Neolithic One of the research questions posed by the Grooved Ware have been recovered from a project is whether Beaker pottery was settlement of houses and middens (dated by contemporary with Grooved Ware at radiocarbon to – cal ) which pre- Durrington Walls at this time (– dated the bank and ditch of a large henge cal ). A minor component of the enclosure (– cal ). assemblage is about a dozen sherds with The level of detail being recorded for the geometric Beaker-like decoration, in fabrics assemblage is greater than for the previous which are atypical for Beakers. These are Durrington Walls assemblage (excavated by clearly similar to vessels identified by Geoffrey Wainwright in – and Longworth in the – excavation and recorded by Ian Longworth) as it is hoped to will need to be examined in conjunction with those sherds. This material seems to be excavated material by the late Alan Vince. unique to Durrington Walls. Among the sand-sized inclusions, glauconite The fabrics largely reflect those of the earlier is present in many of the vessels and this may excavated assemblages, with non-plastic reflect local manufacture. Chemical analysis inclusions of shell, sand and grog but very of the shell inclusions failed to determine few other inclusions. A petrological pilot whether they were marine, freshwater or study was carried out on the recently fossil.
DATES FOR YOUR DIARY 2010 A D M at Westminster and S M – May, Norfolk Lambeth, Saturday October, led by Tim Rood Screens, led by Julian Litten; n.b. Tatton-Brown. For details, please see the starts pm Friday flyer included in this mailing. S M – June, at Lisbon FORTHCOMING IN 2011 (details to be (Portugal) and environs, led by Headley confirmed, but please check our website) Swain.
MEETINGS NOTES
WALES AND THE WEST DURING THE BRONZE AGE: CHARACTER, COMPARISONS AND CONTACTS, ‒ April at the National Museum, Cardiff • Frances Griffiths
In April, in keeping with our policy of Garmon firedog and the new reconstruction engagement all over the country, the of the Caergwrle boat bowl, accompanied by Institute shared the organisation of a major the late Denis Sloper’s images, are beautifully conference. This was held in Cardiff as the displayed. guests of Amgueddfa Genedlaethol Caerdydd, the National Museum Wales at The conference heard a wide range of Cardiff. The programme was organised by excellent papers on various aspects of the Adam Gwilt and Bob Silvester on behalf of Bronze Age in Wales and the West from a the National Museum, the Institute, the wide range of speakers, from academic, Cambrian Archaeological Association and rescue and research backgrounds. Perhaps Cadw, with help from Caroline Raison and the stand-out papers were Professor Martin Susan Greaney. We were well entertained by Bell’s masterly synthesis of the exploitation the National Museum, and the evening of wetland and dryland resources in the reception, hosted by the Cambrians, Bronze Age, Henrietta Quinnell’s new provided the opportunity for participants to survey of the latest understanding of see the splendid new Early Wales gallery at Trevisker pottery, and Dr Stuart Needham’s the Museum, where such treasures as the revelation that the Mold Cape might be but latest Pontnewydd Cave finds, the Capel one of a group of exceptional sheet-metal . pieces from a small area of north-east Wales. There was happily time for discussion too, and lively and informed debate took place between speakers and members of the audience. The subject of the conference had been chosen as a tribute to celebrate the work of Frances Lynch Llewellyn (formerly of the University of Wales, Bangor) in the Bronze Caergwrle boat bowl © National Museum Wales Age in Wales – and indeed much further afield. At the very convivial reception on Saturday night we heard from Elizabeth Attendance at the conference was good and Elias, Vice President of the Trustees of included RAI members from all over the NMW, Richard Keen, President of the Cambrians, and Gill Hey of RAI. Then Siân country, and field archaeologists from both Rees of Cadw, our Vice President, presented Wales and the west of Britain. Social aspects a very warm account of and tribute to of the meeting were much enjoyed, and the Frances’s work over very many years, Museum proved a congenial host – even including how as a young Inspector in Wales providing special back door access early on she first encountered a person with such a Sunday before it properly opened its doors. formidable reputation! Many happy Consideration is now being given to memories of work with Frances followed, publication of the proceedings of the and she was then presented with a meeting, and this event, in conjunction with particularly useful gift: a head torch to aid the RAI’s foray to Pembrokeshire in July, her further exploration of chambered tombs has provided a welcome focus on Wales for in Wales and beyond. the Institute this year.
SPRING DAY MEETING TO BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, ‒ May, • Rosemary Ewles
More than thirty members gathered at present) to the undulating pastoral landscape Aylesbury’s Holiday Inn at the start of our and quiet villages north of the Vale of weekend in Buckinghamshire, which turned Aylesbury. out to be rich in interest, new insights and Our programme had been devised by Mike glorious weather. It is always slightly Farley, formerly the County Archaeologist, surprising that the Home Counties, who had not only arranged expert guides to occupying the skirts of London’s speak to us at each site but also had driven metropolitan sprawl, also offer lush all the routes in advance to ensure the countryside, varied topography and an timings were reliable. His lecture after dinner apparent degree of rural continuity. So it on Friday evening, An Introduction to seemed with Buckinghamshire as we Buckinghamshire, reflected his long-standing traversed the County from the concrete knowledge of the county and provided an jungle of Slough in its south, through the essential overview for our visits over the leafy Chilterns (with circling red kites ever- following two days. Saturday’s programme began with a visit to rich a store of funeral monuments as any the Bedford Chapel at St Michael’s Church, parish church of England’. Chenies, the private chapel of the Russell The Chapel was added to the church in family, and not normally open to the public. and subsequently re-built and extended. The Our visit was by courtesy of the Duke of sequence of family monuments commences Bedford, and our guide was Chris Gravett, with the mid sixteenth-century tomb of the Curator of Woburn Abbey. As only ten first Earl of Bedford, and concludes with the visitors are allowed in the Chapel at any one fourteenth Duke, who died in . It time, we were grateful to Chris for patiently includes those of John, first Earl Russell, giving three expositions in quick succession. twice Prime Minister (died ), and of the The church stands next to Chenies Manor, a pioneer aviator Mary, wife of the eleventh fifteenth-century brick mansion and home to Duke, known as ‘the Flying Duchess’ and the Earls of Bedford until (and, as many lost with her biplane in . The most of us noted, worth a return visit). The striking group is the series of seven painted Church itself is extremely plain, having been stone monuments of the sixteenth and thoroughly scrubbed in the nineteenth seventeenth centuries, with full-length century, and this makes stepping into the recumbent figures in which realistic details of Bedford Chapel with its array of highly- robes, ruffs, fur and shoe-laces sit alongside decorated monuments, stained glass, the quirky classicism, strapwork and fantastic hatchments and banners, all the more beasts that characterise English ornament of impressive. Pevsner described it as having ‘as this period. This Jacobean idiom, as it turned out, was an appropriate visual preparation for our next visit; to the extraordinary seventeenth- century Kederminster Chapel and Library at St Mary’s, Langley Marish – a most unlikely survival in the suburbs of Slough. Our guides were Julian Hunt, former Buckinghamshire Local Studies Librarian and Peter Sirr, Honorary Curator of the Library, who between them explained the history of the Library and showed us some of its treasures. The Kederminster family played an important role in the area from the sixteenth century, notably in rescuing Langley Park, then a royal deer park, from neglect. As a result Sir John Kederminster was made Chief Steward of the Manor of Langley Park in and was subsequently granted both Park and Manor by Charles I in . Before Sir John’s death in he enlarged, restored and refurbished Langley Marish church, and built and endowed the Library The Kederminster family pew (MO’B) and adjacent almshouses. . Pevsner described St Mary’s as ‘one of the picturesquely disposed on and around the most rewarding churches of Saxon burial mound. It stands within the Buckinghamshire’ with ‘a great wealth of disused churchyard of St Nicholas furnishings happily jumbled together’. The (demolished in the s) next to Taplow Kederminster Library is its star; a rare Court which, though based on a much survivor of the early seventeenth-century earlier house, is now essentially a large, red- parish library. It is housed in the south aisle, brick, Tudor-style mansion of –, now the construction of which was the subject of occupied by SGI-UK, a lay Buddhist society. an ecclesiastical permission in , which Mike Farley explained that the mound was also provided for a family pew with direct partly excavated by James Rutland in access from the churchyard, and with a but had not yet been published to modern family vault beneath. The library of some standards. It contained the richly-furnished books was intended for the use of the burial of a male dating to the seventh vicars and curates of the parish and is century, and the finds included a gold buckle primarily of theological works published and clasps, a sword, spearheads and shields, between and , Sir John having drinking glasses and horns, a bronze made provision in his will for his wife to cauldron, wooden buckets and a lyre. make additions after his death. Presented to the British Museum, where The screen, pew interior and (most richly) some are on display, they suggest someone the whole of the Library is faced with of considerable importance, perhaps the ruler wooden panelling on which is painted a feast of a significant part of Buckinghamshire. Yet of Jacobean ornament with marbling, this was not the site’s earliest significance; strapwork cartouches, coats of arms and recent excavations have shown that the repeated images of ‘the all-seeing eye of burial mound was sited at the end of an Iron God’. The painting of the book cupboards Age hillfort. incorporates figures of saints and prophets Our next stop was also located within a and, on two inner door leaves, portraits of hillfort – the summit of Church Hill at West Sir John and his wife. Wycombe is surrounded by a rampart and The family vault beneath the aisle contains ditch of the fourth to fifth century . the remains and memorial inscriptions of Sir However, our attention was most caught by John and Dame Mary Kederminster and the famous golden ball atop the church of their daughter Anne, whose remains were St Lawrence, and the Dashwood moved to the vault two years after her early Mausoleum, a landmark for miles around death in . A bust of Anne was which is dramatically illuminated at night. positioned where it is briefly illuminated Again we benefited from the knowledge of through a ground-level grille in the side of Julian Hunt and Mike Farley. the vault by a shaft of early morning light. St Lawrence is of thirteenth-century By dint of lying prone on the ground, and foundation, originally serving the now-lost precariously positioning their cameras village of Haveringdon, though its origins through the grille, one or two of our party are little evident from its Palladian managed to capture this remarkable image. appearance. It was remodelled from by We then travelled to Taplow where, Francis Dashwood, Lord Le Despencer enjoying a marvellous view over the Thames (–), notorious as the creator of the valley to the south, we ate our packed lunch so-called Hell Fire Club, but also a one-time Mausoleum at St Lawrence, West Wickham (MO’B)
Chancellor of the Exchequer and it can accommodate up to twelve people, Postmaster-General. He was much-travelled which would have to be a pretty tight fit. and a founder of the Society of Dilettanti; The adjacent Mausoleum, constructed of interests reflected in the major scheme of flint with ashlar facings, is hexagonal and works carried out on the West Wycombe open to the sky. Built by Dashwood in estate in the second half of the eighteenth –, it was intended as a columbarium, century. and carries inscriptions and memorials to various family members. It is said to be the A climb up through the three floors of the largest mausoleum built in Europe since tower rewarded with vistas over the antiquity, but has no classical precedent. Mausoleum, across West Wycombe Park and village, and for miles beyond. It also allowed Our day ended with an evening reception at a close-up view of the golden ball, said to be the Buckinghamshire County Museum in inspired by that on the Dogana in Venice, Aylesbury, which was an opportunity to and constructed of gilded fabric stretched view the exhibition Human – Half-a-Million over a wooden frame. There is no public Years of Life in Buckinghamshire, arranged to access to the ball through the trap-door in its coincide with the Buckinghamshire side but, according to the church guidebook, Archaeological Society’s publication of An . Illustrated History of Early Buckinghamshire (edited by Mike Farley). The Society, founded in , has continuously published its Records of Buckinghamshire since , and in established the County Museum. It still owns a proportion of the collections, though the Museum is now managed by the County Council. We were welcomed by Sarah Gray, the Curator, and her colleagues, and spent a very pleasant hour browsing this excellent exhibition, which besides many star items from the Museum’s own collections included a number of loans from the British Museum.
The exhibition included the earliest surviving Buckinghamshire map: a depiction of the Boarstall Estate of c. , showing the Boarstall Tower (MO’B) village, its surrounding fields and woodlands, part of the royal forest of Bernwood. The achieved in ; today the visiting public map clearly shows Boarstall Tower, our first can once again buy Quainton-milled flour. destination on Sunday morning, where we were welcomed by its tenant, Rob Dixon, The Windmill was built in – by the and Gary Marshall, the regional archaeologist Anstiss family, using bricks fired on site from for the National Trust, which owns the the local clay. Although a steam engine was property. The Tower was the gatehouse to a installed around to supplement the substantial moated house, given a licence to wind-power, the coming-into-use of crenellate in . During the Civil War it industrial-sized steam mills led to rural was in a frontier position between Royalist windmills going into decline. Quainton Mill Oxford and Parliamentarian Aylesbury and ceased working in and the engine, in much of the surrounding village and boiler and mill stones were sold off. church were demolished by its then Royalist There was sufficient time not only to occupant for defensive reasons. The house explore the Mill but to visit the Church of was demolished in the mid-eighteenth St Mary and Holy Cross, which is century, but the Tower, with some exceptionally rich in large late seventeenth- seventeenth-century additions, has survived and eighteenth-century monuments, to become a house in its own right. including that of Richard Winwood (), who founded the almshouses next to the Our focus now moved to industrial church, and his wife. He reclines in full archaeology as we travelled on to the village armour and long curled wig alongside his of Quainton, where the tower mill is a wife who, raised on one elbow, regards him dominating landmark – the tallest windmill with affectionate concern. in the County. We were welcomed by Patrick Tooms of the Quainton Windmill The final visit of the day was to All Saints Society, formed in to restore the mill Church in Wing, one of the most important to working order, an objective happily Anglo-Saxon churches in England. We were fortunate to have as our guide Dr Richard construction of the three-story tower in the Gem, whose research has done much to fifteenth century. The church was restored elucidate its history. Though the exact by George Gilbert Scott in , by George chronology of the Church is the subject of Gilbert Scott Junior in , and by John debate, it is generally agreed that there Oldrid Scott in –. appear to be at least two main Saxon phases. The earliest of these may date to the late The earliest reference to Wing appears in the seventh to early eighth centuries. will of Aelfgifu, a member of the West Saxon royal house, dated to between The church’s polygonal apse is the most and ; the first mention of the church is striking evidence of its Saxon origin. The shortly after the Norman Conquest. It was angles of the seven sides of the apse are held by the Benedictine Abbey of decorated by tall thin pilaster strips, St Nicholas, Angers, the property of which terminating in semicircular blind arches, passed to the Priory of Mary de Pre at above which traces of triangular pediments St Albans during the Hundred Years’ War, are visible. Internally, a double round- and after the reformation to the Dormer headed window above the chancel arch is family (later the Earls of Carnarvon), whose the only Saxon survival, along with a crypt monuments occupy a prominent place in the which would have included burials of church. That to Sir Robert Dormer, dated important persons or religious relics around , Pevsner describes as ‘the finest which the congregation could process. The monument of its date in England and of an original entrance to the crypt was from unparalleled purity of Renaissance elements’. narrow passageways within the church, but On a more homely level, the brass to ‘honest these are now blocked and entry is now old Tomas Cotes’ (d ) commemorates from the exterior. the gatekeeper of Ascott Hall, the Dormer Evidence for later changes to the church mansion, depicted kneeling, with his cap, include remains of twelfth-century work key and staff lying beside him. (including the base of an Aylesbury group font, now located in the south porch), the As ever, grateful thanks are due to Caroline construction of side chapels in the thirteenth Raison for making all the practical and fourteenth centuries, and the arrangements for this splendid weekend.
REPORT OF THE 156th SUMMER MEETING IN PEMBROKESHIRE, ‒ July, • Blaise Vyner
The Institute’s summer meeting of was the first time, a four-day trip to Tenby the first time we had been to south-west (Archaeol. J. , ). The meeting had Wales since , itself only the second visit been attended by members, conveyed by the Institute had made to the area. The ‘motors’ and train, with a steamer trip to historian of archaeology could find much of Caldey Island. No prehistoric sites featured interest in comparing the very varying in the programme, the then state of the attendance of the three RAI summer roads on the St David’s peninsula having meetings in Pembrokeshire. In the precluded a visit there. An extensive list of meeting in Cardiff had appended, for attending vice-presidents exclusively . comprised the great and the good. The St Brynach. Siân told us about the early meeting, managed by Andrew Saunders, was eleventh-century wheel-headed cross, set graced with the presence of a number of outside the church door, and then took us luminaries from the world of professional inside to see what was for many of us our archaeology, including Ralegh Radford first Ogam inscription, marking the sixth- (then President) and W. F. Grimes century burial of Maglocunus. The (Archaeol. J. , –). We were churchyard with its avenue of yews, one of delighted that Val Whitfield, now Val Black, which is celebrated as ‘the bleeding yew’, who was then the Institute’s Assistant Editor, was admired, especially the row of family was able to attend this year’s meeting and to burial enclosures on the rose-girt upper slope regale us with the details of the trip, of the churchyard. Then, in gathering light which had been attended by participants; rain we walked up the hill, calling briefly at by comparison our number was . the fern-draped Pilgrim cross cut into the Saturday July was warm and sunny in shale bedrock on the wooded hillside, before Pembrokeshire: a clear evening with blue continuing to Nevern Castle, where we seas and a matching sky greeted members were shown round by Chris Caple, who was who signed in at the Fishguard Bay Hotel, excavating the site. The castle, which until built by an ambitious Great Western relatively recently was completely Railway Company to service a pre-War overgrown, has been cleared, and it is now trans-Atlantic cruise trade which never possible to see the ditch which defines the materialised. A forecast of deteriorating bailey and cuts it off from a small motte with weather failed to quell enthusiasm, but what the remains of a circular tower, cemented about the hotel? Inevitably the object of with clay, now preserved beneath a mantle much gloomy anticipation, this sentiment of turf. The adjacent rocky eminence, turned out to be entirely misplaced, with effectively a kind of outer bailey, is separated good home-cooking and even a choice of from the inner bailey by a massive rock-cut sandwiches in what were the best hotel- ditch; this area has also been cleared to provided packed lunches that anyone could reveal a curtain wall and the emerging remember. The hotel, with Caroline’s help, remains of a stone structure. even managed to circumvent the intense With fitful light rain and cloud obscuring the confusion and bartering that normally arises Preseli hills, we set off for the daddy of all whenever the Institute is offered any choice Pembrokeshire monuments, Pentre Ifan. The of lunch and their staff remained good- coach journey was somewhat shortened by humoured throughout. the inability of the transport to negotiate a As forecast, Sunday dawned cloudy with a particularly tight corner, with the result that light drizzle. An improbably large coach the RAI had, en masse, to walk the arrived to take us to Neolithic chambered Pembrokeshire lane uphill to the site, where tombs at Cerris-y-Gof and Carreg Coetan, Siân again recounted its history, standing Newport, where Siân Rees, who had against the massive capstone with the misty excavated Carreg Coetan more years ago backdrop of Carn Ingli, Newport’s own little than she cared to remember, gave an mountain. Threatening rain caused a account of these picturesque tombs. Then programme amendment and we made for down to Nevern, where the coach baulked Cilgerran Castle, where we admired the at the medieval bridge and the RAI walked massive and sinister twin drum towers and the short distance to the pretty church of the view over the Teifi valley from the Pentre Ifan (AB) battlements. The early Christian site of side kiln before being spread on the fields. Llandudoch, of which nothing remains We were able to explore the harbour area beyond the name, was to become the before ascending the neighbouring cliff for a location of the Tironian monastery at breezy walk around the quarry remains. St Dogmael’s. This was the last port of call From Porthgain we went to Britain’s smallest for the day, and here we saw the monastic city, St Davids, where Richard Suggett remains, unusually with a large part of the showed us around the splendid cathedral refectory remaining. nestling in a little valley almost out of sight Monday was a bright and breezy day and a from the neighbouring settlement, much of replacement coach driver, the good- the stone detailing of the building being humoured Simon, who was to remain with carved from unremittingly hard blue stone. us all week, took us to the little harbour of After our picnic lunch we gathered again to Porthgain, where Richard Keen explained be shown around the neighbouring Bishop’s the importance of the sea to Pembrokeshire Palace, where Kate Roberts from Cadw communities – at Porthgain there was a discussed the conservation problems that succession of extractive industries, shale for they face in maintaining a building where bricks, granite for paving setts and granite for some of the building materials now exposed road-making, all the materials being to the elements were increasingly at risk. quarried, brought down to the little harbour The palace is a picturesque ruin as well as a and loaded into boats. In-bound traffic conservation conundrum. The trip to included lime for burning in the harbour- St Non’s was almost thwarted by a . narrowness of the lane to it, but a pleasant branches which turned out all too often to walk took us to the holy spring and then to be rotten, we stumbled and crawled upwards the nearby foundations of a small rectangular towards the light, which turned out to be chapel with its early Christian stone. Kate the edge of trees, but not the top of the Roberts pointed out a prehistoric cup- slope, which continued upwards, now marked stone found recently in the remains cloaked in nettles and brambles. We which showed that the site must have been eventually reached the road at the top of the associated with ritual, probably in the Early slope. Unfortunately it was separated from us Bronze Age. Can one claim continuity? – by a five-foot six-inch high wall, which we that would be a very long shot. From the had to scale and then drop six feet to the Bishop’s peninsula territory we went to the road. Undaunted we continued to the cairns, hamlet of Caerfarchell with its neat now cloaked in gorse and fairly Calvinistic Baptist chapel where Anne uncommunicative – the cairns, that is, not us. Eastham gave a brief introduction to the Tuesday saw us venture along the Gwaun minister who provided a very interesting valley, a steep-sided glacial valley clothed in short history of the chapel and emphasised sessile oak where time stands still – literally, the work it had done in teaching not only since the area is famous for the survival of Sunday School children but also adults in literature and science. He draw attention to the Gregorian calendar and the resulting late the memorial of two men who had died in celebration of the New Year. We stopped at the First World War, pointing out that their another church of St Brynach – Pontfaen, allegiance had not been to king and country where Anne Eastham told us of its but to family, community and chapel – it restoration and maintenance by a succession was a moving comment on the importance of local families. The church is set in a of chapel and community which still exists in circular enclosure which may be prehistoric small west Wales communities. Our final in origin but is perhaps more likely, in the stop was the little church of St Hywel, absence of any obvious ditch, and with a Llanhowell, a fourteenth-century church walled face to the bank, to be an early with a squint arch from a minute north church enclosure – there is a probably transept which provided a view of the altar. seventh-century cross-inscribed stone in the churchyard. From Pontfaen we travelled After dinner the more intrepid followed Ann eastwards along the steep-sided oak-clad Eastham in search of Garn Wen chambered Gwaun valley. When the time comes for the tombs, sited, it turned out, beyond an scattered inhabitants of the Gwaun to review uninspiring housing estate. The Great the year gone by, they will doubtless recount Western Railway Co. had created landscaped the vision of a -seater bus pressing gardens for the hotel on the intervening incautiously along between the woody steep valley side, unfortunately not hedgerows of the valley. maintained, it seemed, since the demise of the GWR. Having ventured in gathering Thence to Castell Henllys, an Iron Age twilight through a cast iron gate and up the settlement enclosure – not a hillfort – which remains of an engineered path to the rear of has been extensively excavated. Phil Bennet our hotel we very soon found ourselves left showed us around the reconstructed timber behind by our guide, who it transpired had roundhouses, thatched with Turkish reed, last reconnoitred the route in . We and fitted out variously as a leader’s home, knew we had to go up, so up we went, meeting place and cooking house. There is scaling the vertiginous slope, clutching also a convincing-looking thatched ‘four- Castell Henllys (MO B) poster’, or granary. Unusually for the many defended by multivallate stone ramparts Iron Age enclosures of south-west Wales, which encircle the hill top; hut circles can be Castel Henllys was occupied from around seen in the interior, although now partly the third century until near the end of obscured by vegetation. Foel Drigarn is the Roman period, and has produced a crowned by three large Bronze Age cairns relatively rich finds assemblage although the which can be seen from a large area of excavations regrettably remain unpublished. North Pembrokeshire. From this windswept The reconstructed buildings provide an vantage point the group walked a further interesting and instructive insight into Iron kilometre to Carn Menyn, a rocky outcrop Age society, the active swallows reminding which is thought to have been one of the us of the likelihood that the inhabitants principal sources of the bluestones of shared their lives closely with the natural Stonehenge. From there a mile long yomp world. through the heather brought the group to After lunch it was time to embark on more Carn Alw, another rocky outcrop upon ambitious arrangements, around half the which a small enclosure has been group venturing on a walk in the Preseli constructed. This is more of a settlement Mountains, the others exploring the more than a hillfort, although its exposed location sedate surroundings of Newport. On the suggests that it may have been only Preselies Hedley Swain’s group explored the occasionally or seasonally occupied. The Iron Age hillfort at Foel Drygarn, a site important and interesting feature of this site . Carn Menyn blue stone quarry (MO B) is the ‘chevaux-de-frise’ an arrangement of from Newport, a town which, like many upstanding boulders and sharp stones which settlements in Pembrokeshire, was largely marks out and defends the entrance against reliant on seafaring until the First World approach by pony. The group returned from War. Bethlehem Baptist Chapel in Upper the hills tired but triumphant. West Street was opened for the group, who enjoyed inspecting one of the three The Newport group saw one of the most ambitiously large mid nineteenth-century ambitiously planned medieval towns in chapels which Newport has, still in regular Wales, a settlement which in medieval times use albeit with diminishing congregations. A never fully occupied its planned site, marked small party eschewed the further delights of by long burgage plots extending back from Newport and walked the Nevern estuary the principal street. The mid thirteenth- path to Parrog, a separate settlement by the century castle provides a visual focal point sea, where there are mariners’ houses and on the lower slopes of Carn Ingli; from here holiday homes as well as limekilns and a the principal street extends northwards down former warehouse, all emphasising the to the estuary of the River Nevern, on importance of the sea. whose banks ships were once built. The castle is still occupied, having been On Wednesday it was raining heavily as our converted for domestic use in the mid- bus headed for Tenby, but when we got nineteenth century and is thus not viewable there, having circumnavigated a series of inside, but the church of St Mary was roadworks – probably the largest roadworks visited, where we saw some of the many programme ever undertaken in tombstones marking the graves of mariners Pembrokeshire – the rain held off. We At the castle with the Mayor of Haverfordwest (MO B) disembarked the coach outside the town castle, passing on the way the fifteenth- walls and Blaise Vyner showed us the best century Tudor Merchant’s House, one of a surviving section, the longest stretch of number which once graced the town before surviving wall in south Wales and third only its redevelopment from the s as a to Conway and Caernarvon, dating from watering place and holiday resort. In somewhere between and . From the Institute had spent the entire day in the Five Arches, a D-shaped barbican, the Tenby, with tea and coffee stops and a sit- walk down High Street took us past Fecci’s down lunch, while our own visit was limited ice cream parlour to the parish church. to an hour and a half, but some members St Mary’s presented us with a contrast to the still managed to inspect the Tudor small village churches which we saw on this Merchant’s House and the Museum. trip; it is a very large church, one of the largest in Wales, with large windows, many of them of clear glass, so the building is light The rain was setting in again when we and airy. Much of the building as it now is arrived at Pembroke, a small town dwarfed dates from the fifteenth century. Our by a magnificent castle. The official guides inspection of the extensive range of proved more enthusiastic about social history monuments was accompanied by the than knowledgeable about architecture and accomplished piano-playing of a visitor and our party for the most part struck out on its the hurried preparations for a flower festival, own to explore the walls and towers, chief so the church had a very welcoming of which is the circular keep of , one of atmosphere. We walked down to the the earliest and tallest of such structures in picturesque harbour and the remains of the Britain. . Haverfordwest castle is well seen from the church occupies the site of a Celtic bypass, which if you continue along it also monastery; the church has much the same affords a good view of the remains of the simple style that we had seen at Bosherston Augustinian priory. Both establishments had and elsewhere, being another with squint been industriously robbed for building passages and an Early Christian stone. Penally materials. We inspected the remains of the is distinguished by a tenth-century wheel- castle, most of which belong to the later headed cross, the cable-mouldings being a twelfth century. The disappearance of the combination of Celtic and Northumbrian outer ward of the castle through robbing was styles, with the shaft of a second augmented by the establishment here in Northumbrian-style cross. of the County Gaol, now the Record In the afternoon a lengthy reverse down the Office. The towering curtain wall survives narrow approach to the remains of the well on its eastern side, but within it there Bishop’s Palace at Lamphey brought our are now only a few remains, principally the driver a well-earned round of applause. inner ward with its hall and chapel, together Lamphey was the country resort of the with associated round towers. The Bishop of St David’s, whence he retired Augustinian priory has been excavated in from the stresses of urban life – if such there recent years by Siân Rees on behalf of were – in St David’s. Here again Cadw had Cadw, and we were again fortunate to have done much to conserve and display the her as our guide. Excavations focused on the remains, which are distinguished by two early thirteenth-century priory church, and surviving halls. De Gower’s range of the revealed extensive areas of tiled floor. early thirteenth century has an arcaded and Remains of the adjacent cloistral range were battlemented parapet similar to, but less seen, and we saw the rare and extensive ambitious, than the one we saw at the palace medieval garden, set between the priory and in St David’s. The sweet little inner the river, which has now been restored and gatehouse of the sixteenth century copies laid out by Cadw. this roofing arrangement. A visit to Milford Haven took in the docks, From Lamphey to Manorbier, where we leased to the navy in , but they moved were joined by John Kenyon, a Welsh to Pembroke Dock and subsequent grandiose castles specialist whose instructive plans for trans-Atlantic trade during the introduction hit just the right note – a nineteenth century came to nothing. Large summary history, a note of a few sheds remain from the days in WWII when personalities, a comment on the landscape Sunderland flying boats were stationed here, setting and a shortlist of the key architectural but the story since the s has largely been attributes. The curtain wall, drum towers, one of the development of the oil port and hall and chapel at Manorbier are all well- refineries. preserved, largely because the castle saw no Thursday morning’s first port of call was military action, while the village remained St Govan’s Chapel, a picturesque stone cell just that. A few of the party managed to fit perched halfway down a steep cliff. Thence in a visit to the church of St James’s, a large to St Michael’s and all Angels at Bosherston, and rambling structure with nave, transepts, another church with an embattled aisles and south porch all barrel-vaulted, a fourteenth- or fifteenth-century tower, building which had much-exercised the RAI squint arches and an Early Christian stone. on their visit. At Carew our first stop From there to Penally, where St Nicholas’s was to admire the massive eleventh-century wheel-headed cross, before a visit to the better-located Llandeilo. After our picnic castle, again under the guidance of John lunch, Romanists were delighted to explore Kenyon. The fourteenth-century drum- the gold mine at Dolacothi, also the location towers are complemented by the spectacular of another Roman fort, established perhaps seven-bay Elizabethan north front. A walk to safeguard the interests of imperial mining along the Carew River, a tributary of the ambitions. Whether gold was mined in Milford Haven waterway, took us to the tide prehistoric times remains uncertain – further mill, one of only two now surviving in fieldwork is clearly desirable. The episode of Pembrokeshire, unfortunately not fully Roman mining was succeeded by further restored, although much of the machinery endeavours in the nineteenth century and is still in place. The mill and its machinery again in the s, but returns failed to are mid-nineteenth century, although justify the high cost of extracting relatively probably on a medieval site. From the pen small amounts of the precious metal. wall, which gathered and kept the tidal water, there are spectacular views of the This was a successful and enjoyable meeting castle. in a part of Britain which many had not visited before. We were struck by the effort Friday was a misty and damp day. We which Cadw has made to conserve and travelled to Dylan Thomas’s green and display many of the buildings and sites that cuckoo-wooded county of Carmarthenshire we visited. In the account of the RAI in search of more castles, specifically two summer meeting commented that ‘Many of Welsh hill-top castles established by Rhys the facts stated about Lamphey rest upon the ap Gruffudd, the Welsh prince of rather slender basis of tradition, and the Deheubarth (south-west Wales), in the early riotous and destructive growth of ivy and thirteenth century. Dryslwyn Castle occupies other weeds make it well-nigh impossible to the peak of a small rocky eminence where obtain much confirmation or denial from the sheep are now very much in evidence. The buildings themselves’ (Archaeol. J. , curtain wall and round tower are now –). The state of the sites we visited ruined, the result of it being re-captured by shows how much work has been carried out, the English in the early fifteenth century. much of it at Cadw’s initiative, as a result of From here we went to Dinfawr Castle, which the remains are now much more where the eighteenth-century Newton intelligible than they once were. However, it House and associated Dinfawr estate provide has to be said that we were also struck by a landscaped context to the later history of the fact that a number of important the crag-top castle, nurtured as a picturesque excavation projects (Carew Castle, Castell ruin from the seventeenth century onwards. Henllys and Carreg Coetan among others) In it was discovered that Newton Park remain unpublished after many years, and had earlier been the location of a first- hope that this situation will be rectified. For century Roman fort. Dinfawr Castle is an enlightening and enjoyable summer notable for its fine circular keep, once meeting we are most grateful to Hedley topped by a late seventeenth-century Swain, who put the itinerary together and summer house, and its surviving curtain quietly and efficiently ran the programme, wall. Both castles had attracted small and to Caroline Raison, who undertook the settlements – proto-towns – to their administration and housekeeping inconvenient hillside locations, but these managements with her customary good failed to compete with the attraction of the humour. . ROYAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE LECTURE PROGRAMME AND ABSTRACTS: 2010/2011 discussion of the results of recent fieldwork in the Bagendon area, this presentation will O challenge many of the existing perceptions of The corpus of Scottish medieval parish the nature of Late Iron Age societies and churches: the dioceses of Dunblane and suggest an alternative for the development Dunkeld and role of the Bagendon complex. It will R F be argued that the st century and st century in the region saw a major social So few of the approximately parish upheaval which shaped the Roman landscape churches of medieval Scotland have survived in the area. in an unmodified state that, with the exception of a number of burgh and D collegiate foundations, they have been The Field of the Cloth of Gold: Guines and generally disregarded in accounts of Scottish the Calais Pale revisited church architecture. However, in the course J M FSA of a project based on the universities of St Andrews and Stirling, it is intended to assess Henry VIII’s temporary palace at The Field the evidence associated with all parochial of the Cloth of Gold has always excited sites, in order to determine the likelihood of interest as a somewhat fabulous building, but medieval work surviving within the existing its context in the urban topography of buildings. This lecture will describe the Guines and its castle has not previously been results of a pilot study funded by the Arts examined in detail. The castle was subject to and Humanities Research Council, which an extraordinary series of architectural covered the parish church sites in the surveys in the early sixteenth century, while dioceses of Dunblane and Dunkeld. early maps of the Calais Pale have been frequently reproduced without adequate N explanation, and the surveys neglected. The The birth of a capital? Becoming Roman in talk will look at the wider context of Guines the Gloucestershire Cotswolds in the English settlement in the Calais marshland. T M The Late Iron Age complex at Bagendon, Gloucestershire is one of the most under- J investigated ‘oppida’ in Britain. Long Recent Excavations at High Pasture Cave perceived as the location of the capital of the and the Fiskavaig Rock Shelter, Island of Dobunni tribe, in reality relatively little is Skye known concerning the nature of the site and its role in the tumultuous period between S B Julius Caesar’s raids and the Claudian A wealth of Iron Age sites fall out-with the conquest of Britain. What was the nature of usual forms of identified domestic structure, Late Iron Age societies in the southern such as souterrains, wells and natural and Cotswolds and how did the Roman modified caves and rock shelters. High conquest impact on existing social Pasture Cave and the Fiscavaig Rock Shelter organisation and power structures? Including fall within the ‘natural’ category, although both have been modified. Both are located areas in which it seems most to challenge in dramatic locations. High Pasture Cave, at current ideas. But with the programme of the edge of improved pastureland is conservation, analysis, and research on the surrounded by impressive mountains but hoard about to begin, and as the nature of its entering the natural cave leads to a dark and contents becomes more fully understood, strange alien world. The rock shelter at there will be many changes to our Fiskavaig is also in a liminal zone between perception of the hoard and its context, and land and sea and is at the base of imposing almost certainly, surprises to come. sea cliffs. These unique and relatively M inaccessible sites have produced evidence of domestic and industrial activity, including The Early Human Occupation of Britain and metalworking, but feasting, the deposition of Europe human and animal remains, as well as the C S votive deposition of everyday items, call in The Ancient Human Occupation of Britain to question our interpretations of such sites (AHOB) projects have been investigating in the Atlantic Iron Age of Scotland. major questions about the human F colonisations of Britain and Europe since The Staffordshire Anglo-Saxon Hoard: new . Questions addressed include the perspectives on the seventh century earliest evidence for human arrival, and the overall pattern of occupation during the L W Palaeolithic, and what was controlling this. The discovery last July in south Staffordshire In this talk I will provide an update on the of a remarkable hoard of , items of progress of the project, including the latest Anglo-Saxon gold and silver, amounting to data from East Anglia about the first known some . kilos of gold and . of silver, human presence in Britain, and how this has shaken much of the familiar framework relates to evidence from continental Europe. on which we have constructed narratives of At the other end of the Palaeolithic record, I power, wealth, and art in the seventh will discuss current views on our relationship century. It consists mainly of metal fittings to the Neanderthals and the possible reasons stripped from swords and other warrior gear, for their extinction, together with the latest many inlaid with garnets or richly decorated results of DNA studies. with filigree, in a wide variety of styles with A parallels in sixth- and seventh-century metalwork from Kent, Mercia, East Anglia Excavations at the Royal Mint – and Northumbria, as well as in some of the I G earliest Anglo-Saxon illuminated Between and the Museum of manuscripts. The hoard also contains at least London undertook major rescue excavations three finely-decorated dismembered crosses, at the former Royal Mint, Tower Hill, one inscribed with a biblical text, all of London. The site contained a documented which also have significant metalwork and emergency cemetery established during the manuscript parallels. Black Death of –. This alone makes it This lecture will discuss the impact of the internationally important. However, the hoard on our understanding of the turbulent abbey St Mary Graces was also founded and rapidly changing world of seventh- there in . This was the last pre- century England, and explore some of the Dissolution Cistercian house built in Britain, . making it important to British monastic D J. B archaeology and Cistercian studies. Finally, There is rarely one possible interpretation of in , the first Royal navy victualling yard archaeological evidence, or indeed of literary was established on site, remaining the sources. Each interpretation is usually related Navy’s principal food supply depot until the to the personal opinions – or prejudices – of eighteenth century. This represents the only the interpreter. This is as true for the study major excavation of a Navy shore of Roman Britain as for any other period. establishment in this country – and thus of Agricola is perceived as a great general, or a interest to naval historians as well as post- governor who narrowly missed defeat. The medieval industrial archaeologists. Highland Line forts were built for defence, M or as springboards for advance. Hadrian’s Wall was defensive, or built to control Presidential Address raiding and impose frontier control. This Two Roman Britains: the study of a Roman lecture will examine the ‘facts’ and province ‘prejudices’ behind such interpretations.
INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY – BRITISH MUSEUM MEDIEVAL SEMINARS 2010–11 RAI members are invited to attend this series of Seminars. All meetings start at : pm on Tuesdays at the Institute of Archaeology, Gordon Square, London, room , except October. Attendees are invited to bring news items for announcement before the start of each seminar. O (Wednesday), Lecture Theatre G at the IoA, The third Sir David Wilson Lecture in Medieval Studies: Professor Simon Keynes, The archaeology of Æthelred the Unready followed by a launch party for the seminar series in the Staff Common Room N Letty Ten Harkel, Of towns and trinkets: metalwork in Viking-Age Lincoln N Dr Gabor Thomas, How typical is Lyminge? Defining monastic settlements in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Kent J Professor Michelle Brown, Southumbrian book culture and the implications of recent archaeological discoveries F Dr Tania Dickinson, The formation of a folk district in the kingdom of Kent: reinterpreting early Anglo-Saxon Eastry and its burials M Dr SØren Sindbæk, Settlement and kingship: Viking Age Aggersborg from village to royal fortress and back M Dr James Barrett, Being an islander: networks as biographies in medieval Orkney M Professor Bryan Ward-Perkins, The last statues of Antiquity, –; to be followed by a summer party in the Staff Common Room BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION PROGRAMME OF MEETINGS 2010/11 RAI members are invited to attend the meetings of the British Archaeological Association; please see http://www.britarch.ac.uk/baa/lectures.html for the / programme which was not available at the time of printing. Meetings are held on the first Wednesday of the month from October to May, at . p.m. in the rooms of the Society of Antiquaries, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London. Tea will be served before each meeting at . p.m. Non-members are asked to make themselves known to the Hon. Director on arrival and to sign the visitors’ book.
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Caption competition Readers were asked to provide a caption for this picture taken by Anthony Quiney at the Institute’s Summer Meeting on the Orkneys in . The winner is Jeremy Knight. The photograph shows Ginny Quiney in conversation during a paddling stop at Eynhallow Sound.
We think we have located King Canute’s throne AQ
ROYAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE NEWSLETTER Katherine Barclay, Williamsgate, Governor’s Green, Pembroke Road, Portsmouth, Hants. . Email: [email protected]
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