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Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – from Bench to Bedside HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS AND RELATED DISEASES – FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE RESEARCH ASPECTS Edited by Davy Vanden Broeck Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside – Research Aspects Edited by Davy Vanden Broeck Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivona Lovric Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published January, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside – Research Aspects, Edited by Davy Vanden Broeck p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-855-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Lesions 1 Chapter 1 Epidemiology of Mucosal Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infections Among Adult and Children 3 Helen Trottier Chapter 2 Human Papillomavirus Type Distribution in Southern China and Taiwan 19 Chung-Yung Chen and Chin-Hung Wang Chapter 3 Human Papillomavirus Worldwide Distribution in Women Without Cervical Cancer 37 I. Dutra, I. Foroni, A.R. Couto, M. Lima and J. Bruges-Armas Chapter 4 Incidence of Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma Diagnosed with Opportunistic Screening in >70 Years-Old Women: Italy as a Case Study 65 Teresa Pusiol Part 2 Novelties in Human Papillomavirus Diagnosis, Treatment and Research 93 Chapter 5 Oligonucleotide Applications for the Therapy and Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus Infection 95 María L. Benítez-Hess, Julia D. Toscano-Garibay and Luis M. Alvarez-Salas Chapter 6 The Human Papilloma Virus – Ion Channel Link in Cancer: An Alternative Opportunity for Diagnosis and Therapy 123 Ana Ramírez and Javier Camacho Chapter 7 Analysis Models for HPV-Related Pathobiology 147 Águeda Buitrago-Pérez, Jesús M. Paramio and Ramón García- Escudero VI Contents Chapter 8 Overview on Molecular Markers to Implement Cervical Cancer Prevention: Challenges and Perspectives 163 Sandra Rosini and Roberta Zappacosta Chapter 9 Molecular Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus 203 I. Dutra, I. Foroni, A.R. Couto, M. Lima and J. Bruges-Armas Part 3 Recent Advances in Fundamental Human Papillomavirus Research 247 Chapter 10 Molecular Bases of Human Papillomavirus Pathogenesis in the Development of Cervical Cancer 249 Adolfo Pedroza-Saavedra, Tanya Plett-Torres, Lilia Chihu-Amparán, Minerva Maldonado-Gama, Ana M. González-Jaimes, Fernando Esquivel-Guadarrama and Lourdes Gutiérrez-Xicotencatl Chapter 11 The Interaction Between Human Papillomavirus Proteins and Cytoskeletal Filaments 291 Zehra Safi Oz Chapter 12 A Functional RNAi-Based Knockdown System: A Tool to Investigate HPV Entry? 311 Caroline Horvath, Gaelle Boulet, Shaira Sahebali, John-Paul Bogers and Davy Vanden Broeck Chapter 13 Molecular Events Towards Wnt Pathway Activation in Cervical Cancer: Changing the Balance on NKD/DVL Signals 325 Carlos Pérez-Plasencia, Patricia Piña-Sánchez, Felipe Vaca-Paniagua, Verónica Fragoso-Ontiveros, Nadia Jacobo-Herrera, César López-Camarillo and Omar Vargas-Hernández Chapter 14 Interplay Between HPV Oncoproteins and MicroRNAs in Cervical Cancer 347 Reshmi G and M.Radhakrishna Pillai Chapter 15 Role of Chronic Inflammation and Resulting DNA Damage in Cervical Carcinogenesis Induced by Human Papillomavirus 359 Yusuke Hiraku Chapter 16 HPVTyper: A Software Application for Automatic HPV Typing via PCR-RFLP Gel Electrophoresis 383 Christos Maramis, Dimitrios Karagiannis and Anastasios Delopoulos Preface Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent cancer among women worldwide, mainly affecting young women. Infection with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been identified as the causal agent for this condition. The natural history of cervical cancer is characterized by slow disease progression, generally taking over 10 years, from the initial infection with HPV, to the diagnosis of cancer. In essence, cervical cancer is a preventable disease, and treatable if diagnosed in early stage. Historically, the introduction of the Pap smear has markedly reduced the number of new cases in countries with an effective prevention program. The burden of disease is highest in developing countries, with peak incidence in Eastern Africa. Recently, prophylactic vaccines became available, equally contributing to a better disease prevention. Unfortunately, the global burden of disease is still very high. Cervical cancer research is a multidisciplinary matter, combining efforts of clinicians (gynaecologists, pathologists, clinical chemists), epidemiologists, fundamental scientists, and sociologists. In this book, focus has been put on research and fundamental aspects of HPV related research. Section 1 is titled: Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Lesions. In this section, epidemiological data per age group are presented, and data that has been collected in asymptomatic women are equally included. In the second section, translation of fundamental findings into novel HPV diagnostic and treatment options are summarized. Molecular biology has found its way into this field and created many new possibilities, comprising molecular biomarkers, and allowing more accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment. The final section outlines recent advances in fundamental HPV research. New insights on the role of ion channels and the cytoskeleton are presented. Furthermore, signal pathways in carcinogenesis are dissected, as well as immunological implications in the carcinogenic transformation. Among the novelties in fundamental research, Dr. Maramis and co-workers have developed software allowing automation of HPV genotyping assays. In addition, new molecular biological tools in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer are included, next to the development of a research tool to investigate the cellular uptake of the HPV virus. X Preface This book will be a useful tool for both researchers and clinicians dealing with cervical cancer, and will provide them with the latest information in this field. Prof. Dr. Davy Vanden Broeck, MSc, PhD. Team leader HPV/Cervical Cancer Research International Centre for Reproductive Health Ghent University Belgium Acknowledgements The editor of this book would like to express sincere thanks to all authors for their high quality contributions. The editor expresses the gratefulness to Ms. Bojana Zelenika and Ms. Ivona Lovric, process managers, for their continued cooperation. Part 1 Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Lesions 1 Epidemiology of Mucosal Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infections Among Adult and Children Helen Trottier Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal Canada 1. Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is recognized today as the main causal factor for ~100% of cervical cancer cases in the world and of a substantial proportion of many other anogenital neoplasms (anal, vaginal, vulvar, and penile cancer). HPV is also implicated in the genesis of several other cancers, such as head and neck (oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx) cancer and non-melanoma skin cancer and is suspected also to play a causal role in the genesis of a few other neoplasms (Trottier et al, 2009). The epidemiology of mucosal human papillomavirus (HPV) as been well studied today, especially cervicovaginal HPV infection among young women and there are also more available epidemiologic data for older women, men and as well as for children. HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted infections in the world. The predominant route of transmission is via sexual contact, although vertical and horizontal transmissions also occur. This chapter will review the epidemiology of mucosal HPV infections affecting genital, oral and conjunctival mucosa in adults and children. This chapter will detail the epidemiology of HPV in adult considering young versus older population rather than focussing on adolescent and adult populations separately because there is no universal cut-off age group to define high risk population as HPV is highly dependant on the onset
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