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Approved Antiviral Drugs Over the Past 50 Years

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Approved Antiviral Drugs Over the Past 50 Years crossmark Approved Antiviral Drugs over the Past 50 Years Erik De Clercq,a Guangdi Lia,b KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgiuma; Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, Chinab SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................................696 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................696 OVERVIEW OF NINE HUMAN VIRUSES .....................................................................................................................698 Human Immunodeficiency Virus .........................................................................................................................698 Hepatitis C Virus ..........................................................................................................................................699 Influenza Virus ............................................................................................................................................699 Respiratory Syncytial Virus................................................................................................................................699 Hepatitis B Virus ..........................................................................................................................................699 Human Papillomavirus ...................................................................................................................................699 Human Cytomegalovirus.................................................................................................................................705 Herpes Simplex Virus .....................................................................................................................................705 Varicella-Zoster Virus .....................................................................................................................................705 5-SUBSTITUTED 2=-DEOXYURIDINE ANALOGUES .........................................................................................................709 NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUES.................................................................................................................................709 PYROPHOSPHATE ANALOGUES ...........................................................................................................................711 NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS .....................................................................................................711 NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS ................................................................................................713 PROTEASE INHIBITORS .....................................................................................................................................713 HIV Protease Inhibitors ...................................................................................................................................713 HCV NS3/4A Protease Inhibitors..........................................................................................................................715 INTEGRASE INHIBITORS ....................................................................................................................................715 Raltegravir ................................................................................................................................................715 Elvitegravir................................................................................................................................................715 Dolutegravir ..............................................................................................................................................715 ENTRY INHIBITORS .........................................................................................................................................717 Enfuvirtide and Maraviroc ................................................................................................................................717 Palivizumab and RSV-IGIV ................................................................................................................................719 VZIG and VariZIG .........................................................................................................................................719 Docosanol ................................................................................................................................................719 ACYCLIC GUANOSINE ANALOGUES .......................................................................................................................719 ACYCLIC NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHONATE ANALOGUES.....................................................................................................721 HCV NS5A/NS5B INHIBITORS ..............................................................................................................................721 HCV NS5A Inhibitors......................................................................................................................................721 HCV NS5B Inhibitors ......................................................................................................................................724 INFLUENZA VIRUS INHIBITORS.............................................................................................................................724 Amantadine and Rimantadine ...........................................................................................................................724 Zanamivir, Oseltamivir, Peramivir, and Laninamivir Octanoate ...........................................................................................724 Ribavirin ..................................................................................................................................................724 Favipiravir.................................................................................................................................................726 INTERFERONS, IMMUNOSTIMULATORS, OLIGONUCLEOTIDES, AND ANTIMITOTIC INHIBITORS ........................................................726 Interferons................................................................................................................................................726 Immunostimulatory and Antimitotic Inhibitors ..........................................................................................................726 Antisense Oligonucleotides ..............................................................................................................................728 (continued) Published 8 June 2016 Citation De Clercq E, Li G. 2016. Approved antiviral drugs over the past 50 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 29:695–747. doi:10.1128/CMR.00102-15. Address correspondence to Erik De Clercq, [email protected], or Guangdi Li, [email protected]. Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1128 /CMR.00102-15. Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. July 2016 Volume 29 Number 3 Clinical Microbiology Reviews cmr.asm.org 695 De Clercq and Li FORTHCOMING ANTIVIRAL INHIBITORS ...................................................................................................................728 Sofosbuvir plus Velpatasvir ...............................................................................................................................728 Daclatasvir plus Asunaprevir with or without Beclabuvir .................................................................................................728 FV100.....................................................................................................................................................728 Letermovir................................................................................................................................................729 ANTIVIRAL STRATEGIES AGAINST CURRENT AND EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES ...................................................................729 Viruses Targeted by both Antiviral Drugs and Vaccines ..................................................................................................729 HBV vaccines...........................................................................................................................................729 VZV vaccines...........................................................................................................................................729 HPV vaccines...........................................................................................................................................729 Influenza virus vaccines................................................................................................................................729 Viruses Targeted by Antiviral Drugs but Not by Vaccines.................................................................................................729 Viruses
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