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2. Victoriano Y La Guerra De Los Mil Días En Panamá /61

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2. Victoriano Y La Guerra De Los Mil Días En Panamá /61 Herbet George Nelson Austin Victoriano Lorenzo en la Historia de Panamá CIDPA Centro de Investigación y Docencia de Panamá Panamá, abril de 2003 Victoriano Lorenzo en la Historia de Panamá Herbert George Nelson Austin Dirección de Trabajo Grupo Pionero Avenida Americas 1536, Colonia Providencia Guadalajara, Jalisco, C.P. 44620 Tel.: (91) (3) 8 175050 8174409 Domicilio Paseo de Los Granados Colonia Paseos de Tsqueña México, D.F., C.P. 04250 Tel.: (91) (5) 6702146 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] Centro de Investigación y Docencia de Panamá (CIDPA) Balboa, Corregimiento de Ancón, Calle Akee, 1507A Ciudad de Panamá Tel./Fax: (507) 228-2354 Correo electronico: cidpa@yahoo,com Apartado Postal: 6-6427 El Dorado Panamá, Rep. de Panamá Primera edición, mayo de 2003 Reservados todos los derechos conforme a la Ley. Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial sin previa autorizaión del autor. Impreso por Silverlaser Tiraje: 2 mil ejemplares Portada: Silverlaser. Composición gráfica con detalles de oleo y carboncillo de los artistas panameños, Carlos Palomino e Inocente Duarte, respectivamente. Nelson Austin, Goerge Nelson Victoriano Lorenzo en la Historia de Panamá / Herbert George Nelson Austin - Panamá: Centro de Investigación y Docencia de Panamá, 2003. ISBN: Contenido Presentación / 7 Prólogo /9 1. Antecedentes de la Guerra de los Mil Días /23 2. Victoriano y la Guerra de los Mil Días en Panamá /61 3. Juicio Histórico por la muerte de Victoriano Lorenzo /173 Bibliografía /207 Presentación Al observar un siglo después las imágenes fotográficas de Victoriano Lorenzo durante los últimos momentos de su vida, o sea en el tribunal donde se celebró el amañado juicio o en el paredón al pie del mar en lo que hoy conocemos como Las Bovedas, palpa- mos de inmediato a un hombre sumergido en la más profunda sole- dad, traicionado por ex compañeros de armas, alejado de su pue- blo ya desarmado, víctima de un complot fraguado por poderosas fuerzas representadas por los dos bandos de la oligarquía criolla con la bendición de los imperialistas del norte que se aprestaban a asaltar nuestro territorio para abrir sus entrañas y establecer aquí un enclave colonial que, desde ese momento, suscitaría la dolorosa y heroica lucha del pueblo panameño por hacer valer su soberanía. Para materializar ese proyecto de expansión imperialista en el con- tinente, ordenaron a liberales y conservadores la firma del Tratado de Winsconsin en momentos en que el triunfante Victoriano, Gene- ral de División del Ejército Liberal, se aprestaba a tomar la ciudad de Panamá. Pero estas imágenes muestran también la figura de un pana- meño genuino, humilde, valiente, patriota, que enfrenta la muerte con dignidad y firmeza, como siempre inclaudicable y fiel a la cau- sa de su pueblo. Su asesinato fue el desenlace lógico de la injusti- cia y la traición; el precio que debió pagar quien ante el enemigo se mantuvo consecuente con sus ideales y su trayectoria revolucio- naria. ¿Cuánto tardó en llegar la noticia de su fusilamiento a El Cacao? ¿Por cuáles calles o callejones transitó su cadáver y qué impacto tuvo entre los espectadores? ¿A dónde fueron a parar sus restos? ¿A quiénes recordó en sus últimos pensamientos? ¿Quién derramó alguna lágrima en su morada final? Es probable que después de cien años estas interrogantes ja- más obtengan respuestas. Y es que la oligarquía no sólo condenó a Victoriano a la muerte, sino que pretendió lanzarlo al olvido. Sin embargo, como resultado del esfuerzo de honestos y nota- bles ciudadanos que lograron desentrañar la verdadera historia de este héroe nacional, hoy la figura de Victoriano emerge gloriosa junto a sus huestes, como un símbolo de rebeldía o como el ejemplo vital del que beben los panameños y panameñas que luchan por una patria justa, sin oprimidos ni opresores, sin explotados ni ex- plotadores. CIDPA tiene el honor de ofrecerles esta obra fruto de la inten- sa labor investigativa del historiador panameño, Herbert George Nelson Austin, en el centenario de la muerte de uno de los precur- sores de la lucha guerrillera en América Latina del siglo pasado. Lo hacemos como un aporte al pueblo panameño en el rescate de su verdadera historia, de su identidad, en especial a la juventud estudiosa y trabajadora, desprovista de sus auténticos héroes por la labor de dominación ideológica de la clase dominante. Es un esfuerzo que hacemos como contraposición a quienes, desde los llamados Comités del Centenario de la República, pre- tenden seguir negándole al pueblo el conocimiento de su verdad, exaltando falsos próceres y escondiendo o ignorando a quienes, como Victoriano Lorenzo, representan la lucha del Panamá profun- do, de las masas indígenas, campesinas, del pueblo de los arraba- les, que escribieron con sangre las páginas más hermosas de nues- tra historia patria. Gracias a la obra del profesor Nelson, Victoriano Lorenzo se nos muestra como lo que fue en el campo de batalla: el dirigente aguerrido, sagaz e inteligente; el jefe imbatible, victorioso e invic- to. Pero, sobre todo se nos proyecta como el luchador social, el dirigente de las masas irredentas y el líder de la cholada vilipen- diada. Es la primera víctima de la repartición del país entre las frac- ciones oligárquicas bajo el tutelaje yanqui, en ese entonces repre- sentadas por liberales y conservadores, hoy reagrupadas en los prin- cipales partidos políticos burgueses que vienen alternándose en el poder. Victoriano, por su parte, reencarna en los sectores populares que enarbolan su figura como estandarte de lucha en la construc- ción de su propia alternativa, inspirados en su grito de batalla tan actual e indispensable: «La pelea es peleando». Silvestre Díaz Director Ejecutivo CIDPA Prólogo Para quienes participan del fragor de las luchas sociales, patrióticas y revolucionarias, es importante poder contar con obras de investigación y reflexión científica, producto del que- hacer intelectual panameño, que contribuyen a romper con el manejo falaz e interesado que de la historia de Panamá han venido haciendo por más de cien años quienes han disfrutado de manera exclusiva de nuestra privilegiada posición geográfi- ca y de la riqueza generada por el sudor y la vida que los cho- los, campesinos y obreros dejan en los surcos y centros de tra- bajo. Como un instrumento ideológico para mantener su domi- nación económica y política, la oligarquía ha inventado que somos un pueblo afable y sumiso que no lucha contra quienes nos explotan y expolian ni contra quienes mancillan nuestro sentido profundo de Patria. Por mucho tiempo se nos ha tratado de ocultar un pasado heroico de resistencia y se distorsionan las esforzadas e ininterrumpidas luchas que ha librado –y libra– nuestro pueblo por la existencia, por la justicia social, por una Patria libre y soberana y por la transformación radical de las ya carcomidas estructuras de la sociedad panameña. De manera tal que, como pueblo, hemos tenido que ir rescatando y recons- truyendo la historia de los de abajo. Es la historia de lucha y dignidad escrita con sangre por Urracá y Quibian; es la historia Prólogo de los negros cimarrones, como Bayano y Felipillo, quienes nos enseñaron que los hombres no pueden vivir sin libertad. Al ir recuperando la memoria histórica de nuestro pueblo descubrimos la mentira –mil veces repetida por las plumas al servicio de la oligarquía– de que Panamá logró su independen- cia de España sin derramamiento de sangre. No sólo es un intento por fragmentar la historia, es un irrespeto a los istmeños que formaron parte de los batallones Voltíjeros, Pichincha y Vencedores, del Ejército Libertador, que combatieron y derra- maron su sangre por la independencia de América guiados por las espadas de Bolívar y de Sucre en las batallas de Pichincha (mayo-1822), Junín (agosto-1824), Matará (diciembre-1824) y de Ayacucho (diciembre-1824) con la cual se sella definitiva- mente el ciclo de dominación de España en el “Nuevo Mundo”. Es en batallas como estas que el coronel panameño José Antonio Miró y los generales Tomás Herrera y José Domingo Espinar, ganan sus grados militares. Algo similar ocurre cuando nos adentramos en las luchas sociales y políticas que se escenificaron en el Istmo de Panamá en las últimas décadas del siglo XIX. Se ha tratado de minimi- zar, y aún ocultar, los alcances y el profundo significado de la agudización de la lucha de clases y de los específicos aspectos nacionales expresados a través de confrontaciones políticas – muchas veces llevadas al enfrentamiento armado– entre el conservadurismo centralista y el liberalismo popular asentado en los arrabales de Panamá y en la ciudad de Colón, encabeza- do por Buenaventura Correoso, estadista y hombre de armas tomar, y por Pedro Prestán, luchador social e incuestionable patriota, entre otros. Siguiendo con esta línea de reflexión, resaltamos el hecho de que fuera precisamente el doctor Belisario Porras, posterior- - 10 - Prólogo mente electo varias veces Presidente de la República y recono- cido por todos como el más grande estadista que ha dado la nación, quien hubiese iniciado y dirigido como jefe político y militar la Guerra de los Mil Días en el Istmo, la más cruenta guerra civil de la historia panameña. Esto nos indica de mane- ra incontrovertible que Panamá no escapa a la verdad científica de que “la guerra es la continuación de la política por otros medios”. Al acercarnos al centenario del infame y cobarde fusila- miento de Victoriano Lorenzo, el Cholo Guerrillero es objeto de atención en la labor investigativa del licenciado Herbert G. Nelson A., autor de la sustancial y sólida obra de análisis e interpretación histórica publicada en 1999 por el Centro de In- vestigación y Docencia de Panamá, CIDPA, Fundamentos Ideológicos de las Intervenciones de Estados Unidos en Pa- namá, que estudia el expansionismo imperialista norteameri- cano y su expresión en Panamá hasta el momento de la invasión de diciembre de 1989.
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