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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science An Overview of PVT Module for the Extraction of Electricity and Heat Nayef Zeid August 20, 2020 Student thesis, Advanced level (Master degree, one year), 15 HE Energy Systems Master Programme in Energy Engineering, Energy Online Supervisor: Prof. Björn Karlsson & Dr. Diogo Cabral Examiner: Alan Kabanshi Abstract The study sets out to review various literatures concerning photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) modules for the extraction of electricity and heat, it also reviews different PVT collectors as well as their performance. The study provides an understanding of a system that fully supports ecological society by promoting the use of solar modules from a different scope in future global resolutions. Furthermore, it looks into renewable energy in Sweden, solar energy and PVT systems, operational principles of hybrid PVT collectors, PVT applications, PVT market and legal face of PVT in Sweden among others. Among other social benefits, PVT system contributes enormously to energy savings and energy consumption which in turn lowers CO2 emissions. The review shows that PVT modules can provide homes and industries with 100% renewable electricity and heat that is affordable. This paper adopts systematic literature review, as it allows thorough cross- examination of various publications regarding the subject. Keywords: Energy System, Photovoltaic (PV), Photovoltaic/Thermal(PVT) Modules, PVT Performance, PVT Application, Renewable Energy, PVT Collectors i Preface I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisors and examiner Prof. Björn Karlsson & Dr. Diogo Cabral for their inestimable support, encouragement and guidance to ensure the goal of the study is realized. I wish to acknowledge the unending support of my beloved parents and my lovely wife, this study would not have been possible without them. I wish to thank the entire academic crew of the Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science and everyone who has contributed to this project in one way or the other. ii Nomenclature Latin Symbol Description Unit 2 AC PV/T Collector Area m F Fin Efficiency - F/ Collector Efficiency Factor - FR Heat-Removal Factor - 2 GT Solar Irradiance W/m Tp Average Plate Temperature K Tf Average Fluid Temperature K 2 QU Useful Collected Heat by Collector W/m Ta Temperature of the Ambient K Ti Fluid Inlet Temperature K Tref PV module Reference Temperature K T Temperature of PV module K 2 UL Overall Collector Heat Loss Coefficient W/m K Greek Symbol Description Unit ᶯth PVT Thermal Efficiency - ᶯmp PVT Cell Efficiency - ᶯmp, ref Maximum Power Point Efficiency - µP, mp PV cell efficiency Temperature coefficient - Transmittance Absorptance Product - iii Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Aim and Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.2. Delimitations .................................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 5 3.0 PVT Systems ..................................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Physics and Theory ............................................................................................................................ 7 3.2 Operational Principles ....................................................................................................................... 9 3.3 Types of PVT .................................................................................................................................... 10 3.4 PVT Applications ............................................................................................................................. 13 3.5 Performance of PVT ........................................................................................................................ 14 3.5.1 Experiments ................................................................................................................................. 15 3.5.2 Modelling studies of PVT ............................................................................................................. 17 4.0 PVT Market ..................................................................................................................................... 19 5.0 Legal Face of Renewable Energy (PVT) in Sweden ........................................................................ 21 6.0 Future Prospects of PVT system .................................................................................................... 22 7.0 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 24 References ............................................................................................................................................ 25 Appendix ................................................................................................................................................. 1 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Generic energy system supplying fuels and electricity [110]. ........................................ 1 Figure 2: CO2 emission in Sweden [79]. ............................................................................. 2 Figure 3: Renewable Energy in Sweden – Renewable Share of total energy consumption [79]. ........... 3 Figure 4: Schematic layout of various types of solar energies [112]. ............................................ 4 Figure 5: Photovoltaic Thermal Hybrid PVT Systems [109]. ..................................................... 6 Figure 6: Classification and Implementation of PVT systems [108]. ............................................ 7 Figure 7: Schematic section of a PVT collector [2]. ................................................................ 9 Figure 8: Cross-section of different types of PVT collectors. (a) Single pass air-based PVT collector, (b) Double pass air-based PVT collector, (c) PVT collector with fins, (d) PVT collector with v-groove absorber, (e) PVT collector with round tube absorber [111].................................................... 13 Figure 9: Map of PVT collector technologies and PVT applications per operating temperature [29]. ... 14 v Abbreviations and Acronyms PVT – Photovoltaic/Thermal CO2 – Carbon Dioxide CHP – Combined Heat Power PV – Photovoltaic CPVT – Concentrated PVT Collector WISC – Uncovered PVT Collector COP – Coefficient of Overall Performance TMS – Thin Metallic Sheet HVAC – Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning vi 1. Introduction An energy system is basically designed to deliver energy and energy-related services to the consumers or the end-users [1]. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report defines an energy system as "all components related to the production, conversion, delivery, and use of energy" [2]. Energy has become an integral part of human beings, using it in all their activities at any time of the day. Energy systems are often very complex and require the development and management of knowledge derived from scientific fields. While it is easy to use the energy available in our homes but generating that energy and bringing it to our homes is a great task. Energy sources are not naturally consumable, they are required to be transformed to an easier and more effective form suitable to the end-users. Those energy sources that are produced by human beings are known as secondary sources and are the most popular since they are used on daily basis. The transformation of primary energy sources to secondary energy sources need to be carried out in conditions that are conducive for both human beings and the environment [3]. Figure 1: Generic energy system supplying fuels and electricity [4]. According to [5], the level of energy consumption in Sweden per capita is around 13,120.12 kWh, which is much higher than the Europa average of around 5,518.12 kWh. Sweden can offer 1 fully independent power. The total production of all power plants is 153bn kWh, which is 115% of energy used by the country. Nevertheless, Sweden continues to exchange with foreign countries [5]. Figure 2: CO2 emission in Sweden [6]. Some countries use more energy per capita than Sweden, but Swedish carbon emissions are lower than others because Eighty percent of Sweden's electricity generation comes from nuclear and hydroelectric sources. As per world bank report, regular American emits 4 times the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) from Sweden [7]. Renewable energy can be obtained from primary sources such as water, wind or sun or another source that is naturally recycled. Renewable energies in Sweden continues to grow. As early as 2012, Sweden achieved the government aim of 50 percent for 2020. In the electricity sector, the goal is 100% electricity generation from renewable sources by 2040 [7]. The country has ample reserves of running water and biomass that contribute to the country's renewable energies to a large extent. Hydropower (water) and bioenergy are
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