Implications of Continuous Structural Inversion in the West Netherlands
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Implications of continuous structural inversion in the West Netherlands Basin for understanding controls on Palaeogene deformation in NW Europe Geza Worum, Laurent Michon To cite this version: Geza Worum, Laurent Michon. Implications of continuous structural inversion in the West Netherlands Basin for understanding controls on Palaeogene deformation in NW Europe. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Geological Society of London, 2005, 162, pp.73-85. 10.1144/0016-764904-011. hal-01382031 HAL Id: hal-01382031 https://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01382031 Submitted on 4 Nov 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Implications of continuous structural inversion in the West Netherlands Basin for understanding controls on Palaeogene deformation in NW Europe 1 2,3 GEZA WORUM & LAURENT MICHON 1 Department of Tectonics, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands (e-mail: [email protected]) 2 Department of Geoenergy, TNO–NITG, Princetonlaan 6, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands 3 Present address: Laboratoire des Sciences de la Terre, Universite´ de la Re´union, 15 rue Rene´ Cassin, 97715 Saint Denis cedex 9, Paris, France Abstract: A detailed analysis of high-quality 3D seismic and borehole data provides new insights into the Palaeogene tectonic history and inversion of the West Netherlands Basin. The inversion characteristics are compared with those of other basins in the region, to provide constraints on the Palaeogene compressional tectonic movements in NW Europe. The inversion of the West Netherlands Basin, which is characterized by the doming of the basin centre and by the reactivation of pre-existing faults in a reverse mode, was found to be the result of a continuous inversion process rather than a distinct tectonic pulse. The intensity of the tectonic movements was not uniform throughout the Eocene and was strongest during the Latest Eocene. These characteristics are similar to those of other basins in the southern North Sea region and in the English Channel area. In addition, a good correlation exists between Alpine tectonic events and the Palaeogene inversion phases. In light of these observations the Latest Eocene inversion pulse in the southern North Sea region can be considered as the culmination of a long-term inversion process that originated from the Alpine collision. Keywords: tectonics, sedimentation, erosion, basin analysis. It has been long recognized that basin subsidence in various whereas the Late Oligocene phase was very gentle and is Mesozoic basins located in Central and NW Europe was represented only by a regional unconformity. terminated in the Late Cretaceous and was followed by basin The Late Palaeocene–Eocene geological history of the West inversion (see Ziegler 1987, for summary). Detailed analysis of Netherlands Basin is markedly different from the Mesozoic the deformation as well as the main erosion events in these evolution. Following the Mid-Palaeocene inversion phase the basins suggests that the inversion occurred in four major phases West Netherlands Basin ceased to exist as a major depocentre (the Late Cretaceous (c. Santonian), the Mid-Palaeocene, the and became a tectonic high called the Early Tertiary High (also Late Eocene–Early Oligocene and the Late Oligocene–Early known as the Kijkduin high) (Fig. 1a). The sedimentary record Miocene phases). However, there are indications from several indicates that the main depocentres (Voorne Trough, Zuiderzee inverted areas that (1) one particular inversion phase can take Low) were located north and south of the West Netherlands considerable time and (2) the time interval between two subse- Basin (e.g. Heybroek 1974; Letsch & Sissingh 1983; Zagwijn quent inversion phases is tectonically not quiet but is often 1989; Van Adrichem Boogaert & Kouwe 1997; TNO–NITG represented by continued, calmer tectonic movements (e.g. Jones 2002). The Eocene evolution of the Early Tertiary High is poorly 1980; Van Hoorn 1987; Curry 1992; Va˚gnes et al. 1998; Gras & known, as the Late Palaeocene–Eocene sedimentary record was Geluk 1999). In this paper a contribution is made to the partly or totally removed during the Late Eocene tectonic move- characterization and understanding of the Late Eocene inversion ments. It is suggested, however, that on the Early Tertiary High process in the southern North Sea area by presenting a case study only a small amount of sediments was deposited during the from the West Netherlands Basin. Eocene. The West Netherlands Basin is situated in the southern North Considering the amount of deformation and erosion, the Late Sea Basin and adjacent onshore parts of the Netherlands (Fig. Eocene tectonic phase in the West Netherlands Basin and in 1a). Together with other sedimentary basins in the area (Roer other basins of the southern North Sea region is of secondary Valley Graben, Central Netherlands Basin, Broad Fourteens importance compared with the Late Cretaceous inversion (e.g. Basin, Sole Pit Basin), it developed in response to multiple Van Hoorn 1987; Ziegler 1987; De Lugt et al. 2003). Because of rifting phases during the Late Palaeozoic–Mesozoic period (e.g. this a detailed analysis of the preserved Palaeogene sediments is Heybroek 1974; Van Wijhe 1987; Ziegler 1990; Dronkers & possible, which can help us to characterize and better understand Mrozek 1991). In response to subsequent inversion phases, pre- the Late Eocene tectonic movements in the southern North Sea existing normal faults were reactivated in a transpressional region and can also provide useful constraints on synsedimentary manner (e.g. De Jager et al. 1996; Racero-Baena & Drake 1996) inversion in general. Recently, in the area of the Broad Fourteens resulting in the deformation and uplift of the basin fill as well as Basin (offshore Netherlands, NW of the West Netherlands Basin), its subsequent erosion. All four above-mentioned tectonic phases De Lugt et al. (2003) addressed the issue of characterization and are recognized in the West Netherlands Basin. Of these the Late quantification of the Late Eocene inversion phase. They pointed Cretaceous and Mid-Palaeocene phases were the strongest, out that this phase affected a much wider area than the Late Sole Pit 0 50km Basin North Sea Basin Broad Fourteens Texel-IJsselmeer 53° Q P Basin High Lower Saxony Early Basin T ertiary HighCentral Netherlands West Netherlands B V Basin oorne V Basin 52° oorne S Trough Roer Valley Graben A Trough London-Brabant Rhenish 51° Massif Massif a) 3° 4° 5° 6° 7° b) ea WNB Mesozoic tectonic features Outline of utilized o S 54 th Main Mesozoic faults 3D seismic surveys or N y Stable platforms and tectonic Available boreholes n highs during the Mesozoic A B SW-NE transect UK a o m 52 r Mesozoic sedimentary basins e G ETH Tertiary tectonic features Tertiary depocentres 0o 2o 4o 6o 8o 10o Fig. 1. (a) Main Mesozoic and Tertiary tectonic features of the Netherlands and its surroundings (after TNO–NITG 2002). (b) Three-dimensional seismic surveys and location of wells used in this study. The position of the SW–NE transect A–B (Fig. 3) is indicated. Cretaceous inversion. They explained this with differently or- chronostratigraphic chart presented by Van Adrichem Boogaert & Kouwe iented compressive stress fields during the Late Cretaceous and (1997) (Fig. 2). The sedimentary succession starts with a thin basal sandy the Eocene. The corresponding uplift was quantified to be c. unit, the Heers Member of the Landen Formation, followed by the 200–250 m. Landen Clay Member, representing the climax of the first marine transgression. The Landen Formation is followed by the Dongen Forma- Recently, good-quality 3D seismic data became available in tion, which is subdivided into four members: the thin basal Dongen Sand the area of the West Netherlands Basin and the Voorne Trough, Member, the Ieper Member, the Brussel Sand Member and the Asse which provide high-resolution insight into the lower Tertiary Member. The Ieper and Asse Members represent major transgressional sediment structure. In this paper we use this dataset, together periods, which are also observed elsewhere in the southern North Sea with available borehole data, to investigate the various tectono- region (e.g. Curry 1992; Vandenberghe et al. 1998). In the centre of the sedimentological aspects of the Late Palaeocene–Eocene geolo- former West Netherlands Basin these members are not present, probably gical history of the Early Tertiary High and adjacent Voorne as a result of the subsequent Late Eocene inversion phase, but they are Trough. The aim is to quantify the Late Eocene inversion phase preserved in the Voorne Trough. in terms of removed sediment thickness as well as to determine The Oligocene succession preserved in the area is represented by the the temporal and spatial characteristics of the Eocene tectonic Rupel Formation, whose deposition coincides with another major trans- gression. The succeeding Late Oligocene Veldhoven Formation is missing movements. The characteristics of the determined Palaeogene in the study area, but it is preserved elsewhere in the southern Nether- tectonic evolution are compared with those of the Broad Four- lands. The regional unconformity separating the Rupel Formation and the teens Basin and other basins in SE England and in Belgium. overlying Breda Formation of Miocene age is partly the result of a major Differences observed between the Late Cretaceous–Mid Palaeo- sea-level drop in the Late Oligocene. Besides the sea-level drop, however, cene and the Late Eocene inversion phases are also discussed, a gentle tectonic uplift representing the latest inversion phase is also taking into account the direction of Alpine intraplate compres- suggested to play a role in this erosion (e.g.