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Tuchodi-Gathto-Kluachesi Trail Archaeological Inventory Survey: Phase 1

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Tuchodi-Gathto-Kluachesi Trail Archaeological Inventory Survey: Phase 1 TUCHODI-GATHTO-KLUACHESI TRAIL ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY: PHASE 1 MUSKWA KECHIKA MANAGEMENT AREA March, 2001 Prepared for: Muskwa-Kechika Trust Fund Project # M-K 2000-01-58 Prepared by: BC Regional office Big Pine Heritage Consulting & Research Ltd. #206-10704 97th Ave. Fort St. John, BC V1J 6L7 Credits: Report Authors – Melanie Hill, Rémi Farvacque, Nicole Nicholls; Report Production – Jeff Anderson, Rémi Farvacque, Melanie Hill, Sean Moffatt, Nicole Nicholls; Archives Research – Vandy Bowyer, Shelly Chipesia, Richard Chipesia, Judy Hannah, Nicole Nicholls; Field Personnel – Richard Chipesia, Rémi Farvacque, Melanie Hill, Willow McDonald, Ken Schwab, Eugene Tsakoza; Project Director – Rémi Farvacque i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to thank the following individuals and groups who provided assistance, guidance, and financial support without who this project could not have been completed. Sincere thanks is owed to our Outfitters, Mess. Ross Peck & Barry Tompkins, as well as their staff, who provided a warm place to sleep, great food, and guidance when mobilizing our camps. A special thanks goes to the Dene Tsaa Tse K’Nai (Prophet River) First Nation without whose support this daunting project could not have been initiated. Financial support was provided by the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area Advisory Board (Project # M-K 2000-01-58). Dr. Knut Fladmark (Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University), Dr. Jack Ives (Provincial Museum of Alberta), Dr. Raymond Le Blanc (Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta), and Dr. David Meyer (Department of Anthropology & Archaeology, University of Saskatchewan), provided professional guidance that was greatly appreciated. Ethnographic research was assisted by Judy Hannah, Shelley Chipesia, and the Treaty and Aboriginal Rights Research archives staff at Treaty 8 offices, Fort St. John, B.C. Assistance in the field was provided by Richard Chipesia, Eugene Tsakoza (members of the Dene Tsaa Tse K’Nai First Nation) and Willow McDonald (summer student). A thank you goes to Malcolm James (Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University) for his expedient analysis of the obsidian artifacts. ii Frontispiece: View of archaeological site IbSd-t002, Upper Tuchodi Lake. TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page INTRODUCTION 1 Background 1 Primary Objectives 2 Location and Present Environment 2 Past Environment 4 ETHNOGRAPHIC RECORD 6 Resource use & seasonal cycle 11 Seasonal cycle 12 Technology 13 Structures 15 HISTORY of TRAILS 17 ARCHAEOLOGY 19 Archaeological Potential 19 Cultural history 20 Methodology 23 Archaeological Record 24 Previously recorded archaeological sites 24 Newly recorded archaeological sites 25 Archaeological Significance 38 DISCUSSION & RECOMMENDATIONS 42 Archaeological Assemblage – A Regional Synthesis 42 Tool Types 42 Debitage 48 Lithic (Raw) Material 49 Faunal and Organic Remains 49 Site Distribution and Function 50 Erosion 53 Natural Factors 53 Anthropogenic Factors 54 iii Recommendations 55 Future Research 55 Maintenance of Site Integrity 56 REFERENCES CITED 58 APPENDIX A - Figures Figure 1 Overview of study area. A-2 Figure 2 Location of archaeological sites in the Kluachesi Lake area. A-3 Figure 3 Location of archaeological sites in the Dead Dog Creek and Gathto Creek area. A-4 Figure 4 Location of archaeological sites in the Tuchodi Lakes area. A-5 Figure 5 Ranges of Sekani, Slavey, and Beaver groups in study area. A-6 Figure 6 Archaeological site IaSa-001. A-7 Figure 7 Archaeological site IbSc-001. A-8 Figure 8 Archaeological site HlRx-t001. A-9 Figure 9 Archaeological site HlRx-t002. A-10 Figure 10 Archaeological site HlRx-t003. A-11 Figure 11 Archaeological site HlRx-t004. A-12 Figure 12 Archaeological site HlRx-t005. A-13 Figure 13 Archaeological site HlRx-t006. A-14 Figure 14 Archaeological site HlRx-t007. A-15 Figure 15 Archaeological site HlRx-t008. A-16 Figure 16 Archaeological site HlRx-t009. A-17 Figure 17 Archaeological site IaSa-t002. A-18 Figure 18 Archaeological site IaSa-t003. A-19 Figure 19 Archaeological site IaSb-t001. A-20 Figure 20 Archaeological site IaSb-t002. A-21 Figure 21 Archaeological site IaSb-t003. A-22 Figure 22 Archaeological site IaSb-t004. A-23 Figure 23 Archaeological site IaSb-t005. A-24 Figure 24 Archaeological site IaSb-t006. A-25 Figure 25 Archaeological site IaSb-t007. A-26 Figure 26 Archaeological site IaSb-t008. A-27 Figure 27 Archaeological site IaSb-t009. A-28 Figure 28 Archaeological site IaSb-t010. A-29 Figure 29 Archaeological site IaSb-t011. A-30 Figure 30 Archaeological site IaSb-t012. A-31 Figure 31 Archaeological site IaSb-t013. A-32 Figure 32 Archaeological site IaSb-t014. A-33 Figure 33 Archaeological site IaSb-t015. A-34 iv Figure 34 Archaeological site IaSb-t016. A-35 Figure 35 Archaeological site IaSc-t001. A-36 Figure 36 Archaeological site IaSd-t001. A-37 Figure 37 Archaeological site IaSd-t002. A-38 Figure 38 Archaeological site IbSb-t001. A-39 Figure 39 Archaeological site IbSb-t002. A-40 Figure 40 Archaeological site IbSb-t003. A-41 Figure 41 Archaeological site IbSc-t001. A-42 Figure 42 Archaeological site IbSc-t002. A-43 Figure 43 Archaeological site IbSc-t003. A-44 Figure 44 Archaeological site IbSc-t004. A-45 Figure 45 Archaeological site IbSc-t005. A-46 Figure 46 Archaeological site IbSc-t006. A-47 Figure 47 Archaeological site IbSc-t007. A-48 Figure 48 Archaeological site IbSc-t008. A-49 Figure 49 Archaeological site IbSc-t009. A-50 Figure 50 Archaeological site IbSc-t010. A-51 Figure 51 Archaeological site IbSc-t011. A-52 Figure 52 Archaeological site IbSc-t012. A-53 Figure 53 Archaeological site IbSc-t013. A-54 Figure 54 Archaeological site IbSd-t001. A-55 Figure 55 Archaeological site IbSd-t002. A-56 APPENDIX B – Plates Plate 1 Views of the lower Tuchodi River. B-2 Plate 2 Views of Tuchodi River valley and Lower Tuchodi Lake. B-3 Plate 3 Views of Tuchodi Lakes and upper Tuchodi River. B-4 Plate 4 Views of upper Tuchodi River and Gathto Creek drainages. B-5 Plate 5 Views of alpine environments, Dead Dog Pass. B-6 Plate 6 Views of Dead Dog Pass and upper Gathto Creek. B-7 Plate 7 Views of fluvial and lacustrine terraces, Tuchodi River drainage. B-8 Plate 8 Views of miscellaneous deposition environments, Tuchodi Lakes. B-9 Plate 9 Views of alpine and abandoned glacial features. B-10 Plate 10 Views of high alpine environments, Tuchodi River headwaters. B-11 Plate 11 Views of trail features and trail bed. B-12 Plate 12 Views of Dead Dog Creek trail. B-13 Plate 13 Views of survey techniques. B-14 Plate 14 Views of survey techniques & archaeological sites in HlRx. B-15 Plate 15 Views of archaeological sites in HlRx, IaSa, & IaSb. B-16 Plate 16 Views of archaeological sites in IaSb. B-17 Plate 17 Views of archaeological sites in IaSb. B-18 v Plate 18 Views of archaeological sites in IaSb. B-19 Plate 19 Views of archaeological sites in IaSb. B-20 Plate 20 Views of archaeological sites in IaSb & IaSc. B-21 Plate 21 Views of archaeological sites in IaSd & IbSc. B-22 Plate 22 Views of archaeological sites in IaSc & IaSd. B-23 Plate 23 Views of archaeological sites in IbSb. B-24 Plate 24 Views of archaeological sites in IbSc. B-25 Plate 25 Views of archaeological sites in IbSc. B-26 Plate 26 Views of archaeological sites in IbSc & IbSd. B-27 Plate 27 Views of archaeological sites in IbSd. B-28 Plate 28 Projectile Points. B-29 Plate 29 Scrapers from IaSa-t002. B-30 Plate 30 Miscellaneous tools. B-31 Plate 31 Chopper from IaSb-t014. B-32 Plate 32 Types of erosion concerns. B-33 Plate 33 Types of erosion concerns. B-34 APPENDIX C - Lithic catalogue APPENDIX D - Glossary APPENDIX E - X-ray Florescence analysis of obsidian artifacts LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Cultural horizons in northwestern North America. 21 Table 2 Significance factors for previously recorded sites. 39 Table 3 Significance factors for newly recorded sites. 39 Table 4 Metric attributes of projectile points. 43 Table 5 Metric attributes of preforms. 44 Table 6 Metric attributes of scrapers. 44 Table 7 Metric attributes of cores. 45 Table 8 Metric attributes of choppers. 45 Table 9 Metric attributes of bifaces. 46 Table 10 Metric attributes of spokeshave. 46 Table 11 Metric attributes of retouched flakes. 46 Table 12 Metric attributes of utilized flakes. 47 Table 13 Archaeological site distribution and function. 51 vi INTRODUCTION In the southern Muskwa-Kechika Management Area (M-KMA), pack trails represent one of the few ways to gain access to back-country areas. An expanded inventory of archaeological and heritage sites along these trails is believed necessary at this time, given the nature of documented impacts present recreational activities are creating, and the projected intensification of use of these trails. Phase 1 of this project, the results of which are represented here, gathered substantial information on the possible antiquity and history of these trails, and the effects present recreational use of the trails is having on archaeological and other heritage remains. BACKGROUND Prior to this project, the levels of impact recreational activities were having on archaeological and heritage sites in the M-KMA had not been actively addressed. Results from the preliminary field work clearly show that numerous archaeological and heritage sites are being negatively impacted as a result of diverse anthropogenic and natural events, mainly through compounded erosion (i.e. trails, hoofed animals, fluvial activity, aeolian activity, waves and boat wash on lakes). Anthropogenic and natural impacts are projected to increase, disturbing or destroying an unknown but likely significant portion of the finite number of heritage remains present along trail corridors. Major issues raised by our initial work in the area include the implementation of management objectives related to the conservation/mitigation of known heritage remains, and the urgent need for additional inventory work given the elevated number of heritage sites identified as being presently affected by significant impacts.
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