DOCSLIB.ORG

Elk for PDF.618U

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Elk for PDF.618U Elk IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Ecology, Conservation and Management Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks Pushed completely from British Columbia during the last glacial advance, the adaptable Elk re-populated both the wet coast and dry interior after the ice melted. INTRODUCTION interglacial period, Elk were widespread in North Elk have been part of the North American America, including Alaska. At the height of the last environment since the ice age. These large, social, (Wisconsin) glacial advance, they became extinct in vocal animals left British Columbia completely during Alaska and were confined to areas south of the ice the last glacial advance but repopulated both the wet sheet in the United States. coast and dry interior after the ice melted. Early As the last great glaciers receded British Columbia’s explorers in eastern North 15,000 to 10,000 years ago, TAXONOMY America named this animal Elk spread northward into two subspecies of Order Elk, even though Europeans newly available habitats in Artiodactyla used the same term (spelled southern Canada. Elk, Roosevelt and (Even-toed ungulates) elch) for Moose. To avoid When Europeans first arrived, confusion, some people have North America was home to six Family Rocky Mountain, Cervidae suggested giving the North subspecies or races of Elk. Two (Moose, Elk, Caribou, American Elk the Shawnee of those, the Elk of eastern look quite similar Deer) Indian name, wapiti, but today North America and the Merriam most people continue to use Elk of the southwest United and are best Genus the term Elk to refer to the States, are now extinct. The Cervus North American forms of the remaining four are the distinguished on Species Red Deer (Cervus elaphus). Manitoba Elk of the great plains elaphus (C. e. manitobensis), the Rocky the basis of Subspecies EVOLUTION AND Mountain Elk of the Rockies nelsoni (Rocky APPEARANCE and adjacent ranges (C. e. distribution. Mountain Elk) The majestic North American nelsoni), the Roosevelt Elk of the roosevelti (Roosevelt Elk) Elk, or wapiti, belongs to the Pacific northwest coast (C. e. roosevelti) and the Tule same species as the European Elk of California (C. e. nannodes). Following the last Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) with glaciation, Roosevelt Elk moved which it can interbreed. However, north into the Fraser valley and the four living subspecies in North onto Vancouver Island, and the America, two of which occur in Rocky Mountain Elk spread as British Columbia, have been far as the Liard River area. geographically isolated from the Elk are the largest members of Eurasian races for at least 15,000 the deer family (Cervidae), except years and have distinctive for the Moose. Their main characteristics. characteristics are a brownish coat An ancestor similar to the Red with a dark mane and a white Deer probably arrived in North rump patch, large forked antlers America from Europe via the on the bulls, and large rounded Bering land bridge during the upper canine teeth (Elk tusks) second-to-last (Illinoian) in both sexes. They are the only glaciation, when sea levels were North American deer, other than lower than they are now. Fossil Caribou, that commonly form remains show that during the last large social groups. Bill Swan Mature bull Elk (four years and older) have from Vancouver Island to Quebec and southward to majestic, rich-brown antlers with ivory tips. The 110 northern Mexico, Louisiana, and Georgia. Because of to 160 cm long cylindrical beams sweep upward and land settlement and market hunting in the 1800s, Elk back over the shoulders. In addition to the tip of the became extinct in eastern Canada, the U.S. east of the antler, there are usually five other pointed tines that Mississippi River, the U.S. southwest, and northern arc forward and upward from the main beam. Mexico. By 1900, the original North American Yearling bulls usually have unbranched spike antlers, population of several million Elk fell to under 100,000. two-year-olds have a slender rack with three or four Except for a small herd in the Phillips Arm area, points on each side (often referred to as raghorns), and which probably migrated from Vancouver Island, and three-year-olds have a heavier set with four or five points. recently introduced herds near Sechelt and Powell Like other ungulates at the latitude of British River, the only Roosevelt Elk in British Columbia are Columbia, Elk have distinct summer and winter coats. the 3000 to 3500 members of the subspecies that live In winter, the head, neck, and legs are dark brown, on Vancouver Island. Rocky and the sides and back are Mountain Elk are most numerous At the time of a much lighter gray-brown. HOOF PRINTS in the east and west Kootenay Bulls tend to have a lighter, regions north to about Golden European settlement, creamier body colour than and west to Grand Forks. Native cows. The summer pelage populations also occur along the the Elk was the most is a sleek-looking, rich east slope of the Rockies and reddish-brown, with little adjacent foothills from the Wapiti widely distributed or no undercoat. During the River drainage to the Liard River, spring molt in May and with a major concentration in the hoofed mammal in June, the Elk’s coat is very Muskwa and Tuchodi River areas. ragged looking. Both sexes From 1917 to the present, Elk North America. have heavy dark manes and transplants, some from outside a yellowish-white rump patch bordered by a dark the province, have altered the distribution picture. brown or black stripe. These supplemented some existing populations and Adult bull Elk stand about 140 cm high at the resulted in new herds in several locations—southern shoulder and weigh 265 to 410 kg; cows stand about Vancouver Island, the Queen Charlotte Islands, the 130 cm high and weigh 190 to 270 kg. Sechelt Peninsula, Powell River, Princeton, Lytton, British Columbia has two subspecies of Elk, the Okanagan Lake, Granby River, Lower Arrow Lake, Roosevelt and Rocky Mountain, which look quite Williston Lake, and the Kechika River valley. similar. Roosevelt Elk are slightly larger and darker When the first explorers arrived, Elk were more than Rocky Mountain Elk, however, and the antlers widespread in the interior of the province than they of Roosevelt bulls sometimes terminate in a crown are today, but for unknown reasons, their numbers of three or four points. declined sharply in the mid-to-late 1800s. Land settlement had a relatively small impact on Elk in DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE mountainous British Columbia, but it resulted in When the Europeans came to North America, the extirpation of Roosevelt Elk on the Gulf Islands and Elk was the most widely in the lower mainland, and the loss of habitat for distributed hoofed Rocky Mountain Elk in the Peace River area and locally mammal on this in the Okanagan Valley and Rocky Mountain Trench. continent. Elk occurred Since the mid-1970s, the number of interior Rocky across southern Canada Mountain Elk in British Columbia has increased from 100 0 100 200 km about 15,000 to 40,000. About 18,000 of these occur PLENTIFUL in northern BC, 20,000 in the Kootenay region and MODERATE 1350 in the Thompson-Okanagan area. A few FEW hundred occur in other scattered herds. ABSENT LIFE HISTORY Elk are social animals. Up to 20 or more cows, calves, and yearlings live in groups that remain apart from Roosevelt Elk the smaller groups of bulls, except during the autumn Rocky Mountain Elk mating (rutting) period. Both groups have dominance annually throughout life, but pregnancy rates are lower hierarchies that they establish and maintain by various on poor ranges. Bulls are capable of reproducing as threats and displays rather than by serious fighting. yearlings, but they usually don’t get a chance to mate Elk use their front hooves as weapons most of the until they are four or five years old. Elk can live as long time, but bulls also use their antlers. Aggression may as 20 years, but most die by age 10 or 12. flare up over access to salt licks, bedding sites, wallows, Elk bulls drop their antlers from late February to or superior forage. Typically, the largest animals early April, and the oldest animals shed their antlers displace the smaller ones. Bulls of equal size also first. New antlers begin growing in April and reach full engage in sparring bouts, which are not true fights size by late August or early September. By then, the Elk but involve a methodical engagement of the antlers have rubbed off the velvet that nourished them. followed by pushing and head-twisting, then a gradual During the rut, Elk bulls do not feed, but they exert disengagement without any indication of dominance a lot of energy so that they start the winter in poor or submission. physical condition. This results in higher death rates As the mid-September rutting period approaches, in bulls than in cows and bull Elk become more active and aggressive. They seek an unbalanced sex ratio in The reverberations out the cow groups and establish harems of several favour of females. This cows that they jealously herd and guard. To advertise preponderance of cows of several bugling their prowess to prospective mates and to intimidate more or less dictates a rival bulls, they bugle, wallow, spray urine, thrash polygamous mating Elk in the autumn vegetation, and engage in other antics. Their unique system. Malnutrition bugle call starts as a low chesty roar, glides into a during severe winters is stillness of a high bugling sound, and ends in a series of grunts.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Table of Contents
    TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1 CREATING A WILDLIFE FRIENDLY YARD ......................................................................2 With Plant Variety Comes Wildlife Diversity...............................................................2 Existing Yards....................................................................................................2 Native Plants ......................................................................................................3 Why Choose Organic Fertilizers?......................................................................3 Butterfly Gardens...............................................................................................3 Fall Flower Garden Maintenance.......................................................................3 Water Availability..............................................................................................4 Bird Feeders...................................................................................................................4 Provide Grit to Assist with Digestion ................................................................5 Unwelcome Visitors at Your Feeders? ..............................................................5 Attracting Hummingbirds ..................................................................................5 Cleaning Bird Feeders........................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Prescribed Burning for Elk in N Orthem Idaho
    Proceedings: 8th Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 1968 Prescribed Burning For Elk in N orthem Idaho THOMAS A. LEEGE, RESEARCH BIOLOGIST Idaho Fish and Game Dept. Kamiah, Idaho kE majestic wapiti, otherwise known as the Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus canadensis), has been identified with northern Idaho for the last 4 decades. Every year thousands of hunters from all parts of the United States swarm into the wild country of the St. Joe Clearwater River drainages. Places like Cool­ water Ridge, Magruder and Moose Creek are favorite hunting spots well known for their abundance of elk. However, it is now evident that elk numbers are slowly decreasing in many parts of the region. The reason for the decline is apparent when the history of the elk herds and the vegetation upon which they depend are closely exam­ ined. This paper will review some of these historical records and then report on prescribed burning studies now underway by Idaho Fish and Game personnel. The range rehabilitation program being developed by the Forest Service from these studies will hopefully halt the elk decline and maintain this valuable wildlife resource in northern Idaho. DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION The general area I will be referring to includes the territory to the north of the Salmon River and south of Coeur d'Alene Lake (Fig. 1). 235 THOMAS A. LEEGE It is sometimes called north-central Idaho and includes the St. Joe and Clearwater Rivers as the major drainages. This area is lightly populated, especially the eaStern two-thirds which is almost entirely publicly owned and managed by the United States Forest Service; specifically, the St.
    [Show full text]
  • Published Proceedings from the CWD Forum
    PROCEEDINGS Jackson Hole Chronic Wasting Disease Forum December 7, 2016 National Museum of Wildlife Art Jackson, Wyoming INTRODUCTION The purpose of this Chronic Wasting Disease forum was to highlight CWD research and management considerations, with the goal to share current science-based information with the general public and all organizations concerned with the long-term health of elk and deer populations in the Jackson Hole Area. ABSTRACTS *Names of presenters in bold text Wyoming Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance Mary Wood, State Veterinarian, Wildlife Veterinary Research Services, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, Wyoming, USA Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) was first described in captive mule deer from Colorado and Wyoming in the 1970’s (Williams 1980). After the initial discovery and description of this disease, the Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD) began collaborative work with Dr. Elizabeth Williams in 1982 to investigate whether the disease was present in free-ranging populations (Williams 1992, Miller 2000). This was the beginning of a decades-long surveillance program to study the distribution and spread of this disease in free-ranging cervid populations. Between 1982 and 1997 a limited number of CWD samples were collected through local check stations near Laramie and Wheatland WY. WGFD surveillance began in earnest in 1997, with peak surveillance occurring between 2003 and 2011 when federal funding was available. Currently the WGFD Wildlife Health Laboratory tests between 1500 and 3500 samples for CWD each year with over 56,000 samples tested to date in Wyoming. Surveillance includes voluntary sample collection from hunter harvested animals as well as collection from road-killed animals and targeted animals showing signs consistent with CWD.
    [Show full text]
  • COMMON MAMMALS of OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK Roosevelt Elk the Largest and Most Majestic of All the Animals to Be Found in Olympic Na
    COMMON MAMMALS OF OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK Roosevelt Elk The largest and most majestic of all the animals to be found in Olympic National Park is the Roosevelt or Olympic elk. They were given the name Roosevelt elk in honor of President Theodore Roosevelt who did much to help preserve them from extinction. They are also known by the name "wapiti" which was given to them by the Shawnee Indians. Of the two kinds of elk in the Pacific Northwest, the Roosevelt elk are the largest. Next to the moose, the elk is the largest member of the deer family. The male sometimes measures 5 feet high at the shoulder and often weighs 800 pounds or more. Their coats are a tawny color except for the neck which is dark brown. It is easy to tell elk from deer because of the large size and the large buff colored rump patch. When the calves are born in May or June, they weigh between 30 and 40 pounds and are tawny colored splashed with many light spots and a conspicuous rump patch. Only the bull elk has antlers. They may measure as much as 5 feet across. Each year they shed the old set of antlers after mating season in the fall and almost immediately begin to grow a new set. During the summer months, some of the elk herds can be found in the high mountains; the elk move down into the rain forest valleys on the western side of the park during the winter months. About 5,000 elk live in Olympic National Park where they, like all of the animals are protected in their natural environment.
    [Show full text]
  • THE EVOLUTION of RAILWAYS in the KOOTENAYS by '.• BON ALB
    THE EVOLUTION OF RAILWAYS IN THE KOOTENAYS by '.• BON ALB"; HOWARD MEYER' B.A. , Uhiyersity..of British Columbia, 1967 A THESIS .SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS, FOR THE DEGREE OF -MASTER OF ARTS in the Department , " of Geography We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September, 1970 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial, gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8. Canada ABSTRACT « Traditionally, international boundaries have been re• garded as barriers to the evolution of transportation networks. Numerous examples of the disruptive influence of borders on travel routes have been documented in the literature. Does such a pattern always occur? This thesis is concerned with a railnet which evolved in close proximity to an international boundary, but which for the most part appeared able to develop with little regard for the boundary as a barrier. This railnet is that of the Kootenay district of south• eastern British Columbia and the adjacent United States. An investigation is made of the major elements which best explain the nature of this network's evolution. They are discovered to include a rich natural resource endowment, rivalry between rail• way companies, and private and government decision makers, but not the international boundary.
    [Show full text]
  • Elk: Wildlife Notebook Series
    Elk Elk (Cervus elaphus) are sometimes called “wapiti” in North America. Two subspecies of elk have been introduced to Alaska. Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) are larger, slightly darker in color, and have shorter, thicker antlers than the Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni). In many European countries “elk” are actually what we know as moose (Alces alces). Fossil bones indicate that a subspecies of elk once existed in Interior Alaska during the Pleistocene period, but all of the elk currently in Alaska were introduced from the Pacific Northwest in the last century. The first successful translocation involved eight Roosevelt elk calves that were captured on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State in 1928 and moved to Afognak Island (near Kodiak) in 1929. These elk have successfully established themselves on both Afognak and Raspberry Islands. The second successful transplant occurred in 1987, when 33 Roosevelt elk and 17 Rocky Mountain elk were captured in Oregon and moved to Etolin Island (near Petersburg) in Southeast Alaska. These elk subsequently dispersed and established a second breeding population on neighboring Zarembo Island. General description: Elk are members of the deer family and share many physical traits with deer, moose, and caribou. They are much larger than deer and caribou, but not as large as the moose which occur in Alaska. Distinguishing features include a large yellowish rump patch, a grayish to brownish body, and dark brown legs and neck. Unlike some members of the deer family, both sexes have upper canine teeth. The males have antlers, which in prime bulls are very large, sweeping gracefully back over the shoulders with spikes pointing forward.
    [Show full text]
  • BC SUMMER GAMES PARTICPANTS Wecommunicate RESPECTFULL
    Y BC SUMMER GAMES PARTICPANTS We communicate RESPECTFULL 2018 Nanaimo ▪ Officials: Lisa Balcombe - EGRITY T Nanaimo, Christina Demiris - Vancouver, Sharon Devana – Lake Cowichan, Robyn Guidon – Crofton, Nicola Iten – Anmore, We act with IN ▪ Jennifer Keith – Burnaby, Trish McKay – Vancouver, Anne-Marie North – Burnaby, Deborah Provencher – Nanaimo, Madeleine Ramsay – Merville, Huriye Sefayi – Surrey, Carol Stewart – Victoria, Annie Smith – Burnaby. VE programs I Kootenays (1) INCLUS Head Coach: Erin Fitchett Assistant Coach: Brooke Madore We offer ▪ Athletes: Jessica Cockburn, Kaitlyn Fitchett, Cadence Hergott, Carley Pattyn-Flander, CE Ashley Sonnichsen, Brooke Sonnichsen, Nicole Sonnichsen, N Thompson-Okanagan (2) Head Coach: Elizabeth Ignace Assistant Coach: Carly Helgason We strive We strive for EXCELLE Athletes: Karina Aujla, Maia Cesario, Kierra Fawcett, Rosina Fraser-Bowden, Madison ▪ Gillman, Kate Liebe, Norah Mallett, Isabelle Paradis. NITY U Fraser Valley (3) Head Coach: Madeleine Leblanc Athletes: Abby Yang connected as a COMM We are Suite 3016 – 3713 Kensington Avenue, Burnaby, BC, V5B 0A7 / Tel: (604) 333-3640 Email: [email protected] / Web: www.bcartisticswimming.ca Fraser River Delta (4) Head Coach: Melinda Markser Assistant Coach: Erin Williams Athletes: Nia Draganova, Madison Le, Naomi Madokoro, Zuleida Rodriguez, Elizabeth Tatarnikov, Daisy Vasquez, Kianna Vasquez, Emma West, Kate Zraly. Vancouver-Coastal (5) Head Coach: Alina Aref’yeva Assistant Coach: Seray, Sefayi Athletes: Sophia Alafriz, Rona Dizayee, Eleanor Lee, Alayna Michieli, Ivy Qin, Nyla Statton, Laura Volkamer, Zhang Yameng (Moe). Vancouver Island-Central Coast (6) Head Coach: Brenda Scott Assistant Coach: Samanth Lankmayr Athletes: Anna Akhurst, Maia Bell-McLenana, Avery Dix, Sydney Girling, Kiana Jepson, Pascha Nemlander, Zala Partlow, Sydney Waldie. Cariboo-North East (8) Head Coach: Nicole Barager & Assistant Coach: Lynn Barager Athletes: Camara Glack, Mya Knudsgaard, Sophia Morrow, Sevy Veeken.
    [Show full text]
  • CYMH Intake Clinic Contact Information
    CYMH Intake Clinic Contact Information Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, MCFD is committed to providing services to you wherever possible. We can meet you virtually, or by phone so that we can all follow the Provincial Health Officer's direction to ensure physical distancing. Please call the nearest MCFD office to receive information about the services available to you and your family. Region SDA Walk-In Clinic Name Clinic Address Clinic City Clinic Postal Code Clinic Hours Phone Number 1 - Interior SDA 11 - Kootenays CYMH Castlegar 124-845 Columbia Avenue Castlegar V1N 1H3 Wednesday 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m. 250-365-4470 Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday 9:30 a.m. UNIT 201 -- 1212 2nd St N 1 - Interior SDA 11 - Kootenays CYMH Cranbrook Cranbrook V1C 4T6 – 12:00 p.m. 250-426-1514 1 - Interior SDA 11 - Kootenays CYMH Creston 224 10th Ave N Creston V0B 1G0 Tuesday 9:00am - 11:00am 250-428-3229 1 - Interior SDA 11 - Kootenays CYMH Fernie 341 2nd Ave Fernie V0B 1M0 Wednesday 1:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. 250-423-5311 1 - Interior SDA 11 - Kootenays CYMH Golden 1104 9th St S Golden V0A 1H0 Tuesday 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. 250-344-7773 1 - Interior SDA 11 - Kootenays CYMH Grand Forks 486B 72nd Avenue Grand Forks V0H 1H0 Thursday 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m. 250-442-4378 1 - Interior SDA 11 - Kootenays CYMH Invermere 625 4 St Invermere Invermere V0A 1K0 Wednesday 9:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. 250-342-4367 CYMH Nakusp (Service First and Third Tuesday 1:00 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Quarterly Report January-March 2019
    Resource use and distribution of Roosevelt elk and Kodiak brown bears on Afognak, Raspberry, and Sitkalidak Islands, Alaska Progress Report: January- March 2019 Issued: June 2019 Submitted to: Alaska Department of Fish and Game Prepared by: Shannon Finnegan – Graduate Research Assistant, SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry Principal Investigators: Dr. Jerrold Belant – Camp Fire Professor of Wildlife Conservation, SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry Nathan Svoboda – Area Wildlife Biologist, Alaska Department of Fish and Game The State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry 1 Forestry Drive Syracuse, NY, 13210 Abstract During January–March 2019, we monitored 34 elk and 42 brown bears overall. In February, the project hired a second PhD student, Sarah Schooler, to focus on Roosevelt elk (Cervus canadensis). Student Shannon Finnegan carried out her PhD proposal defense at SUNY ESF in March 2019. In March, we collected 155 fecal samples from 5 herds of elk to examine winter diet. In February, we determined average den entry dates for brown bears, the average den entry date for female brown bears on Afognak and Raspberry Islands was 24 October 2018, and 2 November 2018 for males. On Sitkalidak Island the average den entry date for females was 25 November 2018. We are ordering new equipment and preparing for captures in fall 2019. 2 Summary ➢ We have continued to monitor 34 elk and 42 brown bears collared in 2017 and 2018. ➢ We have continued to update our project website (www.campfirewildlife.com), Facebook page (www.facebook.com/campfirewildlife), and Twitter page (https://twitter.com/campfirewild) with project results.
    [Show full text]
  • Habitat Guidelines for Mule Deer: California Woodland Chaparral Ecoregion
    THE AUTHORS : MARY L. SOMMER CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME WILDLIFE BRANCH 1812 NINTH STREET SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 REBECCA L. BARBOZA CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME SOUTH COAST REGION 4665 LAMPSON AVENUE, SUITE C LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720 RANDY A. BOTTA CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME SOUTH COAST REGION 4949 VIEWRIDGE AVENUE SAN DIEGO, CA 92123 ERIC B. KLEINFELTER CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME CENTRAL REGION 1234 EAST SHAW AVENUE FRESNO, CA 93710 MARTHA E. SCHAUSS CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME CENTRAL REGION 1234 EAST SHAW AVENUE FRESNO, CA 93710 J. ROCKY THOMPSON CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME CENTRAL REGION P.O. BOX 2330 LAKE ISABELLA, CA 93240 Cover photo by: California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) Suggested Citation: Sommer, M. L., R. L. Barboza, R. A. Botta, E. B. Kleinfelter, M. E. Schauss and J. R. Thompson. 2007. Habitat Guidelines for Mule Deer: California Woodland Chaparral Ecoregion. Mule Deer Working Group, Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 2 THE CALIFORNIA WOODLAND CHAPARRAL ECOREGION 4 Description 4 Ecoregion-specific Deer Ecology 4 MAJOR IMPACTS TO MULE DEER HABITAT 6 IN THE CALIFORNIA WOODLAND CHAPARRA L CONTRIBUTING FACTORS AND SPECIFIC 7 HABITAT GUIDELINES Long-term Fire Suppression 7 Human Encroachment 13 Wild and Domestic Herbivores 18 Water Availability and Hydrological Changes 26 Non-native Invasive Species 30 SUMMARY 37 LITERATURE CITED 38 APPENDICIES 46 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ule and black-tailed deer (collectively called Forest is severe winterkill. Winterkill is not a mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus ) are icons of problem in the Southwest Deserts, but heavy grazing the American West.
    [Show full text]
  • Membership Form
    Membership Form HELP US MAKE A DIFFERENCE…. Your membership with CMHA CMHA branches in BC ECOME A EMBER $20 Kootenays includes: B M • Cariboo Chilcotin (Williams Lake) $5 • Cowichan Valley (Duncan) • A voice in the future direction of CMHA • Kamloops $50 Organization* through the opportunity to run for and elect • Kelowna the governing board and attend the Annual • Kootenays (Cranbrook) General Meeting • Mid-Island (Nanaimo) • North and West Vancouver • A subscription to CMHA BC’s free monthly • Port Alberni email newsletter, Mind Matters • Prince George * Memberships expire March 31 2021. • A free subscription to the award-winning • Shuswap-Revelstoke (Salmon Arm) New, non-subsidized memberships that begin quarterly Visions Journal within BC • South Cariboo (100 Mile House) between September 1 and March 31 need • South Okanagan Similkameen (Penticton) only pay half of the regular membership fee. (a $25 value) • Vancouver–Fraser Date • Vernon I would like information on volunteering For contacts and more information, visit our Mr. Ms. Mrs. Dr. I would like information on recognizing website at www.cmha.bc.ca CMHA Kootenays in my will Name In addition to my membership, Address I would like to donate $ City I would like to pay by: Prov. Postal Code _ Cash Cheque Phone ( ) - 100-1000 21st Ave N Cranbrook, BC, V1C 5L9 Mentally healthy people Email Please make cheques payable to phone: 250.426.5222 in a healthy society Canadian Mental Health Association for fax: 250.426.2134 Please do not send mail, including Visions the Kootenays email: [email protected] magazine, unless required by our bylaws www.kootenays.cmha.bc.ca Please do not send e-mail unless required by our bylaws Thank you for your membership as it Charitable registration 13766 1328 RR0001 I am under the age of 19, or an employee will assist in obtaining grants and of the CMHA Kootenays and am a non- additional funding to support our local 2020 voting member programming.
    [Show full text]
  • Minister of Mines PROVINCE of BRITISH COLUMBIA
    Minister of Mines PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ANNUAL REPORT for the Year Ended 31s December 1959 BRITISH COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES VICTORIA, B.C. HON. W. K. KIERNAN, Minister. P. J. MULCAHY, Deputy Minister. J. W. PECK, Chief Inspector of Mines. S. METCALFE, Chief Analyst and Assayer. HARTLEY SARGENT, Chief, Mineralogical Branch. K. B. BLAKEY, Chief Gold Commissioner and Chief Commissioner. Petroleum and Natural Gas. J. D. LINEHAM, Chief, Petroleum and Natural Gas Conservation Branch. To His Honour FRANK MACKENZIE Ross, C.M.G., MC., LL.D., Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of British Columbia. MAY IT PLEASE YOUR HONOUR: The Annual Report of the Mining industry of the Province for the year 1959 is herewith respectfully submitted. VI. K. KIERNAN, Minister of Mines. Minister of Mines Office, March 31st, 1960. Brian Terence O’Grady died at Victoria on July lZth, 1959, at the age of 76. He had been in the employ of the Department from 1920 until his retirement in April, 1948. He was very well known in the mining industry. Mr. O’Grady was born in Madras, India, and was educated in Eng- land at Wellington College and the Royal School of Mines. After three years in South Africa he came to Canada in 1907. From 1910 to 1913 he was engineer in charge of surveys for the Municipality of Victoria. He was on active service from 1914 to 1918, winning the Military Cross and the Serbian White Eagle. He joined the Department as Assistant Resident Mining Engineer at Revelstoke in 1920, became successively Resident Mining Engineer at Nelson and Vancouver, and from 193X was engaged in special work at Victoria.
    [Show full text]