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Konrad Meisig (Ed.) Translating Buddhist Chinese Problems and Prospects Harrassowitz Verlag ..____________ East Asia Intercultural Studies Interkulturelle -..-!!111111!11111111!1-111111!~11111!11--------- Ostasienstudien 3 East Asia Intercultural Studies lnterkulturelle Ostasienstudien Edited by I Herausgegeben von Konrad Meisig 3 2010 Harrassowitz Verlag· Wiesbaden Translating Buddhist Chinese Problems and Prospects Edited by Konrad Meisig 2010 Harrassowitz Verlag· Wiesbaden Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet iiber http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliogra:fie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. For further information about our publishing program consult our website http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de ©Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden 2010 This work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright. Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permission of the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. Printed on permanent/durable paper. Printing and binding: Hubert & Co., GOttingen Printed in Germany ISSN 1861-101X ISBN 978-3-447-06267-1 Preface Competent research on the early history of the Buddhist canon can no longer afford to neglect the Chinese tradition which stands more often than not independent from the lndic sources. The comparison of these Chinese parallels with their Indian counterparts is an indispensable, if not the only possible way to reliably reconstruct the beginnings of Buddhist religion and literature. On 41h-5tl' July 2008, the Institute of Indology and the Study and Research Unit Buddhist Chinese (' Arbeitsgruppe Buddhistisches Chinesisch') of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz organized an international workshop on Translating Buddhist Chinese: Problems and Prospects. Having invited international expe1ts, the workshop focused on central aspects of Chinese Buddhist philology, linguistics, history of redactions, and history of literature, in order to assert today's state of re­ search, its pressing problems, and promising prospects. On 17'h-18'h and 24th-251h January 2009, some of the participants of the work­ shop assembled again to read and translate mftt-:ir Kiing Senghui's Translation of the Sudhaniivadiina (Taish6 edition, Vol. 3, no. 152, pp. 44b9-46b4). The present volume presents the papers of the workshop, expanded by a few ad­ ditional contributions, among others an English translation (being the result of our joint efforts in January 2009) of Kang Senghui's Chinese rendering of the Su­ dhanavadiina. This translation is part of the research project Sudhaniivadiina: Chi­ nese and Khotanese Versions, in Comparison with Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts nn­ der the direction of PD Dr. habil. Almuth Degener, Institute of Indo logy Mainz, sponsored by the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG). For publication the articles have been arranged alphabetically. The workshop was generously financed by the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. Mainz, April2010 Konrad Meisig 20 Bhikkhu Aniilayo Sclmeider, Ulrich 1954: 'Acbt Etymologien aus dem Aggafifia-Sutta', in Asiatica, Festschrift Fried­ rich Weller zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet von seinen Freunden, Kollegen und Schiilern, J. Schubert et al. (ed.), Leizig: Harrassowitz, pp. 575-583. Skilling, Peter 1994 (Vol. l) 1997 (Vol. 2): Mahtlsfitras: Great Discourses ofthe Buddha, Oxford: Pali Text Society. von Simson, Georg 1965: Zur Diktion einiger Lehrtexte des buddhistischen Sanskritkanons, (Miin­ chener Studien zur SpracfnPissenschaft, Beihefl H), Miinchen: J. Kitzinger. von Simson, Georg 1985: 'Stil und Schulzugeh6rigkeit Buddhistischer Sanskrittexte', in Zur Schul­ Collaborative Edition and Translation Projects zugehOrigkeit von Werken der Hfnayana-Literatur, erster Teil, (Symposien zur Buddhismusjor­ schung, 111,1, Abhandlungen. der Akademie der Wissenschaften in GOttingen, philologisch­ in the Era ofDigital Text historische Klasse, Dritte Folge Nr. 149), H. Bechert (ed.), G6ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ru­ precht, Vol. I pp. 76-93. Waldschmidt, Ernst 1958: 'Ein Zweites DaSabalasiitra', Mitteilungen des Institutes for Orientjor­ Marcus Bingenheimer schung, Berlin: Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaft, Vol. 6 pp. 382-405. Waldschmidt, Ernst 1965: Sanskrithandschriften aus den Turfan.funden. Teil 1, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. Waldschmidt, Emst 1971: Sanskrithandschriften aus den Twfanfimden, Teil 3, Stuttgart: Franz Abstract Steiner. This paper explores two main issues: The role of repetition, considered in context Wen, Tzung-Kuen 2006: "El~IJitt1'!:'!'il'il'Ji51i'- Ui!~11'*~> 1M (;f§ff!!\il~itt} iiif{';J:Jl:\til'IJI>Milil of the media of transmission, and the role of collaboration in translation projects of fljf'f", Fuyan Buddhist Studies, Vol. I pp. 1-31. Wintemitz, Moriz 1968 (1920): Geschichte der Indischen Literatur, Band 2, Die Buddhistische Li­ scale. The perspective is that of digital text, a relatively recent development, which teratur und die Heiligen Texte der Jainas, Stuttgart: K.F. Koehler. nevertheless stands to change many of the practices currently associated with the Yin-shun (EPIIIlO 1983: l!i!~1l'~irmi\t;\iii, Taipei: lEFlill±l/tliU. production, translation and preservation of texts. ZUrcher, Erik 1972 (1959): The Buddhist Conquest of China, The Spread and Adaptation of Bud­ The first section starts with an illustration of how the presentation of a text influ­ dhism in Early Medieval China, (Sinica Leidensia Vol. XI), Leiden: E.J. Brill. ences the research questions asked. In the second section, we try to clarify the role of the medium by looking at how the phenomenon of repetition in Buddhist texts has fared. In the third section we outline the history of collaboration in translation projects, while in section four we present a case study to illustrate how information technology helps with a collaborative project in the modem era. Section five sum­ marizes the findings and asserts the novelty of digital text. i' 1. Presenting Translations Consider the following translations of a short sutra fi·01n the Shorter Chinese SaJ!l­ yukta Agama (T. I 00). 1 liD~ fl(; r.I'J- Sij Thus have I heard: Once the Thus have I heard one time, the {!lfl:f:E'i§'itiill!l~lt Enlightened One was staying in Buddha was staying at Savatthl Wliiillll~lli!l o the country of She-wei, in the at the Jeta Grove in the Ana- Qi-shu park of the Giver to thapiQ<;lika Park. those in need. Jlij 1'{-71'.. • ?!<': At that time a deity approached One time a deva came to the §~{!lflpfi • ll!%7'6 the Enlightened One, radiant, Buddha, majestic and dazzling ~Si. • fjiJJ.fi').;k: shining, awe-inspiring, of great in his brilliance, impressive in CBETAff.02.1 00.0475a12. -, ._, ··r_.-"'- ~ 22 Marcus Bingenheimer ' Collaborative Edition and Translation Projects in the Era of Digital Text 23 Sjj lJi' ffi!l {iJ/l brightness. He paid homage to his light. Having paid homage Another scholarly move, motivated by the Plili tenns in the second English 1E lH :61£ - the Enlightened One's feet, to the Buddha, he sat to one side translation, might be to see if there is an Indian original or parallel that would allow llil ' ffil~{~ i§ stood back, sat at one side and and spoke this gatha: us to verify these tenns. Here the reader would be disappointed. To our knowledge said this verse: there is no Pali parallel for this particular sutra. lf'i::ffib:fr{iif.§:_ How does a cart come into be- Whence does a chariot arise? Presentation and translation-style suggest particular questions. Our questions ing? are, not wholly, but certainly in part, inspired by what we see. ii!E~~lf[,Pfi.¥: Wbo orders the cart to its goal? Wbo guides its course? Imagine now that these text are part of a database. The presentation of the text **:ffibililli Does the cart go far or near? Whither does the chariot go? is mediated through an interface that the user can manipulate in certain ways, but is lf'i:::E:iiifrffi!i~ Why does the cart perish? Why does it perish? neve1theless always limited- the interface might for example allow a maximum of two texts to be viewed at the same time. This would make it difficult to assess the i'l1f HiT ttl:#);).{~ At that time the World-honored Thereupon the Bhagavant re- merits of the two English versions against the Chinese. On the other hand the inter­ :g;:EI one answered with a verse: plied with agatha: face might provide us with additional infonnation on individual terms. Hovering f;'E~I:I:l.§:.$ The cart comes into being be- The chariot arises from kamma, over the word gatha we would learn when the word was first translated as {~, be cause of past actions. shown a list of synonyms, or perhaps the interface might tell us if the tenn- in this ,c,, ~ M Ji: :/:i; The mind orders it about. the mind guides its course, context- appears in any Sanskrit fragments. *.¥:1ZS!~Jii. It goes to the place where its it travels to the end of causation The broader questions here concern how database inte1faces should be designed causes end. ' to facilitate research, and whether researchers are able to ask new questions and IZSI~l'lU~:!J J Wben the causes end it is de- there it will perish. succeed with projects that were impossible before. Are digital tools more than sim­ strayed. ply a library in the computer which merely saves time spent looldng things up? Or are there academically relevant questions that we have not yet learned to ask, be­ ::R:{Ji:J;).{~~i§ The deity again praised this The deva spoke in praise: with a verse: cause we neither had the tools nor the training to pose them? More specifically, this paper discusses how in the case of Buddhist literature the medium of transmission tl:ffB'iWJ! Finally I have met At last I have found has influenced certain stylistic features of the text itself.
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  • New Buddhist Movements and the Construction of Mythos: the Trúc Lâm Thiền Sect in Late 20Th Century Vietnam

    New Buddhist Movements and the Construction of Mythos: the Trúc Lâm Thiền Sect in Late 20Th Century Vietnam

    New Buddhist Movements and the Construction of Mythos: The Trúc Lâm Thiền Sect in Late 20th Century Vietnam A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Religious Studies at University of the West In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Loan Thuy Nguyen Spring 2019 APPROVAL PAGE FOR GRADUATE Approved and recommended for acceptance as a dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Religious Studies. Loan Thuy Nguyen Candidate March 15, 2019 New Buddhist Movements and the Construction of Mythos: The Trúc Lâm Thiền Sect in Late 20th Century Vietnam APPROVED: Jane Iwamura March 15, 2019 Co-Chair Jonathan H. X. Lee March 15, 2019 Co-Chair Lewis Lancaster March 15, 2019 Committee Member I hereby declare that this dissertation has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at any other institution, and that it is entirely my own work. I also hereby declare that all translations from Vietnamese to English and photos in this dissertation, unless otherwise stated, are mine. © 2019 Loan Thuy Nguyen ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have many people to thank for the successful completion of my dissertation, beginning with my academic advisor. I would have not known where to begin without Dr. Jane Naomi Iwamura. She is a very sensitive person and knows just how to help and encourage. She does her best to instruct her students, of which I am one. Additionally, Dr. Lewis Lancaster, who has encouraged me without hesitating, recommended me to the Ph.D.