Regional Oral Historv Office Universitv of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California

Donated Oral Histories Collection

LEONORA H. STROHMAIER: Memories of Years Preceding

and During the Formation of the California Native Plant Society

An Interview Conducted By Mary Mead 1992

[In fulfillment of requirements for the Advanced Class in Oral History Methods and Techniques Vista College, Berkeley Instructor: Elaine Dorfman] LEONORA H. STROHMAIER 1992

Photograph taken by Erwin Strohmaier TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. Planning Materials iii

B. Introduction vii

C, Interview History viii

D. Transcript of Interviews 1 I. Leonora Strohmaier: Personal Background 1 a. Early Childhood Memories 1 b, College Years at UC Berkeley 2 c. Work Experience Leads to Ph.D. 4 d. Years Following Ph.D, 5 e. Leonora Meets Erwin Strohmaier 6 f. Leonora Joins the Berkeley Garden Club 8

11. Activities and Groups Contributing to the Development of CNPS 10 a. The Regional Parks Association 10 b. Members of the Regional Parks Association 11 c. Leonora's Involvement with the Regional Parks Association 12 d. Controversy Over the Regional Parks Botanic Garden 12 e. Three Groups in Defense of the Botanic Garden 13 f. Key People in the Pre-CNPS Groups 15 g. Inspection of the Regional Botanic Garden at Tilden 16 h. CNPS Is Gradually Organized 2 1

111. First Months of the California Native Plant Society 24 a. Financial Problems in the First Year 24 b. Memories of Original Members of CNPS 26 c. Leonora's Early Involvement in CNPS 30 d. Some Personality Differences in the Early Months 31 e. Early Structure of CNPS 3 1

IV. Additional Memories of CNPS 33 a. Memories of CNPS from Photographs by Erwin Strohmaier 33 b. Early CNPS Newsletters 35 c. Leonora's View of Changes in CNPS Over the Years 37 d. Leonora's Activities Outside CNPS 3 7 E, Collateral Documents

F. Guide to Tapes

G, Name/Place Index

I. Interviewer's Biography HISTORICAL TIMELINE

Historical Events and Trends

Dates World State Local Personal

1915 World's Fair

Depression years College education

World War I1 Research/Teaching positions

Research Marriage/Family

Joins Berkeley Garden Club & Regional Parks Association

Controversy over Liaison between Tilden Botanic Garden Regional Parks & Friends of RegionaParks Botanic Garden

CNPS Founded

Vietnam War

CNPS State Office Moved to Sacramento CNPS East Bay Chapter is Formed OUTLINE FOR INTERVIEWS

Interview One:

A. Leonora's personal history 1. Early family history 2. When did interest in botany form? 3. Education 4. Work history 5. Marriage and family

B. Membership in community interest groups 1. Activities leading up to formation of the California Native Plant Society

Interview Two:

C. Pre-CNPS Days 1. Easts Bay Regional Parks Botanic Garden at Tilden a. Controversy over botanic garden site b. Early groups and members against relocation of garden 2. Leonora's involvement in early groups

D. Founding of the California-Native Plant Society 1. Gradual evolvement of CNPS from early interest groups 2. Key people during first few months a. Internal differences and difficulties 3. Leonora's involvement in CNPS 4. Structure of CNPS in early months

Interview Three:

E. Additional Memories 1. Photographs of early CNPS meetings and activities 2. Examples of early CNPS newsletters 3. Leonora's activities outside CNPS vii EAST BAY CHAPTER Alameda & Contra Costa Counties California Native Plant Society

LEONORA STROHMAIER

By David Bigham April 1992

Leonora Strohmaier is a quiet person. I believe I first met her over twenty years ago while helping at the CNPS Plant Sale. I remember a tall, gentle woman who talked a little with the loud and bustling kid I was then. I don't remember much else, except the way she made me feel welcome and at ease. I probably didn't have the eyes or ears to catch the sparkle of wry humor.

I know it must have been there, because in the years since that humor has lighted up many a slow Board meeting and broken moods become too self-serious. Leonora, serving as Board Secretary for so many years, has contributed a rare commodity to CNPS: good sense. She has made our often rambling and diffuse discussions appear rational and ordered in her minutes . She has accomplished this by her ability to grasp the essential points and record them with clarity and economy.

I learned this not only by my own attendance at meetings but also by working on a CNPS history project to summarize those minutes. Reviewing them revealed a voice that was honest, accurate, and, above all, kind. This was especially remarkable because many of those years recorded were vivid with difficult and sometimes disagreeable moments. I guess that is what Leonora has given to CNPS and all of us from her quietness, a point of view which puts us at ease and helps us all to rise to om best. INTERVIEW HISTORY

This is the second in a planned series of four interviews with early members of the California Native Plant Society. I began the series with Myrtle Wolf, and during one of our meetings she recommended that Leonora Strohmaier would be a good person to interview if I wanted a more complete history of CNPS. I called Leonora who was very willing to be a part of the series, and we set up a pre-interview planning session for 10 February 1992.

I was greeted by Leonora at the door of the Strohmaier home at 77 Bonnie Lane in Berkeley, California. She is a very pleasant, soft- spoken woman, somewhat shy yet quietly confident and comfortable with herself. I met her husband, Erwin, who as an amateur photographer has taken numerous photographs of the early CNPS members and activities. We talked about the likelihood of using some of Erwin's photographs for her oral history.

Leonora showed me to a basement office where she had gathered some early materials about CNPS--she was clearly preparing herself for the interviews to come. She was curious to know what value an oral history about CNPS and herself could have to others, and I assured her that her recollections would be highly valued as an historical reference. We proceeded to create an outline of topics that would be used as a guideline during the interviews.

On 28 February 1992, we held our first interview. Leonora was comfortably dressed for the occasion. She directed me into the dining room where she once again had spread out materials in preparation for the interview. The Strohmaier home is an older Berkeley house with dark wood and a warm, comfortable feeling. A quiet fire in the fireplace took the chill off a crisp morning.

At the last minute, I explained to Leonora that I wanted to diverge from our original outline and have her begin by telling me about herself and her early family life. This proved most rewarding, and the transition from her personal background to her involvement in CNPS and related activities was very smoothe. I felt that the interview was very comfortable, but I noticed that upon completion an hour or so later, she was somewhat relieved that it was over. She expressed concern again whether the information would have value to others. We arranged for a second interview in three weeks due to schedule constraints for both of us. Leonora is very actively involved in a number organizations, so I was extremely grateful she granted me time for these interviews. I again expressed an interest, once the interviews were complete, to talk to Erwin about using some of his photographs. The second interview took place on 20 March, again at the Strohmaier home. As I walked up the front path to the house, I looked more closely at Leonora's front garden, full of spring bulbs. The brilliant red tulips were particularly noticeable and contrasted well with flowers of blue and also yellow.

Leonora was clearly more comfortable this time as I set up my equipment for recording. I felt the interview was more relaxed and spontaneous because of the familiarity of the process. We decided that one more interview would be required for a more complete picture of her involvement in CNPS and in groups preceding CNPS.

The third interview, on 27 March, was both interesting a fun. Leonora has kept a large file on minutes from pre-CNPS groups and early CNPS meetings as well as CNPS newsletters, the latter dating from the first meeting of October 1965 through 1973. These documents helped trigger her memories throughout our interviews. On this day, she also pulled out an album of early photographs of CNPS taken by her husband Erwin. She leafed through the pages and gave brief descriptions of each photograph, and we decided upon five or six to be included in the oral history. Erwin joined us following the taping, and he very kindly offered to make extra prints of those Leonora and I had chosen.

I met with Leonora twice more for editing purposes. Each time she was as gracious as ever. She is a very busy person, currently at work on a 50-year history of the Berkeley Garden Club which she will present in June. Although I told her to take her time with the editing process, she called in a few days to let me know she had completed it. The old saying, "If you want something done, give it to a busy person," truly applies to Leonora!

A native of the Bay Area, Leonora's family history offers valuable information about earlier places and events. She has also been a member of many local and state organizations over the years. Her quiet presence has made a sound contribution wherever she has elected to contribute her time and efforts. It is a great privilege to have interviewed her.

I would like to thank Mary Wohlers, with whom I corresponded by phone and mail, for certain early documents of CNPS which were of great value during the interviews with Leonora. I would also like to thank Erwin Strohmaier for his willingness to provide photographs of early CNPS events for this oral history.

In editing the transcripts of the interviews, for the sake of continuity there were some rearrangements of the text along with some deletions of repetitious material. PART I. LEONORA STROHMAIER: PERSONAL BACKGROUND

[Interview 1: 28 February 19921 ##

Early Childhood Memories

Mead : Leonora, before listening to your recollections about the California Native Plant Society, I'd like to hear a little about you, when and where you were born and something about your early family life.

Strohmaier: I was born in Berkeley on Carleton Street just west of Martin Luther King Drive. My mother was afraid to go to the hospital because she was afraid she might get the wrong baby. So I was born at home. My father was an engineer, and he had a lot of different jobs early in his career, short-time jobs. We lived in San Francisco soon after my birth, and my sister was born in San Francisco. He had jobs like overseeing the building of the water supply, things like that. Then, about 1914, he got a job to be the city engineer in Sausalito.

Mead : You were born what year?

Strohmaier: In 1909, so I was about five years old at that time. We lived in a beautiful location on the hillside, and we could see the 1915 fair [World's Fair] from our window, the Tower of Jewels every night. We saw the stunt-flying of that aviator [Art Smith]. He did loops and things in the sky, and we could 'see that. So my father's job lasted for four years in Sausalito. He was in charge of laying out the streets which are now kind of obsolete. Anyway, that was a political job, and at the end of four years he had to find something else. He found something in Martinez with the Shell Oil Company. He was an engineer there.

Going back to Sausalito, that was where we first were interested in native plants. My mother was always a gardener, and so even there in Sausalito Strohmaier: when we were little girls, we each had a little plot. Our lot was a great big thing, about half an acre. We each had a little plot where we could plant our own wildflowers that we gathered from the hills.

Mead : So it was your mother, then, that instilled an interest in gardening.

trohmaier: Yes, that's right. My paternal grandmother, too, who lived in Berkeley all those years, was a gardener. In Martinez, we also had a home on the hillside which my parents built. They first lived in rented places for a couple of years before they built the house. So we had the hills behind us there, too, and we could go and gather the flowers, We continued our interest in gardening there.

We had a lovely garden in Martinez with lots of fruit trees, too. We had three apricot trees, and we could hardly look an apricot in the eye after a while [laughs]. We had all kinds of fruit, and we canned two hundred quarts of this and that. My sister and I were always pretty good about working around the house and garden. Mother always got a lot of help from her girls. I loved the wildflowers already at that time.

Mead : Where was your primary education?

Strohmaier: My first three grades were in Sausalito. Then on through high school, I went to Martinez. We lived in Martinez until my sister and I had been to college at UC [University of California at Berkeley]. Already the air pollution [in Martinez] was getting to my mother there at the Shell refinery, so she convinced my father to try to find another place to live and work.

College Years at UC Berkeley

Mead : When was it that you went to UC Berkeley?

Strohmaier: I started there in January 1928. Mead : So it was around this time that your family relocated?

Strohmaier: Yes, my parents moved back to Berkeley around 1930. They had a rented house in the Thousand Oaks district, then found a lot in Kensington where they built a very nice home. We still have that, my sister and I. Erwin [Strohmaier] and I go there every Saturday and help with the garden over there.

Mead : When you went to college, what was it that you studied?

Strohmaier: Yes, in college--first I didn't know what else to do but be a teacher. I didn't know what to major in, so I put down a French major when I was a freshman. But we had some family friends who were interested in science especially. One of them was a professor in the zoology department--his name was S. C. Brooks. His wife was a girlhood friend of my mother's. These people kind of influenced me--got me interested in science. I thought, "Well, a woman shouldn't be interested in something like chemistry or physics."

Mead : At that time, then, a scientific field for a woman was not encouraged?

Strohmaier: That's right. Even Mrs. [Mathilda] Brooks tried to be a scientist and was. She published lots of work, but she had to really fight her way through. Some of the things she wrote didn't agree with other scientists. For example the famous [Melvin] Calvin. She disagreed with him very much in her publications.

Mead : Did you end up pursuing a career in science?

Strohmaier: Yes, I decided I'd sign up to be a botany major. So that's how I got into that field, I went through the four years as a botany major and graduated with honors in 1931 under Robert Gordon Sproul's first graduating class. He became president, and this was his first class. He lasted twenty five years as president, you know. Strohmaier: I took courses that were more on the side of chemistry, some organic chemistry, quantitative analysis, and all the things that could put me in plant physiology. I wasn't too keen about taxonomy which is what most of the Native Plant Society people are very good in.

Mead : Taxonomy is the classification of plants'?

Strohmaier: Yes, the naming and classification of plants. Taxonomy was not my great forte. Plant physiology deals with the functions of plants, like photosynthesis and respiration and nutrition.

Work Experience Leads to Ph.D.

Mead : How were you able to use your education?

Strohmaier: Well, let's see now [laughs]. When I graduated, my first job I got was to be a T.A. [teaching assistant] in the Botany Department [at the University of California at Berkeley]. They had me work in a plant physiology course and in the elementary botany course. I was a section leader in those courses. The plant physiology course was given by Professor Richard Holman who died very young--he was only forty one or so and had a heart attack. The other professor who taught the elementary botany course was Lee Bonar. He became a mature man and lived to about eighty or so.

Then Mrs. Brooks told me about a fellowship which was available through the University of Michigan for people interested in plant physiology--to spend two years at Ann Arbor and one year abroad studying something towards a Ph.D. thesis. I applied for that fellowship--it was called the F. C. and Susan Eastman Newcombe Fellowship in Plant Physiology. I was accepted and went back to Ann Arbor. This was during the deep Depression, and the income from that endowment was down so low that they couldn't afford to send anybody to Europe at that time. Even in Ann Arbor, we had to try to live on a $400 stipend a year [laughs]. Strohmaier: When I was there I didn't succeed in getting anything accomplished towards a Ph.D. thesis. So after being there for two years, I decided to come back to California. Then I went back to Cal [UC Berkeley] and took the necessary courses to get a teaching credential for high school and junior college levels. I was hoping to teach in junior colleges--I didn't want to have to teach kids that were too young.

While I was in the business of doing that, Professor Bonar was having lunch with one of the professors in the College of Agriculture in the Division of Fruit Products. His name was [William V.] Cruess. Cruess and Bonar were discussing their business, and Cruess asked Bonar if he could recommend somebody who knows something about plant physiology and about mycology, that's the study of fungi. The wine industry was just starting up again after the repeal of Prohibition, and they were interested in having some scientific work done on the fermentation process. So, I got that job. It was a small job, a research assistant job, but it was something.

I worked in the Fruit Products Laboratory for a number of years. Cruess and the others encouraged me to get a Ph.D. which I got in plant physiology, in yeast physiology. It took quite a while to get that Ph.D. I got that in 1939. With all these different things going on in between, it took some time.

Years Following Ph.D.

Strohmaier: After I got my Ph.D., they couldn't figure out any place to put me in the Food Technology Lab--the name changed during my time there. But an opportunity arose at the Roma Winery in Fresno. They wanted someone to start a pure culture yeast laboratory for them. So I took that job, and I got $140 a month with a Ph.D.

Mead : At that time, was this considered a good salary? Strohmaier: No, it wasn't really good at all. They got away with it because there was so little competition. I did go there, and I did get them started on the yeast laboratory.

Then, Agnes Faye Morgan at UC Berkeley needed somebody for one semester to teach food chemistry and a home economics course. So I came back to Berkeley and did that. While I was there, the war [World War 111 had already begun. Jack Shaver from the Acme Brewery in San Francisco came to me and asked me if I would work for the brewery in their yeast laboratory. Since the teaching at Berkeley was only for one semester, I took the brewery job.

Professor Cruess then came to me and said that Maynard Joslyn, the one I studied with for my Ph.D., Maynard Joslyn had gone to war, a captain in the Quartermaster Corps. They needed someone to teach his classes. So I began to teach other people's courses and had to bone up for the lectures [laughs].

Mead : That must have been a real challenge.

Strohmaier: Yes. This lasted until the end of the war, and then the Food Technology Lab kept me on for some frozen food research. That was also one of Maynard Joslyn's fields, and I had worked in that while he was away. When he returned, I specialized a little more in how the tissues of the fruits and vegetable react to the freezing process. This was plant microbiology--we made cross-sections of the plants and studied them microscopically. I had a number of publications in that field.

Leonora Meets Erwin Strohmaier

Strohmaier: Then, in 1946, a friend of mine suggested that I go on a Sierra Club high trip for my vacation. So I did that.

Mead : The Sierra Club has been around a long time, then. Strohmaier: Oh, yes. They are a hundred years old now. John Muir started it. And by the way, I was in high school with his grandchildren in Martinez. His daughter was a member of the board of education there, I think she was chairman. She signed my high school diploma--Wanda Muir Hanna.

Anyway, I went on this Sierra Club high trip, and we broke up into small groups. On this trip, they had about one hundred fifty people with mules and all kinds of things. They don't do that any more, it's too hard on the mountains. But in those years they did, and the small groups were put together. Erwin Strohmaier was on that same high trip. Then, a year later, I went on another high trip, and he happened to be on that one. We had not seen each other in the meantime [laughs]. He had been taking a lot of color slides on that trip, and our small group had wanted to get together after we got home to see these pictures.

I had taken an apartment in the meantime which was close to my work. Actually, I was sort of pushed by my friends who said I was being expected too much of by my mother. I did get an apartment, and I lived there when this high trip business came up. I offered to host the slide show. We had it one evening. Then a night or two later, I got a phone call from Erwin saying, "How would you like to see my black and white pictures'?" He had taken both black and white and color. So he came over and showed me those. Then...[laughs].

Mead : One thing led to another!

Strohmaier: Yes [laughs]! So that was that part of things. In 1948 I was married. I was still working a little bit to finish up the work I had started at the Food Technology Lab in the College of Agriculture. The whole Department of Food Technology was moved to Davis because they were building a new building there, and they needed the space here for something else. Right then I had a little baby, so I didn't go to Davis and keep up with the Food Technology Department. That was the end of my career for money. But I've been busy ever since with something or another. Leonora Joins the Berkeley Garden Club

Mead: From that time, were you involved with plant groups?

Strohmaier: Yes, in 1955, my baby was five years old and starting kindergarten. Mother talked me into joining the Berkeley Garden Club which she had been active in all along. So I joined that club, and I've been active in this ever since then.

In the Garden Club, I have been an officer in the local [Berkeley] club practically every year--I've been president twice. Right now, I'm the historian, and the club is sixty years old this year. At our June meeting, I am to give a big history about the Garden Club.

Mead : So you are a very busy person these days! Strohmaier: Yes [laughs]. The Berkeley Garden Club belongs to a larger organization, the California Garden Club Incorporated, and they belong to the National Council of State Garden Clubs. There are offices to be held in all of these different things. We have what is called the Bay Bridges District--the California Garden Club is broken up into districts so that people from different clubs can get to know one another in the same areas. Yesterday, there was a district meeting here in Emeryville which covered West Contra Costa County, Alameda County and San Francisco County. The state has various chairmanships, and I was Chairman of the Arboretum and Botanical Gardens on the State ~oardfor about ten to twelve years.

Mead : What are some of the functions of the Garden Club?

Strohmaier: The objectives are to be interested in civic things, helping cities to create nice public gardens. For example, the Berkeley Garden Club put in a nice fireplace at the Live Oak Park. We have worked in the [Berkeley] Rose Garden for years--we have put in benches there. Right now we have a project where every couple of months or so, we go there to pick wilted roses and pull up weeds. Mead : So there's a lot of maintenance work which is done.

Strohmaier: That's right. Do you know where the firehouse is located at Marin and The Alameda? That was a park before it became a firehouse. It was a little triangular piece of land with trees--the Berkeley Garden Club had developed that park. They were real upset when a firehouse was put there. I don't remember exactly when that happened--I guess maybe about thirty five years or so ago. I'm pretty sure it was built while we were living here--we've lived here [on Bonnie Lane] for forty two years. The Berkeley Historical Society would probably know. We belong to that, too [laughs]. PART 11. ACTIVITIES AND GROUPS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CNPS

The Regional Parks Association

trohmaier: Going back a little, at one of the first meetings of the Garden Club I went to, there was a little pile of brochures on the president's desk from the Regional Parks Association. I took one home and decided it would be interesting. I joined that organization, also.

Mead : What was the function of the Regional Parks Association?

Strohmaier: Their function was to act as a sort of watchdog organization to keep track of what the Board of Directors of the East Bay Regional Parks District was doing and whether it could be approved of. The directors are elected by the popular vote. The district at that time was only Alameda County--later on the district expanded and now includes Contra Costa County as well.

Mead : So that's quite large, then.

Strohmaier: Yes, it is. They had five directors at that time, now they have seven. Incidently, one of the directors is from Martinez--I found this out during one of the meetings. I asked him where he lived in Martinez. He actually lived in the house that my parents built [laughs]. He let my husband and sister and me visit the place once.

Mead : Do you recall any of the activities in which you were involved in this association?

Strohmaier: Yes, and that really leads to becoming involved in the CNPS as well. I joined the Regional Parks Association, and one lady who was on the board of directors at that time was a librarian at UC [Berkeley]. She remembered me because I used to use the library often, and she knew me from that. I don't remember her name. She apparently was on the Strohmaier: nominating committee for that organization, and she nominated me for the Board of Directors of the Regional Parks Association, and I was elected. It was through that experience that I got involved with the Native Plant Society. ##

Mead : Leonora, we were just talking about some of the activities of the Regional Parks Association. Do you recall what some of those activities were?

Strohmaier: They had field trips, and they were looking out for what was going on in the District Board Meetings. In fact, [the association] encouraged the members of the Regional Parks Association to go and sit in on the meetings of the Park District to find out what they were up to. So the people who could, did that.

Members of the Regional Parks Association

Strohmaier: There was one woman who had been in the Regional Parks Association for many years. This lady, her name is Margo Gwinn, goes to all the Park District Board meetings. So she knows all that's going on.

When the controversy started about the Regional Parks Botanic Garden, the people who were interested in keeping the garden at Tilden had been going to those board meetings all the time and putting in their two-bits worth so to speak.

Mead : Do you remember some of the other people who were involved besides Margo Gwinn?

Strohmaier: Oh, yes, Joyce Burr, a lady named Marion Copley, Dan Luten--Dan Luten has been very active in the Regional Parks Association like Margo Gwinn all through the years. He's a very bright and intelligent man.

Mead: So these people were instrumental and diligent, it seems, in their efforts to preserve certain lands and flora. Strohmaier: Oh, yes, that's right. Another name that comes up that is connected with those days is Leo Brewer, a chemistry professor [UC Berkeley]. He has a garden in Orinda where he's been growing native plants for most of his life, I guess. He was involved in these organizations.

Leonora's Involvement with the Regional Parks Association

Mead : What were your activities in this organization? Did you hold any offices?

Strohmaier: In the Regional Parks Association, I was recording secretary for three years I think. After that I wasn't on the Board of the Regional Parks Association any more. As a member, I went to annual meetings usually--that's what we do in the Regional Parks Association now.

Controversy Over the Regional Parks Botanic Garden

Mead : How exactly did your involvement with the Regional Parks Association lead to your activity with CNPS?

Strohmaier: The groups that were forming to save the garden came to the Regional Parks Association and told us about their problem and wanted us to support their efforts. And the Regional Parks Association agreed with their general ideas. I was appointed as the liaison between these groups and the Regional Parks Association. I went to a lot of the meetings of these people who were trying to save the garden.

Mead : You are speaking of the Botanic Garden at Tilden? Strohmaier: Yes, that's right.

Mead : Do you recall the circumstances around this garden? Strohmaier: Mr. William Penn Mott, Jr. was the General Manager of the East Bay Regional Parks District at that time. He had been the Parks Superintendent at Strohmaier: Oakland and had done a very good job there--people liked what he did for Oakland's parks--Lakeside Park [Lake Merritt] and so on. I think he also developed the Fairyland there. According to my husband [Erwin], some of the people in the city offices thought he was far too extravagant, spending too much money on all these things for the parks. But he has become very well thought of through the years. Anyway, he was general manager of the parks district at that time, and he didn't like the looks of Tilden Regional Park's garden. Mr. [James] Roof, who had really developed the garden, made a lot of stonework which was very conspicuous. The thing is that the stones were not nearly so dominant as the cement that was between them. So it was aesthetically not to Mr. Mott's liking [laughs]. [Mr. Mott] wanted to move the garden to a new site. The proposal was to take it to what was then known as the Grass Valley Regional Park--I think now it is called the Anthony Chabot Regional Park. During this time it was called the Grass Valley Region. I don't know when they changed the name. That was about twenty five or thirty years ago. The groups which formed to prevent the relocation of the botanic garden were the precursors of the CNPS.

Three Groups in Defense of the Botanic Garden

Mead : Do you remember some of the people who were defending the Tilden Botanic Garden site? Strohmaier: Oh, yes--Joyce Burr, Marion Copley, Leo Brewer, Helen-Mar Beard, Alice Howard and Wayne Roderick. I also knew Wayne Roderick because he was at the UC [Berkeley] Botanical Garden. Since I was liaison with this group, I went to some of their meetings. It was called the Friends of the Regional Parks Botanic Garden.

Mead : This was their official name? Strohmaier: Yes, in fact they had some by-laws they had set up. There were three groups, you know, that were defending the garden. They were the Friends of the Regional Parks Botanic Garden--that was the largest; then there was the Citizens for Tilden Park led by this lady Marion Copley--her husband, Michael J. Copley, was head of the regional lab [Western Regional Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture]' down in Albany.

The Contra Costa Garden Committee was the third one, and Mrs. Kelly Falconer was particularly interested in this group. When it came time for the organization of the CNPS, her husband, Donald Falconer, did quite a bit of the legal work for the organization--also Scott Fleming. Oh yes, I guess Jenny Fleming [wife] was in on some of these things, too.

One time Joyce Burr and Marion Copley came to me to explain what was going on with the [Tilden garden]. They had already been working, going to the board meetings and talking to the directors of the park district.

Mead : It's my understanding that these people were successful in their efforts to save the garden site. What exactly was entailed in accomplishing this? Was there a public vote?

Strohmaier: There was not a public vote. These three organizations made a counter-proposal against the proposed larger garden site at Grass Valley. The new site--some said it was two hundred acres, some said three hundred acres. The idea was to present the plants as plant communities rather than just whatever grew in an area, which is the way the Tilden garden is set up where there is a desert section, a Sierra meadow section, a redwood forest section, and a seashore section, etc. But the plant community concept is something that was a little bit newer and involved more space--you had to have the animals that went with it.

'see page 29. Strohmaier: The Friends and these other groups made a proposal to expand the present garden down the creek towards Lake Anza. They made plans to do this. As far as I know that expansion has not really taken place.

Mead : Do you know how large the Tilden garden is?

Strohmaier: Yes, it's about five acres, I believe.

Key People in the Pre-CNPS Groups

Strohmaier: Some of these minutes in here might be helpful [pulls out a sheaf of minutes of early meetings]. his^ tells about the purpose of the Friends of the Regional Parks Botanic Garden, one of the earlier organizations [leading to CNPS]. Here was a board meeting of September 1, 1964, held at the home of Alice Howard. She was very active in that early time and in later years, but lately I haven't seen or heard about her at all.

Walter Knight--he's somebody that I remember that I haven't mentioned. He was very active--I think he actually was an employee of the Regional Park District working on the Tilden garden. Then, Dan Luten--he was in the Regional Parks Association, president at the time when I was appointed liaison between the Association and the Friends of the Garden. Owen Pearce--he was very interested in horticulture and was particularly active in the California Horticultural Society.

Clyde Robin had a business in seeds of native plants in Castro Valley, and I think he still has, but I haven't seen him for years. Wayne Roderick--at that time he was working at the UC Botanical Garden, and later, after Jim Roof retired, he became the Director of the Regional Parks Botanic Garden. Jim Roof [attended the meeting], and these were all the people who were at this board meeting of the Friends of the Regional Parks in September 1964. They met at different homes.

'see Collateral Documents, p. 41 Mead : So it was in 1964 that the issue around moving the Tilden garden was coming to a head?

Strohmaier: Oh, yes. Let's see--an earlier meeting was held at Helen-Mar Beard's house in May 1964.

When the controversy was going on about whether to keep the Tilden garden where it is or send it down to Grass Valley, a tour was arranged for the directors of the Regional Parks District to visit the garden and get their input on what they thought should be done.

Inspection of the Regional Botanic Garden at Tilden

Strohmaier: [Reads from a description of that inspection3]: "An invitation to tour the garden was extended to the directors of the park district, to the general manager and to the Friends of the Regional Parks Botanic Garden. This invitation was to explain the plan which the Friends had submitted to the directors."

The Friends had submitted a plan not to move the garden but to enlarge it.

"On June 25, 1964, this tour took place. Those present by invitation of the Friends included Directors Clyde Woolridge, George Roeding, John McDonald and Marilyn Haley. President of the Board, Robert Gordon Sproul, was absent as was the General Manager William Penn Mott, Jr. In Mr. Mott's stead was Erwin Luckman, Chief of Plans, Design and Construction, and Perry Laird, Superintendent of Parks." Those two were Regional Parks employees.

"Present from the Friends were Dr. Herbert Baker, internationally-known plant ecologist and professor of botany and Director of the UC Botanical Garden, Dr. Helen-Mar Beard, senior botanist at the UC Botanical Garden specializing in California natives, and Dr. Rimo Bacigalupi, research botanist and curator of the Jepson Herbarium and completer of the last volumes of Jepson's research.

3~eeCollateral Documents, p. 44 Strohmaier: "Present from the Citizens of Tilden Park were Dr. and Mrs. Michael Copley and Leo Brewer of.UC, an experienced avocational gardener with many years of growing natives. Present from the Contra Costa Garden Committee were Mrs. Joyce Burr, a frequent visitor, and Ralph Harris, Superintendent of Schools for Sheldon School District. Others present were Mrs. Erwin Strohmaier and Cicely Christie. Director of the Botanic Garden, Jim Roof, completed the party. Mr. Luckman stated that he was in charge and requested Mr. Roof to lead the group for an inspection of the present garden. "The basic plan of the garden was explained by Mr. Roof as the group progressed. The botanical significance of what was being shown was discussed at some length. Mr. Luckman requested that botanical discussion be curtailed so that more time could be spent in consideration of the buildings in the garden. Concluding that these buildings were of no value, he commented that there would therefore be no investment in buildings lost should the garden be moved to Grass Valley. Pictures were circulated showing flood conditions in the garden at the height of the storm of October 1962." That flood would have washed the garden away according to certain ideas if Jim Roof hadn't put up stone walls to hold the garden in place. So there was a lot of controversy, you see. These people in the park district were like this [laughs and gestures by making a cross with her arms] with Jim Roof and all of the people who were in favor of keeping the garden [in its present site]. Mead: In being there yourself, what memories do you have of this inspection? Strohmaier: I just remember this antagonism of the employees of the park district. These people who worked under the general manager's [Mr. Mottl supervision were the ones who were sort of antagonistic. Mr. Roof was trying to show the directors all the things Strohmaier: about the garden that were particularly outstanding, and these men apparently said, "Let's not take too much time on all the details about the plants." They wanted to look more at the big picture--they wanted something big. They were pro-Grass Valley.

Mead : I notice that you have a wonderful collection of minutes from early meetings and other activities. Are there documents there that bring certain memories to mind? Strohmaier: Well, this is a letter from [William P.] Mott to Professor Baker. ##

Mead : A letter from Mott to Baker? Strohmaier: Yes. "As you know there is a committee studying the question of the botanic garden in Tilden Regional Park. It is my understanding that their tentative thoughts are to build a new botanic garden on some three hundred acres in Grass Valley Regional Park. The present botanic garden will be used to stock the new garden which will be much more complete. When the new garden is ready, it will open for the public to use and enjoy. "We have no intention of destroying the present botanic garden but will continue to use it as a place to observe those unique specimens that cannot be moved. For example, I am sure that the Sierra section will remain as a point of interest and beauty in Tilden Park. Obviously, however, we will not be maintaining two botanic gardens. Our financial resources will not permit this, and it seems to me that if a new garden is developed it will have all of the interests of the present garden plus the opportunity for a greater collection of material. Also it will have the added advantage that it can be planned for proper use and maintenance as well as expansion. It is in the latter fields that the present garden is deficient, and there seems to be no way to adequately correct the situation." Mead : So Mott had his mind set about the garden moving to Grass Valley? Strohmaier: Yes, he had his mi.nd set. But the other people produced a nice plan for enlarging the present garden. I haven't actually gone to see it, but Jenny Fleming told me that the present [CNPS] director, Steve Edwards, has actually started this expansion. There's a creek that goes through the garden, and there's a place in the creek where the garden boundary was. There's a space between there and the next picnic ground where it was proposed [that the garden be expanded]. Steve Edwards is working on that now and has done some planning. Mead: In your array of materials here, are there other documents which tug at your memory? Strohmaier: These are just minutes of board meetings--these are things from January 1964, still with the Friends of the Garden.

Mead : Were you liaison at this time between the Friends and the Parks Association? Strohmaier: Yes, that's how I got the minutes--they sent them to me because I was one of the people who went to the meetings. I don't know how many other people have these.

Mead : This seems to indicate how much devotion and organizational ability some of the early people had. Strohmaier: Yes--oh, they really were dedicated and hard- working. Joyce Burr--she and Marion Copley worked together in one of the early organizations that eventually merged with others to become the CNPS.

Mead : Are there other significant memories you have of the pre-CNPS groups before they all came together? Strohmaier: I just remember these various meetings with all the people who were so strongly in favor of keeping this garden here [in its present site]. There were a few others, other than Mr. Mott, who were interested in Strohmaier: development of the Grass Valley project. There was a professor of forestry named [A, E.] Wieslander, and a landscape architect named Mae Arbegast--they were interested in making a design for this new garden, and they thought it'was a feasible idea. There would have to have been an awful lot of work done, plans for two hundred acres.

Mead : What happened to the Grass Valley project? Strohmaier: Apparently it just fell through, as far as I know. I don't know the details of how that happened. The proposal by the Friends and the others was to expand the present garden if expansion was desired. So far, there's been no expansion.

Mead : Are there other documents from that time which seem significant to you? Strohmaier: This is a Friends of the Regional Parks Botanic Garden committee report4, and it covers the big thing about the Grass Valley proposal and the Tilden Botanic Garden as it was, already in the park.

Mead : What was your impression of this report? Strohmaier: I thought it was a very good overall summary of the reasons for having this garden stay at its present site. In support of these reasons, they [the Friends] submitted this report. Now here is another summary of all the reasons for supporting the Tilden Botanic Garden [in its present site]. "The present garden is of scientific value and is well-established, representing an investment of over a million dollars, and the present site is capabale of expansion, too.... The present garden is situated in a high-use area and is convenient for scientific and educational study for a lot of

people.I'

Mead : You are looking at a different summary of reasons for maintaining the original garden site--how does this differ from the one from which you were just reading?

4~eeCollateral Documents, p.46 Strohmaier: Actually, they [the Friends] submitted both these to the Park District, but at different times. You see, this went on for two or three years, this controversy. Some of these organizations started in about 1962 or so and went on from there.

Mead : I see--they must have been very persistent over this time.

Strohmaier: These same people went to the Park District board meetings and spoke at those meetings. I went to a few of them, too, with people like Joyce Burr and Walter Knight who went to many of these meetings.

[Reading from the second summary]: "Some of the reasons for maintaining the present garden: the present site is protected from wind, rare plants are well-established there. Establishment of rare plants in Grass Valley is problematic--they are hard to grow. An extremely competent horticulturist has been in the garden throughout its history. It has been said that two gardens cannot be maintained. Enormous size is a disadvantage for several reasons. Plant care is much more difficult."

Mead : Again, it sounds like considerable thought went into preserving the Tilden Botanic Garden's present site.

Strohmaier: Oh, yes--these three groups were very devoted to this.

Mead : Do you think that the controversy over maintaining the Tilden Botanic Garden in its original site really started with the suggestion by Mr. Mott that it be moved? Strohmaier: Yes, I do think so. I believe that must have been what happened. Yes.

CNPS Is Gradually Organized

Mead : You were an active liaison between the [Regional Parks] Association and the Friends of the Garden. How did CNPS eventually come to be formed? Strohmaier: Well--I don't really know how to answer that question. People got so interested in native plants and the whole problem of preservation of native plants in the state. This state is so unique in its flora. We have all these different kinds of climates and altitudes. We have a high percentage of endemism, if you know what that means. It means that a plant grows only in a very limited area--this is an endemic plant. I think forty percent endemism is what California has. Some of the endemics are in such a small natural habitat that they can just be on a city lot, for example, in an area the size of a city lot, and nowhere else do they grow wild.

Mead : It sounds like it's an important function of CNPS to be very knowledgeable about plant life. Strohmaier: That's right, and that's the way it has turned out. The people who are activists now in CNPS are very, very well-versed in all the details of the flora. Right now in our East Bay Chapter there is a group of three or so young people who are going out in the field and hunting for plants, finding out just exactly where they are, how big a population it is and so on.

Mead : So the Friends were successful in keeping the Regional Parks Botanic Garden where it now is. Did they continue to meet and serve as a kind of watchdog over the garden? Strohmaier: I don't know when or if they stopped meeting-- probably they just evolved into the CNPS. I think that's what it amounts to.

Mead : Did you gradually become more active in CNPS? Strohmaier: I don't know if I became more active. In the first few years we used to go on field trips a lot, and we also went to the evening meetings.

Mead : Were they held once a week or once a month? Strohmaier: Once a month or so. A lot of the meetings were held in Mulford Hall on the campus [UC Berkeley]. Now our chapter meetings are held in the UC Botanical Garden meeting room. Strohmaier: The transition between the Friends and CNPS--I'm not clear on just how that really was. When the CNPS was organized, there was quite a bit of activity and work connected with incorporation and such that the lawyer friends took care of--Mr. Falconer and Mr. Fleming.

Mead : So there were efforts to make CNPS an official organization.

Strohmaier: Yes. ## PART 111. FIRST MONTHS OF THE CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY

Financial Problems in the First Year

Mead : Last time, Leonora, you concluded with a discussion about the transition from the Friends of Tilden Botanic Garden to CNPS. You were saying that this transition was a gradual thing and not something that was very clearcut. Do you remember if there were officers elected for CNPS or a formal election of any kind? Strohmaier: I don't remember an election, but I know that there were officers. Professor [Watson M.] Laetsch was the first president of the CNPS. There was a meeting in 159 Mulford Hall [UC Berkeley campus] when CNPS was actually initiated--I'm pretty sure that's what happened at that meeting. But I don't remember an election or ballots or anything like that. I don't think they had that, but they could have.

Mead: It was Professor Laetsch who presided?

Strohmaier: Yes, he was a botany professor [UC Berkeley]. These smaller groups got together, and they were in favor of organizing into a whole group of people interested in the preservation of California native flora. That's actually what the group basically is.

Mead : What kinds of topics came up during those first few months?

Strohmaier: One of the big things was money [laughs]! I think in the beginning they hoped for corporate donations and things like that. Mary Wohlers was working very hard on that--and the others, like Professor Laetsch. My husband [Erwin Strohmaier] seems to think it was like--so many of the people at the university [UC Berkeley] have great skills at this kind of fund-raising. But they didn't get enough [funds] early enough. Strohmaier: They opened an office--do you know about that? There was an office opened on University Avenue right by where California Street intersects University Avenue on the north side of the street. There was a little store--it was next door to a book store on one side and whatever was in the corner building.

One of the things which you gave me from Mary Wohlers' collection [of documents] was particularly interesting--the minutes5 of the Board of Directors of CNPS on July 28, 1966, after CNPS was officially formed. This meeting took place at the office down on University Avenue. It lists who was there, and the President then was Ledyard Stebbins apparently.

There was a report on future plans for CNPS. Further down in the same minutes, they came to the finances. Mrs. Grove--I don't remember her--Mrs. Eva Grove, was the bookkeeper. She was working on the financial report. The motion was made and passed that we would pay $125.40 to the IRS immediately and $11.25 to the Department of Employment, "both of these items required by law, the latter the Society's portion of the retirement system contribution for Mary Wohlers."

Mary Wohlers was the employed secretary who worked in the office [on University Avenue]. Then they ran out of money, and they couldn't pay her salary. Everybody who was there actually contributed some money right then.

Mead : Out of their own pockets?

Strohmaier: Yes, to help along. I don't really know exactly how we got out of that and got back on our feet financially. They had to give up the office and Mary's employment. She couldn't be paid any longer. There wasn't enough money. That's one of the things Erwin remembers very well--he was at that meeting.

Mead : And you were, too, I notice. Do you have any specific memories of this meeting?

5~eeCollateral Documents, p.48 Strohmaier: Well, I just remember that people were kind of upset. Now there was another meeting at our house at a time when things were bad--I don't know if it was before or after this particular meeting. Maybe the photograph6 [of the meeting] would have a date.

Mead : But it was some time around the same time period. It seems that even though there were some fine ideas in the beginning months of CNPS, finances was a key issue.

Strohmaier: Yes, then our first plant sale was organized for the purpose of getting the money to bale us out.

Memories of Original Members of CNPS

Mead : Who are some of the people that you remember the most in those early months?

Strohmaier: There was Leo Brewer who was always interested and very supportive of all the ideas around creating this organization. He was very interested in native flora.

Mead : How would you describe him?

Strohmaier: Well, he was a small man. He had had something wrong with one eye so that he wore a black patch over one eye all the time. As far as I know everybody regarded him very highly. During those years the [Lawrence] Radiation Laboratory people were very well-known nationally, and he was one of those people.

Who else? Of course Jim Roof was one that we all remember well. He was very very devoted to his work in making this [Tilden] garden. There's an article here that I have [points to the January 1965 California Horticultural Society ~ournal~]that tells about how he built that garden up from 1940 until the time in the early sixties when all this came up.

'see page 26a

7~eeCollateral Documents, p. 50 California Native Plant Society Early Board Meeting Berkeley, California, 1966 Left to right: Mary Ann Wohlers, Maxine Trumbo, August Frugk, Alice Howard, Clyde Robin

Early Board Meeting (as above) Back left: August Frugk, James Roof, Alice Howard, Clyde Robin, Mary Wohlers, Paul Zinke (back to camera1

Photography by Erwin Strohmaier Mead : Was he actually responsible for beginning the Regional Parks Botanic Garden?

Strohmaier: Yes, he was responsible for building the garden. This article was written by Rimo Bacigalupi who was apparently the student of Willis Linn Jepson. As far as I understand everything, Bacigalupi became the successor at the university [UC Berkeley] to Jepson. Jepson built up a large herbarium which is part of the university. Rimo took charge of that after Jepson's death.

Jim Roof started collecting plants. [Reads from the Bacigalupi article]: "In late 1938, he set out to establish this garden in the Bay Area. He first induced the Forest Service to enter into a cooperative agreement with the East Bay Regional Park District. The Forest Service had its superb collection of native plants all in containers and easily movable. If the Regional Park District would provide the land, a botanic garden could easily become a reality. Fortunately, both public agencies were agreeable to the cooperative arrangement."

So he [James Roof] did it. He did most of the planting and laying out of paths and all that. He had C.C.C. [Civilian Conservation Corps] people working for him. So this article is a complete story, really, of the development of that garden.

The basic layout of the garden--the desert section, the Sierra meadow section and the redwood section, etc., these sections were created by planting various plants and trees in them. It took quite a bit of skill to make the conditions that are needed for growing all these different things in such a small area.

Mead : So Jim Roof had to take into consideration all the different environments which were required to set up these sections.

Strohmaier: That's right. Somewhere I remember that he had to put umbrellas up to save the desert plants from getting too much water. Mead : Are there other members who also stand out in your mind?

Strohmaier: Yes, let's see--there were August and Susan Frugk. August FrugrS was connected with the UC [Berkeley] Press, and his wife, Susan, was very active and interested in [CNPS], too.

She was the one who actually produced the first newsletter and who organized the first plant sale which was held in the East Bay Garden Center at Lakeside Park [Lake Merritt]. Some of those pictures [points once again to Erwin Strohmaier's photograph album] are of that event. The sale helped get us out of the [financial] hole. Then sales became a tradition every year. I think we've had about twenty five of them. They were given by the society as a whole for the first seven years or so. When the San Francisco Bay Area Chapter was organized, that chapter, our chapter, took over the sales. The other chapters around the state have their own sales--many do, not all of them. So the sale now is just for our chapter, not for the whole society, although we do contribute to them.

[Leonora pulls out an early CNPS letterhead with names of members and sponsors.] I better look at this list--some of these people weren't--I didn't ever see them. Like Lester Rountree, the honorary president--she lived in Carmel, and she was very thrilled about CNPS. I never saw Ansel Adams except on a Sierra Club trip [laughs]! Of course Rimo Bacigalupi I just talked about.

Helen-Mar Beard was one of the people who was quite active in one of the organizations that preceded CNPS. Meetings of the Friends of Tilden Botanic Garden were held at her house. She lived in a very interesting house--it's on Oxford Street just north of Cedar Street [in Berkeley]. It has a round cupola on top, and it belonged to a sea captain who built the place. It's now on the architectural heritage list. He built it so he could see what was happening in the bay. Strohmaier: I talked about Leo Brewer. Professor [H. M.] Butterfield was a sponsor--I didn't ever have any connection with him in CNPS, but I did at the university through my work. Lincoln Constance was an important person, but I don't remember him too much during this period. The Copleys--Marion Copley ran one of the other little organizations which preceded CNPS [Citizens for Tilden Park]. Her husband was Director of the Western Regional Laboratory in Albany.

Mead : Was that through the university [UC Berkeley]? Strohmaier: No, that was for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, that Western Regional Laboratory. There were four regional labs all over the country, one of which is here. Donald Falconer--I think he had something to do with the legal part [of incorporating CNPS]. He and his wife have been active, but not too much lately. Jenny and Scott Fleming--they're always active. Jenny Fleming is still very active in our chapter and goes to all the board meetings. In fact, she takes me to the board meetings of the local chapter now. There's Joel Hildebrand--I remember him because I took my chemistry courses from him. Mary Rhyne, one of these sponsors, has been interested all along. She's active in the Gualala Chapter which was one of the early ones to be organized. Then there's [A. E.] Wieslander--he was a forestry professor. I didn't know him personally. He was one of the people who was in favor of moving the [Tilden] garden to the Grass Valley site. Mead: It sounds as if some of the sponsors are there more in name than in activity. Strohmaier: That's right--they wanted all these nice big names [laughs]. I felt very honored to be put on that list. I guess because I happened to have the doctorate degree, they selected me. Some of the sponsors--like [Melvin] Calvin and Ansel Adams and Joel Hildebrand--they weren't able to participate.

Mead : During the early meetings, did certain members take up a particular function of the organization, or was the work done as a collective effort?

Strohmaier: I'm sure there were some people who did most of the work, but I can't really name them. I don't know who was who then. Like this business about the incorporation [of CNPSI--I really don't know who worked on that.

Leonora's Early Involvement in CNPS

Mead : How would you characterize your own personal involvement--what kinds of activities were you involved in?

Strohmaier: I can't say I was an officer or anything, but I was faithful in attending meetings and doing things that needed to be done--like working at plant sales. During the first plant sale, for example, we sold everything, not just native plants. Right now, they are purists, and nothing except California native plants are sold at our sales. But at that time, anything to make money was sold. Our downstairs room [at the Strohmaier home] was used as a collecting and sorting place for plants, etc. We had all kinds of dried flowers and wood forms and things like that which we put up for sale. I was active in that and hosting meetings. I don't remember how often the meetings were held at first, I can't say. Some Personality Differences in the Early Months

Mead: New members from the three groups were coming together. I'm wondering if you recall any personality differences or conflicts which developed during the first few months.

Strohmaier: Well, I think some of the people didn't get along too well with Mary Wohlers. I think August Frug6 was one who didn't.... Mary was really a very dedicated worker, and I don't think anybody put more into the organization at that time. I don't really know much about it, but I do know she was hurt by some of the things that went on.

Mead : Had she been a member of any of the earlier groups?

Strohmaier: I really don't know. One of things she talked about to me was she and Dr. [Ledyard] Stebbins--I guess I haven't talked about him. He became a member very early. He's a genetics professor at [UC] Davis--now he's emeritus. He became very active early in organizing the Sacramento chapter. That was one of the very first chapters to be organized under CNPS.

According to what Mary said, her daughter [Mary Ann] worked for Stebbins at Davis on some job, and she told Stebbins about the CNPS. Then, according to Mary, he jumped right in and said that he was a founder of CNPS, but he really didn't know about it until her daughter told him about it. He came in right away and was a very active person--did an awful lot. This is kind of a personal thing. We have to give him credit because he has done a lot, and he was very active in the Sacramento chapter from the very beginning. He was president of CNPS for several terms, I think.

Earls Structure of CNPS

Mead : It's my understanding that the Berkeley CNPS group was the "mother" group. Strohmaier: Yes, that's true. As far as I know it's always been the largest chapter. After the office on University Avenue closed, then some time later, I don't remember when, there was an office of the state organization on Ellsworth Street in Berkeley. It was there for a number of years. It moved later to Sacramento, I don't know just when. So now we have the state office in Sacramento with several paid employees. I don't know where the money comes from [laughs] for that!

Mead : So the mother group eventually evolved into a state office. Does that mean a local chapter was formed in Berkeley?

Strohmaier: Well, yes, cur Bay Chapter was organized in 1973. Before that there was the mother organization.

Mead: In 1965, then, it sounds as if there was an awful lot of activity. Over time, has this level of activity remained consistent'?

Strohmaier: I don't know whether there were times when it was quieter, but as far as I'm concerned I think it's been very consistently active. In the local chapter, I'm still the Secretary of the Board of the local chapter. The reason I like to keep it up, although it's a lot of work, is that it's so nice to get acquainted with these dedicated young people who are now in CNPS. Half the board, at least half the board, is just young people who are working for a living every day and putting a lot of extra time in going to the hearings and developments, producing the plants for the sales--it's an all year job that they do. They read the EIRs [Environmental Impact Reports] for the developments, etc., and study all that.

Mead : It seems that the original spirit of CNPS has certainly been carried forward.

Strohmaier: The state board meets four times a year--people come together from the different chapters along with officers of the state. Many of these meetings are held at the Faculty Club here [on the UC Berkeley campus], so Berkeley is still kind of a center for CNPS. PART IV. ADDITIONAL MEMORIES OF CNPS

Memories of CNPS from Photographs by Erwin Strohmaier

Mead : You have some photographs here that would be interesting to see. Strohmaier: Yes. This one shows Dr. Stebbins auctioning off a plant at our first sale8. It was held at the Lakeside Garden Center in Oakland [Lake Merritt]. Here's another view of that sale.

Mead: This would have been held in the fall of 1965? Strohmaier: This was held in 1966, December 6. In 1965, CNPS was organized, and all these things went on about getting an office and hiring a secretary and so on.

1 Then the money ran out, and they had to figure out what to do--so this sale was put on.

Now this is one of the meetings that was held here. "This is the '66 meeting at the Strohmaier's house at a time when the young society was in bad financial straits, and the meeting went far into the nightg." [Reading from the back of the photograph.] The people are listed here--there's Paul Zinke, this one, August Frug6 was back here. This is Jim Roof, and this is Alice Howard who was very active in those early days--I don't see her around nowadays. This is Clyde Robin--he was in Castro Valley and specialized in native plant seeds. That's Mary Wohlers there.

Mead : It looks like the next picture is an additional view of the members at that meeting. Strohmaier: Yes, it's the same meeting.

'see page 33a 'see page 26a Dr. Ledyard Stebbins Auctioning Plants First Annual Plant Sale Garden Center, Lakeside Park, Oakland December 6, 1966

Photography by Erwin Strohmaier Strohmaier: This is one of the sales that we had at the Brazilian Room [in Tilden Park] later on1'. Let's see, the first sale there was in 1968. We were two years at Lakeside Park. This was an early one there at the Brazilian Room--1972. At that time we had the opportunity to store our things for the sale down at the regional lab growing ground on Marin Avenue. Some of the active members in the early days were employees of the regional lab, and they made it possible for us to store our things and prepare them there. The day before the sale, people brought them up to the Brazilian Room and set it up. They used to sell succulents at quite a few of the sales that weren't natives, and I used to collect them and take them to that growing ground.

Mead : This is a nice photograph--it shows a larger overview of a sale and how many people attended it,

Strohmaier: Yes! They still do up at Merritt College. Here's another one--I'm selling succulent^^^. This is all 1972--people were looking into things!

This is a field trip to the desert12, April 1969, in Red Rock Canyon in southern California. Where's Dr. Stebbins?--he should be in there somewhere. Everybody was looking at ...'belly' plants. Mead: Yes, they seem completely absorbed. You just said something about 'belly' plants--is that a figure of speech?

Strohmaier: Yes! [laughs]. They're so small that we have to get way down to see them, so they call those 'belly' plants [laughs].

This is a field trip over in Marin County in Tiburon. Old St. Hilary's Church--that has now been made into a two-acre native plant reserve around this church. I think the Nature Conservancy has losee page 34a

"see page 34a

'*see page 34b California Native Plant Society Annual Plant Sale, Brazilian Room Tilden Park, Berkeley, California October 28, 1972

Leonora Strohmaier Annual Plant Sale, Tilden Park October 28, 1972

Photography by Erwin Strohmaier Field Trip to Red Rock Canyon, California Leonora Strohmaier (lower right) April 1969

Photography by Erwin Strohmaier Strohmaier: taken that on. There were some other Marin County people who were particularly interested in this and joined with us, or we joined with them, and pushed the establishment of St. Hilary's reserve. This is the little church on that two acres--and here the people are looking at the plants.

One of these pictures was used on an early cover of the pre-Fremontia journal. Before Fremontia became established, there were just little things like this [hands me a California Native Plant Society ~ewsletter]'~. The Bayleaf is our chapter newsletter now.

Earls CNPS Newsletters

Mead : Was it Susan Frug6 who did the first [CNPS] newsletter?

Strohmaier: Yes, this is my file with those newsletters before it became Fremontia. These are kind of rare--very few people have these--they're from 1965 to 1973. ##

Mead : [Looking through newsletters.] These go way back to the beginning. The first one was October 1965?

Strohmaier: Yes, to 1973. These were all [mailed out] before the local chapter was organized.

Mead : So once the local chapter was organized, the Bayleaf came into being.

Strohmaier: Yes, and it was not nearly so fancy as it is now. Within the last two or three years, the Bayleaf has become very professional with the type and headings. Some of the board members of the chapter got to work and did this with their computers. They made it, what shall I say, fancy.

Mead : Let's go back to the original newsletter--what were some of the things that it covered?

13see Collateral Documents, p. 54 Strohmaier: Let's look. The newsletter was for members all over the state--whoever was a member of CNPS. The very first.. .October 1965".

Mead: I think it's wonderful that you have them!

Strohmaier: Number one, October 1965--it was called Native Notes.

Mead : It looks like there's information on the first general meeting, the sponsors, and a kind of opening statement and purpose of CNPS.

Strohmaier: Howard Knight was treasurer for sending in dues-- there's a membership application here. The first general meeting was October 28, 1965. That was held in Mulford Hall. We used to have quite a few of the meetings at Mulford Hall on the [UC] campus.

Mead : The newsletter states that Paul Zinke gave a talk.

Strohmaier: He gave a talk at the meeting at Mulford Hall--it was concerning the comparison of the flora of California with other Mediterranean climates such as Spain and Portugal and so on. He had just been to Spain and Portugal and made this study.

Mead : It's really amazing--the group really catalogued themselves well, not only the plants but their own activities.

Strohmaier: There's a list of sponsors--it's a list of the people which was also on the letterhead. They're making an appeal for joining. Anyway, this is what the first newsletter looked like.

Mead : So you just kept these as you got them? Strohmaier: Yes. Well, actually, Erwin is the one who has encouraged me to do it [laughs]. Jenny Fleming is planning to come and borrow these and make copies of them.

''see Collateral Documents, p. 77 Leonora's View of Changes in CNPS Over the Years

Mead : What do you think are some of the most significant changes that have occurred since those early years? Strohmaier: Well, I don't know quite what to say. There's a lot more interest in the detail of flora. For example in our chapter, there's a couple of young board members who are working on books. One is to be about flora of the two counties of Alameda and Contra Costa. The other is being put together by a committee--it's a list of every single species that have been known in our two counties, where they are and how many are around now.

Leonora's Activities Outside CNPS

Mead : You yourself have been involved over the years in other groups besides CNPS. Has your involvement in all these groups been fairly equal? Strohmaier: The Berkeley Garden Club is one I have been mostly involved in. Then there are all the different branches of that [club]. I'm still active in other groups as well, like the Camera Club. I've never been active in competing, but we have the group who puts out the newsletter here [in the Strohmaier home] every month to do their mailing. Then we've had the annual judging [of photographs] at our house for over twenty years. Some of these pictures [points to photo album of early days of CNPS] probably wouldn't be so good if it weren't for an interest in photography [laughs]. And there's some overlapping of members. One of the people on the Native Plant [Society] chapter board right now, Marian Reeve who is a past president of the chapter--I see her in about five different organizations [laughs]! ##

Mead : I think we're drawing to a close, Leonora. I'm particularly pleased about your memories of pre-CNPS activities and meetings that led to the development of CNPS--around the issue of Tilden Botanic Garden. Mead : I recall interviewing Myrtle [Wolf] about the years immediately following the development of CNPS, but the years preceding it are very interesting and really reflect the enormous concern surfacing at that time about the garden and [more] generally the preservation of plants. It sounds like quite a remarkable time.

Strohmaier: Yes--I think it's kind of interesting the way they got the sponsors, all those big names.

Mead : Was it simply a matter of approaching them? Strohmaier: Yes, I think so. Even Admiral [Chester W.] Nimitz, you know [laughs],

Mead : So they were shooting big!

Just kind of generally--in thinking back about the times before CNPS became established, is there anything else that stands out in your mind?

Strohmaier: Well, I talked a lot about the meetings--as you said, the people then as now were very dedicated and into this.

Mead : I'm personally recalling the early sixties in the Bay Area. It seemed like it was an opening up of attitudes and a time of new ideas. It sounds like the pre-CNPS groups were very much caught up in this same spirit and climate and were actively involved.

I really appreciate the opportunity to interview you, Leonora. It's very interesting information and adds enormously to the historical picture of CNPS and how it was formed. Thank you.

Strohmaier: I'm glad to be helpful. ## COLLATERAL DOCUMENTS COLLATERAL DOCUMENTS INDEX

Appendix A. Organization Committee Meeting of the Friends of the Regional Parks Botanic Garden 41

Appendix B. Report: Tilden Garden Tour of EBRPD Board of Directors, June 25, 1964 44

Appendix C. Friends of the Regional Parks Botanic Garden: Committee Report 46

Appendix D. Minutes of Board of Directors Meeting of the California Native Plant Society 48

Appendix E. "The Regional Parks Botanic Garden in Tilden Park," by Rimo Bacigalupi 50 Appendix F. California Native Plant Society Newsletter, July 1971

Appendix G. Native Notes, California Native Plant Society, Number 1, October 1965 78 . . Tile orSa:lLzl.l-; cor!ir:iit Lce file t .I. L the ho:ae of I.:nry rihyne oa ..edncsday I:.<:coabey 3r I rc:::nt ,!?re !.LC. €'< K.rso &'5:5:2@ (i.;clry I?hy?z), A,E. .':'icsla~der., 3er';il:: Uc:ierhili, i\;;ea i-;.ar:;c, i,.ary .';ohlers, Charles I..odecke* 211d Paul Ziricz

It .;:cis deci..ed 'ch !t a n:;rr,e for the or:pnization should be :

The purl~ouesol' tile or,,r.~aization):/ere then coilsideredo They ;rere foullci to be revercll ailG are tentatively presented in 1;3c followin;- lict, Corrections or additiolzs are invited, and these as nell 2s tile foll.o\.rinp; uill be consicidred at the Janulry 11 ~eetias~

The Furpotlea of the organi.xtion are:

lo To aid in th,: prc~ervationand the developmont of the

Resional i'i~rkoJotnnic Garden in 'l'ilden lJ.~rlr.

2e TO call attention to the unique qullities and tile ~tatureof

tho Xc~ionalParka Uotiinic Garden, it3 site and cli~cal;c, unique layout in nltural vcgctution tykes, and role in preoervin'; opecias naur extinctiono 3. To sticul~telocal 'support for the prclon

4. To pronote authoritative ayi:raioal of t ~le~ardcn

5, To aid in tha devclopmont of thc educrition~lsotsnti~lof thc .:;irden

6, To serve as a body of intercstcc: users of the ;ard.cn, suz2estin;rU

mans or' ir~provementxnri callin:: :~tLention to prob1err.s of maintuin:~nce.~

7. '20 war;,: ii close liason with tl?e ;;an-L.or of thc Sd$t Ury Kei;.ioasl

r,ar&s ~listrict:lnd tho Director of t;;c iie~i-nali.~r.lts3otlnic

The co~unitteedecided that it nou3d be better to okcrltc eith 1 tc;.;,:or~ry t i i2~1l Linke, ano. vice-chairm2n Paul :~l,rr,an.. if Ile ci.19 accept; uiti I., irj. r:ilyn~ctti tc~,:.orsry secretary-treasurer, :>.Ic~:~..er::ber 1resent co.ltriijt~tzd1; lor .i ~:.~ilingfund, .i nor,;in~tirll:comiLtee uill be ::; .,... inti.d Lila J,:ilu.~i..: . r.ieet.inl; Ior tlie ,.urpcse of norrrinlting permanent oliicers, ..). ;.ricse ;ictio~;-~:iilbe sub!?.;'-.tted to the entire :il?r!;b~r:;hi~ far .isiSOV,:~ .t Lhe J,inu::ry 11 mectiilg. 2oster ol those ia nti;cnda ~ce:

' il:ltricia .':'ntters F,O. dox 8sa , Cotati Lu ?/ai;tere I I !I Bcr th~ UnderhilL 35 ganulpuis l?d, ilerkeley, 8 Paul H, Allman 840 Contra Costa fir, El Ccrrito ber t b' llow,er Cali-SL9te J;w..' qi ,-.. (-,oU+_.an Luis Obispo iierbert L. kson 1190 Sterling Ave., derkcley d . Rimo &c igslupi 2239 Channin;; ::ny Berkeley 4 A. IS, Bieulxndcr 79 fioble goad 3erekelcy 5 fiobert Guea 33 Rio Vists Orinda Charles E. i;odeclte 1165 Keeler, derlceley o '/alter Xni6-ht 2wmaoliu rve. t-etalucia 1y.i Kni.,ht .:ayne Hodorick Uaive of Calif. dot1 ~iccll3.3rdcn delen-...ur dowd Un~v.of C.llif. Jotanic~lu.rrden O*;en 1 eurce 54 Charlcfi Hill i-lodd, Crinda i~aiK. ~irbe,,aet 1j33 Sllruce atreet, 3erlceley 9 k.lry Rhyns (~rozee), 172d herkeley ::ay Scrkeley 3 John hikelen 1328 Suti..,.it Hd. Serkeley b Steven De Jault 632 Vincente Jsrkeley 7 l,uul iinlte 605 tlilldllc ,hire., a~rkeloyG Ir ' ohlor6 347 Z1 Toyon~l,Grinda

.*,

The c~eetingv~ascal-ed to oruer at 7:45 poolo iecccibcr 4, 1962 in 163 r.ulford Hall on the U.C. Cumpus, The diecussion began with tho question as to whether the Tiliien cardcn could be considered to be fl Uotnnicul krden. Definitions .knd cciteriu oi .;arrlenB were ctiscuoced. The 'l'ildeti :=den is definitels, a Eotanicul ~srdenh tvin.: !A colLection of lante, it serves cducati;,naL :ind ocientlfic kurposea, it is opoa to the public, and it ha8 oerled a8 a source of publication^ . 'l'he uenm of tilo discuesion that .followed ia that thcre 13 a need for ci.1 or,~;in.ixatio:~to take care of the n~edoof 'tile Gar .en, and a necd for rcco;;nition of tile ihiportance 01 the nativc i:lant garGeno

.lativo ylunts hve pzrticular re:luirerucnts and it is noceusxry thxt compcteut well trained hclp be available to opera18 tnc !;arcion. Lir. 3eard mentioned that evoa such u oi::.i.lc thing 1s vrateriog the l.lants wt tile vrons ti,::c of the year cti;ht kill Ihern.

In tilo oneuin;; ciiocusaion the r"ol1orric~~prob1er;s ia the currcnt opcratio3 of Lllc !;urden were brought up: I,, A cop ilae clevt:loped bot\.reo.~the yrcscnt 2.ir:; xdl.iiniotration and the bot:inical ;.:arden 2, 'l'he dotanic31 Snrden tlocs not ceeG to be reco ;l~izcdIS such, and the 3:lrderl secmc to be subrnor,ted in the ;ener:ll .la;..i~liatr~tion of un individual [..irk.

3. ,i.iere is ;A noed to brin.j the men in tile orz.ltlization LC ;ether concernin,: the ir.;portclnce of the ~aruo~;~n!l its ojc~-.lt.ic)rl. 4. "Il!icrc is 4 need for il con:;i!luo'Js ~i:: LL~L~CI~~~:ti:~(;tl ;:l:;ce oi thr: ;:lracn. 5. The stai"I" of the garde:l should cou:;is-l of a ~tcll,+id director, and sufficient traireri hrlp to carry out this xixi~te~~.~nce~

6, Eecent exam~lesof this problea is in the cutback in the sta9: uppointed to the garden,,

7: The recurrent vnndaiis!n at Chkistmns tick j,r, nhlch specil~en trees are stolen from the gsrden by vicious indfividuals has been piirtlcularly severe this :earo The vulrerability of the sarden to this dastruction has been increasld by the decrease in stzff,

kcrrrce e:cpr~sscd the viecr that the problems facin-.: the 'i'ildcn iarlc iotanical G.xrden are sicilar to tllo~efacing the Strybl1n.q.. :irboretum in Golden Gate fark at the time of Eric :;althers retirement, There is a need to forn an association to lseep the garden functioning 2nd to brid.ze tlie ~sp durins tir,;e of change of personnel, 1,:ason felt that the Associ:ltion is needed to back the gardenb iflatters felt thst there ~houldbe an imp~ovorfient of tile liason between tha garden and the director of the Ke!yionxl hrks iir. Molto

\?utters moved .and leeilrce seconded a 1:lotion that a poup be forrsdd C I to be called i!'RII::.IGS OF 'L';i;3 TIJ,;)ES i;;.ci;i( i2'3TA;i1C1'iL CI;LIIY!C!\I~ Yhis was adopted in Gonse by tho meeting. biason udded that we should keep the I;ro;Sram of .-- the sroup constructiveo Also he ~uggestedthat this Zroup should :.~ffiliatc us a sub-committee with the l?e:;ional ?arks Ilssoci~tion. Pearce moved, (.~.. Zinke eoconded that auch un afiiliation with the Hegional thrku tlcsociation -be ~adeif invited by thi~association. These raotfons were all adopted by tho .XOU~O

Nuson su~::eotecl that an organizing comaii.ttco 5s needed, Sucn n cor~aittee-was than formed with Nary Rhyne as cbsfrmn, anQ cenbera Pcarce, i~~octeckc,Underhill, .':ieslander, and ~inke,,

THE MEXT I.iEZTIiJG OF TAX FHIEBUI; 07 'i'ifii: 'L'ILDL:: FL

University of Californi.~ Berkeleyo

Some of the objectives of this nlecting wil- be to initiate the notlfnstions of u alate of officers, to schedule a joht meeting aith the i:egional hrks .~ssociotion,to .adopt a otatenent of objectivcv and to discuss current dotaaical U.-\rrien problems. %PORT: TILDXN G-4RDmT TCUR OF EBRPD BOARD OF DIRECTORS, June 25, 1964

An invitation to tour the Tilden Botanic Garden cas extended to the Directors of the EBRPD and to the General Manager by the'fiiends of the Regional Parks Botanic Garden, This invitation was to explain the plan i,:hich the fiiends had submitted to the Dirac- toys for the future of the present Tilde11 Botanic Gard.en and for expansion of it into e.dje.cent lands. The plan was tile result of collaboration among the Friends, the Cit- 5zms for Tilden Park, and a Contra Costa grollp which has since formally organized crzder the name of Contra Costa Garden Committee.

On June 25, 1964, this tour took place. Those present by invitation of the Friends included Directors Clyde \\'oolridge, George Coeding, Joky lk?danald, and Marlin Haley. President of the Board Robert Gordon Sproul was absent, as was Gen. Mgr. William Penn 1-ot', Jr. In Mr. Mottfs stead were Irwin Luclunan, Chief of ?lans, Designs, and Con- ~t~uction;and Parry Laird, Superintendent of Parks.

rrssent from the Friends mere Dr. Herbert Baker, internzti~nall~kndwn plant ecolo- &it3t uld Professor of Botany md Director of the U.C. Botaaic Garden; Dr. Helen-Mar bemd, Senior Botanist at tne U.C. Bo+,anic Gerden, specializing in California na- t.i.zes; and Dr. Rimo Bacigalupi, Resewch Botanist c!nd Curstor of the Jepaon Herbar- i-u,J.C., and completer of the last vobumes of' uTepsor.'s research work, Flora 2:

Eresent from the Citizens for Tilden Park were k. and Mrs. Michael Copley (Dr. Cop- ley ia Cirector, Vestern Utilizction Eesca~chaAci Development Division, Agricultural Heaea;.ch Service, United States Deprrrtmei~t of Agriallture); and Professor of Chemis- try Leo Brewer of U.C., an experienced avocational gardener with many years of grow- jng natives.

Ireoeat from the Contra Costa Garden Com~ittecwere Mrs. Joyce Burr, a frequent vie- it~rto the Tilden garden throughout its hietory; and Ralph Harris, Superintendent of School8 for the Sheldon School District.

Cthers present were Mrs. Win Strohmaier and Cicely Christy. Director of the Botan- ic Garden, Jim Roof, comsleted the party. Z i,~.Luckman stated that he was in charge and requested bfr. Roof to lead the group through an inspection of the present garden. The basic plan of the garden was ex- plained byMr. Roof as the group progressed. The botanical significence of what va3 being shown was diacussed at some length. A&. Luckman requested that botanical Ziscussion be curtailed ao that more time could be spent in conaideration of the tui.ldings in the garden. Concluding that these buildings were of no value, he'cm- nLe~iedthat there would, therefore, be no investment in building8 lost should the ga?aen be moved to Gram Valley.

Pickres -re circulated ehowing flood conditions in the garden at the height of These pictures showed the effectiveness of the path and channeling storm raters.

xsked whether he had had the opportunity to look through the excellent Guide to the @?den, Mr. Laird replied that the garden was too small and insignificant to waste . hi3 tine on. Exhibited was a copy of the Dec,, l956, letter cf commendation to Mr. Roof from the ZPRTD 30ud of Direotors for his work oil the Guide and for the gardm itself. Ws letter refer8 to the gerden as tlCaliforniafs outstanding display of native plantcll.

Pol?.o.x5.ng the tourof the existing garden, the QUJF drove to Mineral Springs an4 ~zl!rcrdtack along the path which fg~l'li>aatFe cocrae of the creek f'r3m Laks Anaa to th? 3o';anlc Garden. This ama is ]~rnllo;zcdlo? ex-nnsi~ilof the ?resent garden. iY~.~-esuionsof aspreciation cf i:h? b'36~%:jof this erec were ma3.e ky rr.mJTir, t)le W=? , Ib was s+,a$edthdt GP~Jf31-r ,rtclr,a vrere ne.;a;;sar> to ir.itia.t: ex~a~sim icto this area: (1) fii1.d a s~.rcr.c,aroad thrcug?. it. (2) Fence i-i;. (3; .>stall e I , ; lie. (4) Loit. Tb; bzsii; st.ml.:t,il.:-e of .the crea would then be visibie co ?ha+.p!.anning of plantingc: ccnl!.C prosned, Ikiei~ds--of the Re~ionalParks Botanic Garden: Committee Report

We have no quarrel with those who say that it would be possible to grow natives at Grass Valley, but we feel that it is an impractical undertaking on the scale sug- gested. fn our !ISummary of Reasons for Supporting the Tilden Park Botanic Gardent1, the Friends of the Regional Parks Botanic Garden made these statements:

I1Nativea are not dsually easy to grow. They can rarely be success?hlly left to fend for themselves, either when lost in huge acreages or as relics of abandoned botanic gardens. !I flEhormous size, as contemplated at Grass Valley, is a disadvantage far several reasons. Plant care becomes much more difficult. Costs mount."

In support and amplification of these statements we should like to submit the following brief report1

11s California Flora1!, Wzand Keck, U.C. Press, 1959, lists 29 distjact plant communities in this state. Some idea of the enormous diversity of habitat in which our native flora has developed may be ebtained from data given in this bookt

Elevatim ranges from 276 feet below sea level to 14,495 feet above, Temperature extremes rqge fran an &om winter low on the highest peaks to a recorded high of 134 F, Average annual rainfall ranges from less than 2 inchee to over 109 inches, with recorded extremes ranging from none to over 153 inches in a year. Snowfall extremes range fran none to 449 inches in a year. The absence of summer rain has been a1 i~nyortantfactor in the evolution of a great number of California plants, Coastal fog during the summer and interior fog during the winter are other important influences on California plant life,

X$ is reabilyasppment thet ~eiifo&~~Gfia&rzl topography provides ft~.pat. br vari4ty than 1s';pfksent in 3 compa5ativdly flet eaetern state, such-as beas; br even .Nert Yerk.

A testimopy to the skill and ingenuity of the hector of the Tildwr Botanic Garden, James Roof, is the fact that, with a minimum of expense, he has managed to grow plants whose natural homes represent almost every one of these widely differ- ing habitats.

When 8 plant is removed from its natural habitat, the horticulturist must at- tempt to recreate that habitat a3 best he can and discover ways of corapensating for those factors which cannot be altered. Some of the special horticultural tech- nique~used in the Tilden Garden includes

Strict attentian to a watering schedule, both as to amount and ae to season The introduction of special soils, contained in plant beds Chemical maniplation of the acidity-alkalinity balance of the soil Plastic 'bbrellastl to keep rainfall off desert species subject to rot in even our moderate rainfall Elevated plant beds to provide fast drainage

In the April 1964 issue of the Journal ol the California Horticultural 3ociety,

Percy Everett, superintendent of the !?ulcb.o LC.<- -aria Botanic Garden, dismeses problems he has had with growing the members of a single genus, Arctostaphglos, or manzanita. His account may serve to illustrate the magnitude of the problems to be encountered, He has found over the years that particular species, in order to suc- ceed in cultivation, may require more shade or more sun, more water ox lea8 water, more warmth or less warmth, perhaps faster drainage or perhaps not. One species has always failed for Mr. Everett, although he credits our Jim Roof with giving him a tip which Mr. Everett hopes will prove the key to success in the fhture.

Discovery of the means for keeping a native alive in cultivation is. likely to be the result of shrewd analysis of both micro- and macro-ecological conditions under which the plants were originally found grovring successfully in the wild. Even so, in extremely difficult cases, success my came only after yeaxe of pains- taking trial and error coupled with careful record keeping. Such a process,is quite unsuited to gardens on an enormous scale, for it re- quires much attention to individual plants, both in observation and in care. THE REGIONAL PARKS BOTANICAL GARDEN 15 THE REGIONAL PARKS BOTANIC GARDEN IN TILDEN PARK IN TILDEN PARK

ll.ogl.c.ssill During the ninctccn-thirties the rcality. Fortunately, both public cvcry way possible. Had it not bccn the arcas around the I~ililrlir~gsoi for August Vollmcr, thr budding rc*scarch branch of thc Uriitcd States agencies wcrc agreeable to the coop- Lake 'I'cl~~csc~~lllar~tc.cltlic. rc.clwootl jir.ovc. \vI~ic.li 1:orcst Scrvicx-; Profcssor I I;~rryShep- I)ul.in~tliv c.ourse- of the- work, n ~~~c~its,all to 110 avail. Fi~~ally,ill forir~sthe. 1)rcscnt I(.(.- agrrcmcnt with thc East Day lie- and Profcssor of Criminology at both the Gardcn, dividcd into thrrc crews, tion was quite thoroughly lost! ~\\.illy gional Park District. Thc Forcst the Univcrsity of California in Berk- each headed hy a supervising forc- to the rapidly rc.turning ovcrgro\\.tll Service had its superb collcction of rlry and the Univcrsity of Miami in man. of weedy coyote brush, to unrc.stric.tcd nativc plants, all in containers and Florida. Vollrncr, in his last years on Incidentally, during this rarly deer browsing, and to the artivitirs easily ~novcablc.If the licgional Park the District's Board, became the real lwriod ( 1940-1942), Inany thousands of plant thieves. A rasing slol)c Iirc. District would provide the land, a "father of thc botanic gardcn," srr- of thc plants fro111 the Forcst Servicc in 1953 clcancd out n~ostof its I.(.- botanic garden could easily bccornc a ing it safely through its carly diffi- nurscrics wcrc used in the planting of maining plant spec.ics. l( ~~~:~t~t.;.~rl;~.;rI.-..l -.I-,.,l 16 CALIFORNIA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY JOURNAL ol Yucca ruhipl)lei in the dcscrt can- thc mountain rncadow and thr upper yolr, :\~rtlill :I g~.ovc.of I;orl>c.s c,yl)rc*ss lic~d~ootl~I.OVV.It tooli t~lltil 111t' along tlir rc.sc.rvc.'s c.c.l~tral1)atlt. Still rniddlt! ol 191.7 to ac.cor~~plisllthat to be lound in the cypress grove arc much. :i lcbw surviving shrubs ol hush rue, In 1917 Mr. Iiool' got an assist;lrit, (,'ncoi.i(lii~r/~~I.LL~L(I.Y~TIL,a tiativ(- of Iiobc-rt Ow(-11,who was to stay with scaward San llicgo County. Hcrc: and him until Novcmbcr ol 1962. Frolrl thcrc in the botanic rcscrvc may bc 1948 on, through a scrics of cxcccd- srcn a shrub or two of Rhus ovata ingly laborious ycars, Mr. Roof and and, at one ~)lac,c.,two fine trees ol Mr. Owcri had the assistance ol only l)ig:-c.onc*S~XLI(:~, Psn~~clotsu,~a nlacro- a lcw hclpcrs, niost of thun young ccr~.l~a,,have 1)c.rsistt.d. It-llows. Mr. liool rc~11ic.1111)c.r~;ill oL 1;or six 11101it11saft(*r I'(*;irl I 1;11~I)or, tlit-111 wit11 pricl(*. 'l'l~(-ywvrr ri~ostly hlr. lioof contiriuc-d his work witli high school or coll(.gt. I)oys, and the the lIris longipetala is in blossom in thev wcathcr) to turn on thc garden's since gonr on to solid achicvcmcnts lower right hand corner and Ceanothus blossoms are evident by the light colors in thce- large: 11owcr Il(*ads. 'l'his wat(*riiig in various aspects of c.oiisc.rvation - bushes left of center on the other side of the path. work and havk takcn up stations in . . kcl~tthe basic: t.rcc and shrub plant- ' ing~alive, and undoubtcdly saved various parts of the world, including thc gardcn. Africa and thc Middlc East. Mr. Roof camc home from Army Post-war work at thc Botanic Gar- scrvicc in Europc in Novcmbcr of den was fraught with hrartbrcaking 1945 and returned to work at the difficulty. It took from 1946 to 1950 'I'ildcn Botanic Gardcn in February to clear the wcst sidc of the Gardcn, irnprovcd rncthod was so successful ity of fast-moving individuals, si~~iil;lr of 1946. Although the Garden's basic from the west road down to Wildcat that it took only two ycars, 1951-52, to those used bv thc Audubon S0c.ic.t~ plantings had bcen saved, during thc Crcrk. For a time it secmed 3s if that to clcar the castcrn half of the in the case of thrratcncd bird-s11c.c.irs. four wars ycars thc Gardcn had rc- scctor would be thc maximum Botanic Gardcn from Wildcat Crcck "Thc plants can't wait," Mr. Ic,rt of carc. All of ficicmt time. for the sr~iall (:;II.~(.II work alone and succccdcd in clcaring dicscl oil on pcrcnnial wccds. 'l'his this rc:cluircs tllc training and 111ol)il- stall' to cmgacc iri suc,ti r)l;~rlt-c.oll(.c.t- .. . r -- - 5." .----.-1 -. -- _,- / 0 .------.- z=?= :- - -- 3.T- I - zz s- cc- -- +-/.- -2 s 2 c.? 5 . Yzs-- > z.z<- - -- $ 2.; 2 s c x.- 3 j< 2 -=,s3 .-+c 2 $ d tT: -> 2.z c .- C 3 b-c_ zc;

g .g .5 7

V, XY c C 0 -2,no 3 ESS 20 CALIFORNIA HORTICULlWRAL SOCIETY JOURNAL THE REGIONAL PARKS BOTANICAL GARDEN IN TILDEN PARK G:~tc%Ix-i~~g situnt(.d orlly n li~tlcovc-r I~LIIIII)I.~.'1'11(*k1.y to LIII.S(* IILIIIII)(.I.Sis ~V(~I~~IXY.IISivl~i(,l~giv(, I.;I(,II ~:II(I(.II k.11111ilcsdue ~-c.stwal.d),;11lc1 I)y 111~ ,- closer proximity of San Francisc:~ one ti~ncin cultivation in the Kc- 1 i~ic.lud(*dwithin a book cntitlrd, sc.c:tion its distinc.tivc. lr;~~~~(.ii.o~.Ii.'I 111. Bay (as long as it remains unfilled!). gional Parks Botanic Garden are "Guide to the Plant Species of the Sicrran Mradows Section is p:i~'tic'~~- Bensonia oregona, known in Califor- Rrgional Parks Botanic: Garden." larly notable Tor its o~itstalldingc.01- Among nativc spccics succcssfully i 'I'hc book is lor sale at thc Gardcn, 1cc:tion ol true lirs, ~ialit~.c~li\.oocls. c.ulturcd hcrc, inany of whicli arc not nia only from a boggy lakc on I3ald \ Mountain, southcast ol Korbcl, Hunl- at a cost ol two dollars plus tax." three grows or clii;~kins;~sl)c.r~.:II1t1 I cultivated clscwhcrr, arc Oval-leaf 'I'licr plants in the Gardcn art: now nunlcrous othcr ~,larlt s1)c.c.ic.s Ir-orI I Wintergreen (Gaultheria ovatifolia) ; boldt County (and known only frorr~ one other sitc, that of its disc:overy, hving lab(.llcd in placc -a program California's high Sicma. 'l'llc asl)(:ll Alpinc Wintcrgrccn ( G. humifusa) ; that will takc sornc tirnc to cornplcte, grovcs arc horticultural "li~~sts,"LIII- Sicrra Wax Myrtle (Myrica Hart- in the mountains of Curry County, Orcgon) ; and Tetracoccus ilicifolia but onc which will bc prosec:utrd usual in the Bay Arc*a, a~id;II.(, ;I wegii) ; Sicrra Dwarf Hucklcbcrry ! with all possiblc dispatch. constant dclight to visitors at ally (Vaccinium nivictum, formcrly rc- (Hollylcaf l'etracoccus) from ncar Aguerrcbcrry Point in thc Panamint ~ 'I'hc Botanic Garden oficrs a ycar- scason. All of the Garden's sl)('(.irtl('l~~ fcrred to V. caespitosum) ; Santa I long display of colorlul California arc beautifully 1a11dsc.nl)c.d illto its Rosa Island Sage (Saluia Brandegci) ; Mountains of Dcath Vallcy National Monumcnt. Both thesc spccics werc 1 trees. Of spccial intcrcst arc thosc pleasant canyon srtting. California Crossosoma (Crossosoma I californicum) ; Island Bush Poppy growing successfully in the gardcn for many years, having persisted until *('There is n copy in tlre Calilorr~inkIo~~tic.ulturnlSociety's lil,rary) (Dendromecon Harfordii) ; Pal~ncr 1 Oak (Quercus Palmeri) ; Morcno rnid-1962. Ell'orts will bc made in thc ncar future to replacc thcm. Dam Currant (Ribes canthariforme) ; Wcstcrn Ycw (Taxus breuifolia) ; Morc rcccntly, Mr. Roof has ac- 1)c.c.r Oak of thc Siskiyou Mountains quired so~r~chealthy spcc:ill~c:~lsof I jamesia americana var. californica, (Quercus Sadleriat~a); Blackfruit Fig. 2. The Sierran Meadow in the Tilden Park Botanic Garden, in early spring. g Ilopood - (Cornus sessilis) Giant a pink-flowcrcd shrub rclatcd to Phil- i Q l%oykinia (Boykil~ia major) ; Sitka adclphus (and only rarely previously Aldcr (Alxus sinuata) ; Oval-leaf culturrd), which is seen by Illany a Mitella (Mitella oualis) ; and Wcst- Sicrra Club hiker on thc granite ern Burning Bush (Euonymus occi- cliffs of the high southcrn Sicrra dentalis). Two spccics of pincs which Nevada. The Gardcn's s~ecimens have without doubt ncvcr bccn suc- wcrc takcn from pcrhaps thc north- ccssfully grown "in captivity" and ern limits of its range, in the drain- which havc bccn thriving for many age of Convict Crcek, on the eastern yrars at thc Regional Parks Botanic escarpment of the Sierra in Mono Garden are the foxtail pine (Pinus County. Balfouriana) and the famed bristle- To display thc plant spccics in thc cone pine (P. aristata). This lattcr most meaningful way, the Botanic is common enough in the highcr alti- Gardcn is divided into sevcn scc- tudes of thc Rockics but in California tions: the Dcscrt Scction, thr Shasta it is confincd to thc highcr portions Srction, the Foothill Scction, the of the Whitc, Inyo, Panamint, Fun- Santa Lucia Scction, the Channel eral and Grapevine mountains of our Island Scction, thc Sierran Meadows cstrcnlc southwcstrrn dc-sert regions. Scction, and the Redwood Scction. Outstanding arnong spccics which Earh of thcsc. scctions rrprcscnts a llavr been rxtrr~lliliatedill the wild large' and distinctive natural area or by man's cncroachments, and which California. When a plant spccics is have been saved from this fatc by collcctcd in one of thesc natural Mr. Roof is the San Francisco man- areas in the wild, it is set, in accord- zanita (Arct~staph~losfranciscana) . ance with Mr. Roof's garden plan, in This was formerly a dcnizcn of its corrcsponding scction in the Bot- Laurel Hill Crmctcry but the sitc is anic Gardcn. now occupicd by rcsidcnccs and com- Each plant-marking stake in the mercial buildings. Other very rarc Botanic Gardcn bcars a stcncillcd w

CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY JMIY 1971 . .. c . . . . . , , ,% ;: ' 4' r*. :! .%,< ,, 3 *i( , ? :.;. $ $ <,? ,v * ? At : . . , . . EDITORIAL' ., . C . < : :.,* %!, ;-' 5 2 i<,&> CNPS has been an organization which has,for the most part, relied on its members to provide it with necessary services. At one time the society experienced a finmcial cridis. I$ members had not'workd at that time, there would not be a t 9 CATS now. ,. There ace no lokge; my financial problens for the Society, the treasurety is sound. There is, rather the problem of how best to spend the Society"s money. Should it be for more services for the membership or to more directly aid conservation? We would feel that membership should come first. but that direct aid to conservation causes should also receive some of the monies. We are pmnd that the Board has allocated funds in thls way, see Letters. P.17. The reason members should come first is not simply that they pay dues d deserve a return. but rather that we need an active enthusiastic membership if we ae to grow and be an effective conservation force. hloney, however. will not buy active members. The bard has funded a monthly news publication. It has not yet been fully imple mented because it does not have a regular editor. The San Francisco Bay Area has no chapter of its own because no one has come forward to organize one. Yet we thinlc it is clear that the members ate enthusiastic and very willing to work. Witness the plant sale, "pot parties: the wildflower show, writing done br the Newsletter, and leaders of field trips We ate all relucta'nt to volunteer br an unknown job. lxlt it is equally difficult to draw-up a full list of jobs which the Society could use help with. It is unlikely that there is any activity of the Society that could not benefit from more help. What do you or can you do that the Society now has someone doing? Typing, organizing,editing, lead field trips, black and white photograpl~y,att work, grow plants. or drive people or plants to Society activities?

One activity that is particularly useful is constructite criticism, and while the co~~slruclicekind always comes with more difficulty, most of us ace good at miticism. Tell us if you like the Newsletter. Tell us about the fonnaf, but see "Apologies" on page 2, VJould a smaller format, say 7"x loJ3be as good? What about the type faces we have used, ordinary typewriter is faster, but headlines and other art work amount to very little extra work. Economy is not worth shabbiness, but speed may be worth the sacrifice of some quality.

CALIFORNlA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY Membership Application Blank MEMBERSHIP - Check One Detach and mail Individual, $6 NAME -. application to: ~amil~,$8 ADDRESS Treasurer, CNPS 17 Student, $4.50 2490 Channing Way : hciety, Club, etc. $8 u CITY, STATE Berkeley .z I P Other classes of membership California 94704 are available. Special Interest Contributions are deductible for tax purposes. Chapter Affilidtion

Payment of is enclosed. Newsletter

V 01. VII, No. 2 July 1971 CONTENTS

3 Flora and Vegetation of Western Son Joaquin Volley Emcst Twisselmann 11 Agricultur~lChemicals Symposium 18 rlph Kurtzrnan 12 Haven's Neck I Four Views George E. Lindsay EDITED ond PUBLISHED by tho II Ih Approi-I L.nwall Sumner AD HOC NEWSLETTER COMMIT1 EE 111 A Possible Preserve Robert 'r. Orr BOARD OF GlRECTORS IV Unique Botanical Area Honorary Prosidont 15 With the Help of Plants Ronald A. Ruano Lortw Rewncro. Prerident 17 Lettus G. Ledy adStabbins Vico-Pro~idb~t 17 Exhibit at Heather Farm Leonora Strohmaier Jamos E. Rod Recording Socrotory 18 Field Trip Reports Alice Howwd Corresponding Secretary 19 Hi* Pinnacles Trip Caml Weieke Lowonco Hockad Tronuru 19 Wlldtlo~lShow Marsaret MrKibban Wayno Sowago Chapter Pros,donts 20 Galls in Native Oaks Susan FrugC Gvalola Jean Rand 20 Propagation by Cuttings William Dietrich Monteroy Bay Kon Toylor North Coast Janos Wotus Sacramonto Vdloy George Dobbins San Lubr Olrlrpo County Dirk WJtrs Othu Dlroccors Paul Bodgor Newslettu has no notebook holes in this issue because of a Horace K. Burr misundustrrding that resulted in the type aveting the entire 9enny Flernlng page on dl pages with typewriter type. No one person was Susan Frugd Gundu Hofto responsible for this, but we are all trJy sarry. Woltor Knight Ralph Kurtamon Don't be alp4if you have mt yet received Vol. VII, No. 1, Donald Lynch we are trying to get Newsletter back on schedule, but there Robert Ornduff Wayno Roderlck is still some confusion. Colion Snobele Caol Wsisko

COVER PHOTO NEW $LETTER is the official quartedy publication of the Old St. Hlary's Historic Preserve California Native Plant Sciety, 2490 Channing Way, in Tiburon was the site of a field Berkeley, California 94704. It is sent without additional charge to all members.of the Society. Application Qr trip on April 17. The Society has membership should be sent to the California Native Plant contributed almost $3,000 to aid Society at the above ackkess, together with the appropriate the preservation of wildflowers there. dues: Indiiidual $6, Family $8, Student $4.50, clubs, Photo by Erwin Strohmaisr etc. $8, Life $250, Gntributionsate tax deductible. 2 Introduction to the

FLORA and vegetation of WEST IOAQ

VAL By Ernest Twisselmann

The best introduction to the b0t~nyof Kern County's Temblor Range has never had the wide circulstion it deserves. In February of 1968 Ernest Twisselmenn of Cholarne wrote the following article for the American Associetion of Petroleum Geologists and it was published in the journal of that organization. The arti- cle deserves more widespread distribution, especially to members of the C.N.P.S, If we can overlook the references to oil and geology, it seems almost as if the article were written for us alone. With the author's gracious permission, the --ad hoc editorial committee takes great pride in belatedly placing this article In its true spiritual home, Those of our members who experienced the hospitality of the Twisselmanns, both Ernest ~ndCarl, last April 5th and 6th, will fondly recognize the geographic names in this article--Chic0 Martinez Canyon, Carrizo Plain, Temblor Canyon, Car- neros Rocks, etc. For those who unfortunately missed that unforgettable trip, I will say that this is the classical and indispensible introduction to the bot- any of an entire mountain range and the border of the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, --James B.' Roof When one writes of the flora and veget~tlonof the Western San Joaquin Valley and the neiahboring Temblor Ranae for visitors from other regions, almost automati- cally Mary Austin's wsrning, written long ago, comes to mind: "You will do well to avoid that range unconforted by singing: floods. You will find it f0FS~kenof most thinqs but beauty, and madness and death and God. Many such ranges auicken the imaqlnation with a sense of purposes not revealed, but the ordinary traveller brings nothing away from them but ~n intolerable thirst. tt It is safe to assume, I think, that the members of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists are anything but ordinnry travellers. So it is a pleasure to introduce you to the flora and vegetation of one of California's lends of little rain. 3 >B 8 -

Except briefly during spring, the route :;u will follow does, indeed, have lit$& of interest for Mrs. Austinfs casual visitor. &It, for the perceptive, the toup .7 traverses an unusual and perhaps even uniaue region that presents a diversity of botanical and other phenomena with varied and of ten profound implications for ot:Mr fields and discf~lfnes. These seemingly monotonous plains and arid hills can rich- ly rew~rdthe enaitirinq mind. With diverse soils, unstable climate, and history or ranid snd continuinq geological change, they are a singularly rich laboratory for the student of plant miqration, evolution, and adaptation. The flora is not~bletor its ravid and continuinq development in response to in- cressina aridlty. This process began, at least in the region the plants now oeca- py, no e~rlierthan the Pliocene, when the entire region was submerged. Since that time, except for possible interruptions during the wetter and cooler periods dmfng the Pleistocene, the California flora has developed as an assemblage of plants ad- apted to rapid growth in winter and tolerance for d~outh,erratdc elfmate, and ffre, Much of this highly specialized plant assemblage developed in the klqhlands of northwest Mexico in the Tertiary and slowly migrated to the northwest. However, other species evolved through natural selection from ancestral boreal species in response to increasing aridity, a process that is actively continuing. A few originated as hybrids: these have drouth tolerant qualities possessed by neither , of their ancient parents. Some of these ancestral plants that 3nce grew together- are now widely separated, others are extinct. Finally, a few, even in the arid ,*.. San Joaauin Valley and the Temblor Range, are not adapted to dnsouth and survive mly in very local highly favorable places. , The trend toward dryness has greatly accelerated since the close of the ~leistocene; considerable data supports the theory that the present extremely arid climate dev- slobed only fn the last 1200 years. Evidence of this recently increased aridity fs the relict flor~of the Temblor Range. Shrubs that ere common in the Coast Ranges to the west sre often represented in the Temblor by only one or two isolated usu-, senescent colonies. These include the holly-leaved cherries (munus ilicifa- an the Temblor Canyon, woolly yerba santa (Eriodictyon tomentosum) thst reach- 9s its southwestern limits on Ross Ridge, and the only Kern County occurrence of- ;wo widespread coastal shrubs rind one tree: the colony of Californfa gooseberries :Ribes clslifornicum) at Joe Messa Spring at the head of Black CanY--*in,the old 'un~us-ridden colony of toyon or Christmas berry (Photinia arbut%f'ijlla in Don's ' :anyon, a fork of Ceder Canyon, end the grove of coastal live oti!i+~{Quercus agri- 'olia) at Bill Little Spring in upper Chico Martinez Canyon. The original roots:,' ~f the Bill Little oaks form m platform well above the present soil level, a measl~ We of wind and other erosion during the life of the trees, ass obvious although of far greater significance are a group of plants restricted o a narrow climatic belt along the lower eastern slops of the inner south Coast. tanges that extends far to the north, terminating at Corral Hollow in distant .lameda County. Cytogenetic and other studies show that these plants, typically maller in all parts than the same species at only slightly higher and moister levations, are not depauperate merely beaause of scant moisture but are the px?o--. uct of genetic drift, in which new speaies slowly develop from old ones, Many & he changes are not visible to the naked eye, but a few plants, suoh as the Tern- lor clerkla (Clarkie tembloriensis ) have already emerged as distinot specie8 with ell est~blishedfertility barriers separating them from the alosely related ~eciesfrom which they evolved. lus, the nrid flora of the region is riah in evolutionary significance; a fulle~l ~derstnndingof the processes at work will have widespread impliartion8 not orVwz ,r the botanist but in all fields of biology. le vegetation of the San Joaquin Valley and the lower portion8 of the 8urrounding$ lnges is extremely xeria or drouth tolerant. Weather and alimate, rather than , 111sor other factors, are by far the moat important faators determining lta & character. As a result, it is a region of winter annuals that grow rapidly, flow- er early, and mature quickly. All of these are traits that enable the vegetation to use the scant rainfall to the greatest possible advantage, The native plants are largely colorful annuals, such as the sQ lupine (Lupinus nanus var. menkerae) that once formed a blanket of blue covering several thousand acres In the Arvin reaion southeast of Bakersfield, California poppy (Eschscholzia californica ), and the cheerful little yellow daisy, goldfields (Baeria chrysostoma 1, and many others. The native flora wns ~reatlysupplemented soon after the coming of the white man by accidentally introduced annuals from the arid regions about the Mediterranean; several of the most common ~lantswere originally immigrants. These include slen- der wild oats (Avena barbata ): the valuable little Arabian or sheep grass (Schismus arabicua); thst economic mainstay of the livestock industry, red-stemmed filaree (Erodium cicut~rium);and Russian-thistle (Salsola pestifera) (the summer weed widely but erroneously called "tumble weedt1 in Kern County, that is only in part Russian and not at all a thistle ); and the two most common grasses, common foxtail (Hordeurn glaucum) and red brome (Bromus rubens 1. Of these, Arabian grass has special interest. This importent little grass was first found in California in the Kettlemen Hills in the 1930'8. While its exact mode of arrival is unknown, even that long ago Kettlemen Hills hed oil workers who travelled to the Near East and may have carried the seed home in their gear, Botanists had long wondered how the Mediterranean annuals could have spread so rapidly and become so thoroughly established so soon after the expeditions of the first Spanish explorers. The spread of Arabian grass furnishes an answer; it con- tinued to be known only as a rare weed until the great drouth that persisted thr- ough the late 1940's. This extended dry period was highly favorable for this non- competitive but extremely drouth resistant annual of the dunes of the Near Eastern deserts. In a few short years, the species literally exploded and became common over hundreds of thousands of acres of arid California, Arizona, and northwestern Mexico where It is now an established and economically important part of the vegetation. However, most of the annual plants of the upper San Joaquin Valley and the Temblor Range are not adapted to active growth in dry soil, unlike such true desert plants as the cacti of North America and the euphorbias of Africa, few have special mois- ture conaervlnq mechenisma. They succeed In this arid land by their ability to aake rapid qrowth in the brief periods of favorable moisture and by intricate and not fully understood mechanisms that allow germination to take place in any favorable time but on a selective basis that insures against disaster for the spec- ies, whatever may happen to the unfortunate seedlings caught in an extended drouth, Some seeds will r~erminatewith a half inch of rain; another group with an inch, nnd yet another following a two inch storm. Similarly, some will germinate only nfter warm rains, others only during cold storms, Thus, if drouth or other unfav- 3rable conditions wipe out one crop, another and still another Is always assured. It Is said the soil at any time has a fifty year supply of wild oat seed.

A few annuals are true xerophytes and thrive In seemingly dry 8011. Your trip will take you down Chlco Martinez Canyon, the home of the few known colonies and the type locality of the annual Temblor buckwheat (Eriogonum temblorenee) (located along the Carl Twisselmann ranch road on the east side of the canyon). Phis annual geminates late, grows after all the other plants have dried and Plowers when the bleak Chico Martinez slopes are at their most forbidding, If me accepts the dicta of plant physiologists, no plant can make active growth in soil so lacking in moisture as the slopes where this plant rowa. (It is evident the buckwhe~thas not read the books or heard the lectures.? While it is not known ror sure that the plant requires shale, at least five of the six known coloniea do xcur in fractured beds or in talus slides of this mck. Another plant that hns evolved a remarkable method for coping with drouth is the sypsum lnrks~ur(9el~hjnium gypsophilum) (a misnamed plant that has no p~rtiaular 5 preference for gypseous soils), a perer .i 1 with tall white flowering stalks. Its venomous qualities make it the leading livestock killer of the region. Instead of growing and wilting in dry years, this tough-rooted perennial survives by its ability to remain dormant over long periods, forming leaves only in response to safe levels of soil moisture. During the great drouth of the 1940's steked plants at Oliq (near McKittrick) failed to form even basal leaves for eight years; the ninth year had qood rains and the plants formed basal rosette leaves before with- ering; 1952 was meterologically a vintaqe year; the marked plants grew flowering stalks more than two and one-half feet tall.

The California shrubby flora, which you will barely reach on your loop from Car- neros Rocks to Chico Martinez Canyon, is not only xerophytic, or drouth adapted, it is also pyrophytic, or adapted to fire, This is especially true of the vast ex- panses of chaparral in the Coast Ranges, a vegetation rather feebly represented at the higher elevations of Messa Ridge, Most of the many chaparral species are shrubs that grow rapidly and are relatively short lived. Many are fnvigorated by fire and new growth from the roots of burned plants is prompt and vigorous, Fire- killed species have seed that germinates only after exposure to fire; seedlings that have not been seen for decades sprout prolifically following the first rain after a brush burn. Flnally, the vegetation is superbly adapted to grazing, even f airiy heavy grazing. This is essential to encourage both the economically valuable as well as the sci- entifically interesting native plants. Poorly grazed lands are quickly taken over by such weedy annuals as rip-gut (Bromus rigidus), wild oats (Avena barbata) and (A,fatua), and various weedy members of the mustard family. This is not surprising when one considers the very large number of San Joaquin antelope and tule elk that roamed the region in primitive times, as well as the impact of grazing of animals that became extinct only during the late Pleistocene or perhaps even more recently. The devastating grazing common during prehistoric drouths can easily be imagined if one recalls that the mechanics of population control for the elk and antelope in such times was simple starvstion. The soils of the region are almost entirely derived from sedimentery rocks and are most rich and fertile. In arid regions, the nstive flora has a tolerance for a wide range of edaphic conditions; in regions with more rainfall plents can afford to be more demanding of their habitat. Thus, there are only a few ~lantswith ~bligatoryspecialized soil requirements, The most obvious of tfiese are the plants ~f alkali sinks that require sodium chloride or other alkaline salts; these are usually shrubby perennials with fleshy leaves. However, experiment a1 plantings show that moat of those that are found only in certain kinds of soil are not restricted because of any highly specialized soil needs but because they are unable to compete wfth the fast growing plants that are at home in better or richer aoils. me is true of many of the plants of the alkali sinks that do not have fleshy Leaves, including almost all of the "alkali" annuals as well as most of the annuals mually found on shale or sandstone with little top soil and those that seem to iemend the peculiar qualities of gypseous soils. These gypsum-tolerating plants !nclude one of the several local species of fireweed or fiddleneck (Ameinckia :aesellata 9, San Joaquin blazing star (Mentzelia pectinat a 1, whicn color many !lopes a rich eoppery yellow when other plants have begun to dry, and yellow-flower [Mentzelia dispersa 1, which ia especially common in grain fields or other disturbed )lace8 with gypsum-benring soil. Knowledge is lacking, but it seems certain most iative pl~ntshave a tolerance for boron far greater that that of mmy commercial lomestic plants; this may have complex implications for tbse developing farm lands .n the new west-side irrigation districts. kt, unlike that of many other regions, the flora is oriented to its need to cope dth an unpredictable supply of moisture. While many species are especially adap- ;ed for growth in soil with good, fair, or poor drainage, it doesn't usually seem o be of critical importance what sort of soil or rocks affords this drainage. 6 In summary, the reqion has an annual flora and vegetation, often colorful when in bloom, that is superbly adapted to the erratic climatic conditions of the region. Although pnrt of it evolved from the Tertiary boreal flora thet has now retreated to cooler moister regions, the greater part is derived from ancestral species that mi~rntedfrom fnr to the southeast, It is somethinsf of a challenge on a cold frosty day in mid-December to predict what floral displays will greet you in late March. Early rains give promise of the possibill ty of a spectacular spring, such as those of 1952 and 1958. On the other hand, e~rlyrains pre often portents of extended drouths to come. But it is pleasant on this wintry day to think large thoughts and assume the hills will be a blaze of color for your visit. It is of course, impossible to discuss or even list the approximately 844 kinds of plants that grow along your route. So all that will be attempted here is to note some of the more colorful or interesting ones, With this as an introduction, perhaps you will be inspired to get a copy of one of the references in the bibliography and come back another day for a holiday from geology as you become more intimately acquainted with the flora, The only widespread shrub on the valley plains is the common salt bush triplex polycarpa), in Kern County widely but wrongly called sagebrush (a plant not at all closely related to salt bush). This is the dominant shrub of the hwer Sonoran Life Zone in the upper San Joaquin Valley (and much of the arid southwest ). It is the most important browse plant in its range for livestock, exceeding even alfalfa in protein content, is an excellent soil holder in "blow" areas, and is vital for food and cover for wild life, This true desert shrub can endure the dryest of solla, becoming doment not seasonally but *en soil moisture is no longer available. On the other hand, in times or places with ample moisture, it grows luxurinntly. Just as most garden shrubs benefit. from pruning, so do those in the wild from browsing by wild animals or domestic livestock. Thus, salt bush is an important element in the reqion rs renqe economy, The first flower you will see in abundance when you leave the farm lands west of Buttonwillow is the cheerful little bright yellow daisy-like gold fields ( ~earia chrysostome), It is common in much of California, tolerating a wide range of soil conditions. Gold fields is a rather poor competitor and thus is at its best in poor lipht soils, even those that are subalkaline, and is especially common follow- ing winters with less than average rainfall. It sometimes fonns small golden blankets in shallow soil pockets on the rocks at Carneros, Red-stemmed filaree (Ebodium cicutarium), a member of the geranium family and native to the deserts about the Mediterranean, was thoroughly naturalized in the San Joaquin long before the first settlers arrived. (John Fremont wrote of its abundance in the dry year of 184.4 in the low foothills between whpt is now Porter- rille and Bakersfield, ) The plant has decumbent to prostrate stems, small rosy pink flowers, and grows virtually everywhere in Kern County below the regions of severe winter cold, It is of prime importance to livestock people because the blant gives exceptional nutrition to the sparse grazing of the arid regions where It grows best when well grazed. Red-atemmed filaree has remarkable ability to fevelop depauper~teseed-benring plant8 in times of drouth; plants 1.5 inches tall 3roRuce viable seeds. However, in highly favorable situations, robust plants with gtems 36 inches lonq develop, 3ky lupine (Lupinus nnnus var, menkerne ), a plant endemic to the upper Sari Joaquin Valley, in qood yews fonns patahes or even fields of bright blue on the higher >lains, It is often abundant near the gate leading to Carneros Rooks. Yo one will need to be introduced to the California poppy, our state flower (Bsuh- mholzia californica), In favorable years, another and much more rare spealer !rows in Chico Martinez Canyon, This Is the plant of relatively barren or roakf oils in the inner aouth Coast Ranges, hmmon poppy (Be lemnonii 1. It urn be dir- ;inguished from the California poppy by its larger yellower petals and the laak 7 of a coll~r(torus rim) below the flowers, In the l.t~htwell-drained soils on the arid hillside and locally on the floor of the valley hundreds of acres ere covered with gray plants with bright yellow daisy- like flowers, These are the hilltop daisy (Monolopia lanceolata ). When one sees this flower in spectacular abundance in a good year on the west side slopes, it Is difficult to believe that phytogeographically it is a plant of limited range, occurring primarily in the south inner Coast Ranges, and much less commonly through the upper San Joaquin Valley, becoming rare at the western borders of the Mojave Desert. Two plants that occur widely in California but reach their greatest abundance on the slopes around the San Joaquin Valley are the common fireweeds or fiddle necks, (Amsinckia douglasiana) and (A. intermedia). These species are about equally common in this region; their ranges thoroughly overlap, The somewhat flowered (A. douglasiana) is primarily a ciamontane plant; (A, intermedia) a desert species. Bath occasionally concentrate nitrates in the first good year followf.ng extended drouths; the results are serious for livestock people. A third amsinckia, (A. vernicoea) is a rare plant; it grows in shale in Chico Martinez Canyon and is occasional in similar places in the south Coast Ranges. This species can be distinguished from the others by its smooth almost glossy leaves end by the much larger flowers, In common with several plants of the interior, its range is probably limited by its extreme sensitivity to mildews prevalent in the less arid regions. One of the striking floral displays at Carneros Rocks ere the mounds of the buff flowers of the interior bush monkey flower (Mplacus calycinus) against the tan sandstone, Interior golden bush (Haplopappus linearifolius) Is also common at Carneros and in the foothills generally; it is a viscid shrubby perennial often covered with yellow daisy-like flowers in the e~rlyspring, Blue-flower (Phacelia ciliata) grows in dense colonies in heavy soils at slightly higher dlevations than your trip will reach, In a good spring, it and the hilltop daisy fdm the spectacular masses of blue and yellow for which the region -isnoted. Blue-flmer prefers heavier soil with less sharp drainage than does the hilltop daisy, As a result, the two often form a pattern with the upper portions of a Mllside brilliant yellow and the lower part solid blue. Beautifu:l designs are often found, sometimes with a pattern of varied checks, lines or angles, all of which are caused by differences in soils, In good years, large colonies of light yellow marigold-like flowers grow in the valley in light sandy soils; these are particularly common between Carneros and Middlewater and in the wind-deposited soils in the Belridge region. This is the wild marigold (Malacothrix californica), closely related to the widespread species that grow in similar 8011s in the Mojave Desert; both are probably recent deriva- tives from the same ancestor (although the Mojave plant also occurs in the valley at such places as Sand Ridge near Edison and at Blackwells Corner, and hybrids between the two have not been observed ),

Parrg mallow (Eremalche parry1 ), known in the west side oil fields as farewell- to-spring, a name generally used for an unrelated plant, is another dweller in rsind-modified soils. TNs plant with prostrate stems blooms after all the other annuals are nearly dry often in great drifts of lavender blue, A white-flowered species, (E, ~ernensisf.probably originally a hybrid between a species now con- rined to the Mojave Desert and Parry mallow, is a rare endemic, known only from mall colonies along Salt Creek south of Belridge and from the Soda Lake region ~f San Luis Obispo County. [n fairly heavy soils with more than average moisture, especially on the flats >elow Carneros Rocks, you may see colonies of owl's clover (Orthocarpus purpuras- :ens ), a plant with dense spikes of rosy-pink flowers. Tom-oat clover (Trlfolim 8 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS SYMPOSIUM MEADOW'S REVENGE By Ralph Kurtzrnan

On Februa~y16 end 17, In Sacrmento, the Dlvislon of AgricuLtursl Science8 of the Wiversitj of California presented a "Sym~osi~m:Agricultural Chemlcala, The opening session w.n8 Hemonj or Macord - fop Food, People, hvironment." entitled; "The need fop egricultural chemicals and it appeared thnt it waa going to be an apology for the use of pesticides. No speakers were announced previously to the start of the Symposium, raising more suspicion. mlng the first session ue were given some honest appraisnls and bombarded with atatistica whlch were outdated end highly questionable, However, one rapeaker, f)r. Adkiason of Texas AMgave us a start by telling us tb-t insecticides had devastated the Mexican cotton crop. His talk set the pace for much of the remining Symposium. One interesting point that was brought out - one which will be especially in- teresting to CHPS members - is that False helibore, Veratrwr californicttm, causes a dise~seof unborn lambs known as nmonkey-face.m When the pregnant eue eats the plant the lamb is grosaly disfigured, Its head begins to look like the mytholo@ca~cyclops, By analogy to Mantezumata Revenge, I suggest we call the Risf igurement of lambs: Meadow ts Revenge. With tongue-in-cheek, I su2qest that all members do what they can to pramate Meadow's Revenge. For the good of conservstion we can carry a pocket full of False helibore seeds with us when we visit the mountaina. When we come to r fragile, unprotected meedow, we would carefully plant the seeds. Thereby we would proteut the meadow in the future by simple biological control - Headow's Revenge. A word of w~rninq: I have no knowledge or other ecological effect8 of planting False helibore lSor of the legelities.

MF. E. Go Hunt, Chief, Wildlife Management Branch, California Department of Fish and Game, told us thnt he was pleased to report that the oonflrmed fish and wildlife kills due to ~esticideswere down this year. He connected the reduced kills closely to the discontlnuation of Azodrin, an organophosphate in cotton fields. DP. J. H. Phillips, Director, Hopkins Marine Stetion, talked about DDT in nerine organisms, He InOicated that the level of DDT in sea lions was lOOOppm in their blubber ~ndbrains, and that the DDT burden in phyto-plank- ton was increasin . The benthos contains the bighest burden of DDT and that there has been a &I%reduction in the algal diversity in the bentho.. Thus at Ugh levels, DDT is acting as a herbicide and endangering algae. Lieutenent Governor Ed Relnecke, gave the after-dinner speech the first evening. It was Btthat time that he announced his ideas for positive navigational con- trol in San Francisco Bay as well as thoughts about the regulrtion of pesticides, dednesday four U. C, entomalogista, Drs. Huffaker,van der Bosch, Reynolds and Seorghiou continued and amplified Dr. Adkiasonts remarks about the loss of :raps due to the extensive use of broad spectrum insecticldea, All of these nen, including 3F. Adkisson emphasized what they called integrated control, lrhich included both biological control and the judicious use of pesticides. ik, iuffaker told of some predltory insects being deprived of a necessary source bf f'eod due to broad spectrum lnsectlcides. DDT causes the death of a predator )f the olive scale, another example of insecticide damage.

)re van der Boseh desaribed how some cotton pests were actually turned on by tae of an insecticide, Cygon. The number of pest species increased wlth the ~pplicationof the inseetlclds in July. Dr. Reynolds said that multlpls appli- !ation of bmed spectrum inseeticides are most likely to cause an i~icseesein 'esiatance, 11 Dr, Georghiou, stated that 26 species of Anopheles, the malaria mosquib, now are resistsnt to DDT, even more are resistant to Dieldrin. Halethion is now being used, but they ere becoming resistant to it. Malsria may thus sp~ead. Fortunstely the Anopheles comon to California, the rice field mosquito, is not yet resistant. However, we are not so fortunate with the encephalitis mosquito, it is becominq re~istant. He a180 emphasized Dr, Reynold's statement that more insecticide increases resistence, by saying that the fewer the survivors, the faster the resistance increases, He has discovered that new inaecticidea tend to maintain the resistance to the withdrawn insecticides even though they are unrelated, It would appenr thet little good has been done by the ulthdrawal of D3Te The insecticides which have replaced it are for the most part'more toxic, Fortun- ately, some ere apparently less persistant, Pgrethrum, which is extracted from a South Af'rican Chrysanthemum, is one of the very few insecticides which have not shown any tendency to induce resistance in inaecta,

Haven's Neck I - FOUR VIEWS OF ENDANGERED HAVEN'S NECK, MENDOCINO COUNTY By George E. Lindsay, Director California Academy of Sciences On October 15, 1966, it was my privilege to examine the peninsula and adjacent coastal headland known as Havents Neck, in the company of a group of distinguished scientists and conservationists, Havents Neck 1s a unique feature of the landscape, entirely unspoiled and underel- oped except for a graded road and some necessary erosion control in the narrowest part of the peninsula, Natural forest, grassland, and brush cover remain intaot, Windshaped Bishop pines and other coastal trees and shrubs grow among the prominent boulders on the point, as well as on the shoulders of the peninsula. Offshore rocks and islets, sand beaches, and rocky shores provide a variety of habitats for luxuriant growths of algae an'd a rich intertidal fauna, The esthetic value of Havents Neck is geat. It is the kind of area which should be preserved for the enjoyment of all people in the future. It might be developed into a limited use natural preserve, on the order of PoSbt Inbos, It should not be developed into a recreational area for oamping, beach fires, pionics, etc,, because such use would destroy its principal scientific value, that of an undis- turbed bit of original habitat, The protection of Havent8 Neck a8 a strict nature preserve would permit its perpet- ual use for those scientific studies for which it is suited, It would be wasted if buildings were constructed, There are ample marine laborato ry faoilitiea in other areas, But the preservetion of Havents Neck as an undisturbed preserve would pernit those eoological and related studies for which it is fitted,

I - AN APPRAISAL OF HAVEN'S NECK, NORTH CENTRAL CALIFORNIA 3y Lowell Sumner, Research Bi dogist National Park Service Ws urea waa visited by the writer Oatober 15, 1966, vlth Mr. George I. Oolllnr md Mrs. Doris F. Leonard of Conservation Asmciates, Ddreotor Oaome Llnduay and ~ssociateDlreotor Robert T. Om' of the California &adsmy of Salenoer, Xr. (H1 ?hapson of the California Department of Fish and Oupe, and other intereded per- sons, to appraise its scientific as well as its scenic importance as an unspoiled remnant of wild Calif orni a coastline,

An immerlsely varied geography and climate are responsible for California cs wide variety of unique scenery and habitat--which in turn are characterized by a greater variety of unusual and geographically limited kinds of vegetation than are to be found in my other equiv~lentextent of' territory in North America, As one drives from north t o south along the coast, climate, geography, vegetation and scenbry are so ever-changing thet one hundred samples of this coastline, for example, if spaced a few miles apart, might be scarcely sufficient to adequately represent all the significantly different kinds of vegetation and habitat that would be encoun- tered between Oregon and. Baja California, This is by way of emphasizing that the magnificent scenery and the local vegetation complex at Havenb Neck apparently are a sufficiently unique combination as to be insufficiently represented in exiat- Lng State parklands situated to the north and south. This magnificence, variety, and uniqueness of the California scene are what have nade the State world-fmous, and have attracted such immense numbers of visitors and permanent residents, But this very attraction of great numbers, as nearly everyone now realizes, threatens to destroy the essential qualities which brought people to California in the first place, and this is particularly true of the 3oastal regions of the State, It will be a aorry situation, indeed, if not enough remnants of the original California are spared by those who got there first, to Dreserve for future residents and visitors a reasonable sample of those qualities lrhlch draw people to the Btate. The threat d real estate development on Havents Neck perfectly illustrates the danger that besets the California coastline almost 3verywhere.

Re animal life of this particular region is fairly widely distributed and is not as unique as the plant life, which is more closely dependent upon local climatic md geographical factors, Thus the botanical features and the topography are the 3rincipal ingredients which make this area unique, and these are best catalogued 3y a botanist, if additional supporting detail is needed,

111 - HAVEN'S NECK AS A POSSIBLE PRESERVE By Robert T. Orr California Academy of Sciences In October 15, 1966, a visit was made to Havents Neck, Mendocino County, wi th Mr, 3eorge L. Collins and Mrs. Doris F, Leonard of Conservation Associates, Pir, Thomp- Ion of the California Department of Fish and Game, Mr, E, Lowell Smer of the T. S, National Park Service, Mr. Meyer, Superintendent of Schools for Petaluma, md Mra, Meyer, Mr, and Mrs. Al hstua of Anchor Bey, Dr, George E, Lindsay, Xrector of the California Academy of Sciences, and Mrs. Dorothy B. Orr. Some bf us had followed the California coast line from the mouth of the Russian River ;o Havents Neck in the morning and later that day continued northwazd to Fort bagg, thia providing a proper perspective for the area here discussed, Lavents Neck, situated at the extreme aouthern end of Mendocino County a few miles ~orthof the town of malala, comprises e projedting headland of great beauty, t teminatee, on the seaward end, in a seriers of exposed sedimentary rocka whose urf aces are beautifully aculpturod into pothole s, YYlmdbl~wnBishop pines hug he rocky aurfacea of the landward aide of these abutments, Havents Neck narmws own to an idhmua before joining the a djacent co astal plain, To the southward re jutting rocka of considerable size which pmvi de a haven for California sea ions, We noted fifty at the time of our visit, One sea lion was also seen on he beach along the north side of Havenfa Neck ltaelf, Apart from the intrinsic beauty of this ~rea,it has other potential values, There are many coastal plants endemic to western Sonoma and Mendocino Counties which sre found nowhere else in the world, They depend upon fog, wind, and the var3ous other characteristics of a coastal headland for their existence, Some of these are undoubtedly to be found on Havents Neck at the proper season of the year, although they are by no means restricted to this particular piece of land, There are, however, no sanctuaries in which such species might be preserved along the coasts of these two counties, While the State Park system does have extensive holdings in Sonoma County, consisting of the Sonoma Coast State Parks, they are utilized by thousands of persons annually, Those portions that are coastal bluffs with their endemic plants therefore serve primarily as parking areas for persons enjoying the beaches below, Nowhere in the area mentioned is there any preserve in which native values are protected, The impression I had of Havents Neck, which is now privately owned, is that it would be a most suitable spot for such a preserve. By this I do not mean that it should not be used, but its use should be guarded carefully and only for the furtherment of our knowledge relative to the ecology of a headland, The presence of extensive real estate developments to the north, and to the south especially, makes imperative the preservation of this, or a comparable area if one can be found. Within a very few years such lands will no longer beavailable.

IV - HAVEN'S NECK - A UNIQUE BOTANICAL AREA By James B. Roof, Director East Bay Regional Parks Botanic Garden The Havents N eck area of the Mendocino Coast should, above all others, be pre- served as it is, and soon, It is the most important floral area of the entire north Coast of California. Outstanding among the botanical features of this small headland are its manzanitas. Several species and forms of Arctostaphyloa which are found nowhere else occur on this small promontory. The principal low bank hugging manzanit~is Arctostaphylos media, which is found in California only on Havents Neck and in a small colon-ther to the north, at Point Arena. The handsmest manzanita at Havents Neck is a low wind-swept, glossy -leaved form of A. numularia, the fire mansanita, which usually grows farther inland, and is fouzd on the immediate sea margin only on the Havents Neck front. This i s the most attractive form of this species anywhere to be found, fn the Bishop pine woodlands is A. colmbiana, a tall, tree-like manzanita of the north mast. On the headland Froper is A. uva-ursi, the trailing bearberry or kinnickinick, which is quite prostrate, The principal value of Havents Neck derives hrn the faot thpt its conaentratlon ~f manzanita species in this one place has given rise to hybridization and inter- ~radptionbetween theseveral specie 3 mentioned, The r e sultant mansanita forms 2ffer us the most varied hybrid swarm of manzanitas to be found anywhere on the C~liforniacoast. Phe numerous fonns have enly begun to be explorod In horticulture and their loss low would be a severe Slow to botany, to ecology anr\ the study of evolutionary )lent processes. The area should be a reserve, but it should alsa be a souroe of ,lant material for the eoological study of seabluff plant forms. As a floral ,eserve, the area is fully the equal of Patrickts Point Reserve farther north, In .ta comnaotly assembled flora, it would be the north ooast equivalent of Monterey :ountyts Point Lobos Yeserve, haidea the Bishop pines, aome of the finest ooast allktassela that I have ever teen are to be found on the Havents Neok headland. It also displays Ceanothus :loriosus, with leaves that may be oonsldered the largest of the qeoles. With 6U la cs ground aover of Frausria ohiloensis (bea~hstrnwberry) and espeolallf notable in the area is Lilium maritimum (the red maritime lily), which is becom- ing exceedingly scarce emere along the Mendocino Coast. With it are Myrica californica (cogst waxmyrtle ), Vaccinium ovatum (coast huckleberry ), 1, parvifoliun: -(red huckleberry), and Gaultheria shallonml), and other plant species too numerous to mention here. Botanically, Havents Neck is not only outstanding--it is unique, If it were sub- divide&-if its plants were removed from the co,stal picture--we would suffer an irreparable botanical loss and the biological picture of the entire northern Calif - ornia coast would be erased before it could ever b e properly studied. There is no floral area north of Point Reyes or south of Samoa that the state could protect that would contain a native plant assemblage equal to that found in this small but matchless area, Havents Neck should, in my opinion, have the highest preservation priority of the entire northern California coast.

With The Help Of Plants By Ronald A. Russo, Naturalist Tilden Regional Park

x-SEC .

-- Gclechiid moth

One of neturets most curious and puzzling relationships exists between gall insects an? their plant hosts, Galls are plant tumors that develop in response to stimuli from foreign organisms. The exact cause of a gall, whether of a mechanical or chemical nature, is not known in regards to most of the gall in- sects. The cycle begins when a female gall insect, such as a wasp, locates not only a tree of the proper species, but also one that is growing under the right tem- perature, moisture and exposure conditions. The female wasp searches for the young, rapidly growing leaves (in this case) and stings it with itts ovipositor. The mechanical stinging action causes some minor swelling near the wound just es humans experience local swelling when wounded. However, the wasp injects a Pluid rich in nucleic acid, which may further stimulate swelling, before the 9qg is de~osited. Once the egg hatches, the hungry larvae may also stimulate gall awelling from either chewing or it's saliva or both, The larvae may spend seveoak months in the gall before it pupatea and becomes an adult. The adult gasp chews it1s way out of the gall and the uycle begins once again. This ?ene~plizedprocess nomnelly takes place providing the larvae, pupae or adult L8 not killed in the gall by a predatory or parasitic insect, Some galls have 343011 known to have 75 species of' other insects associated at one time or enother, ~1ththe gall or it's inhabitant. Phere is no asrt of a plant th~tcan escape gall fonnntion. Galls may form on ;he roots, trunk, stem, leavee, buds, flowers, and fruits of a plant. Certain ,tern, bud, and fruit galls can cause damage to the host plant. Normally, leaf !all8 do not adversely affect the health of the plant, Of the 2000 gall insects known in America, 805; are wasps, 700 are midges, and 161 are mites. Other organisms such as aphids, beetles, moths, bacteria and fungi also cause galls. Each organism has a specific type of gall. In fact, there are more obvious differences between the galls than the insects causing them. It is ~ossible,therefore, to identify the insect by identifying the gall. Most gall insects prefer certain plants. Of the 805 gall wasps, 600 occur on Oaks, The Bay Area has a rich representation of plant galls and their insect inhabi- tants. The following are best observed during the spring, summer, and fall months, COYOTL;: RSTTSH: There two primary gall insects that select this shrub, One is a Gelechiid Moth, Gnorimoschema baccharisella, which produces oblong (approx, 1") green swellings on new stems. The Gall Midge, Rhopolomyla californica, produces globuler, szreen and red gnlls ~t the tips of new shoots. WILq 3OSE: The Rose Gallfly, Mplolepis bicolor, commonly infests the Wild Rose throuah-out the Onkl~nd-Eerkeley Hills. This gallfly is actually a wasp with a misleadina nane. It produces globular, extremely spiny, red and green galls about 3/€! of an inch in diameter. They tend to occur in large clusters on stems. Occasionally, two galls fuse to form one massive structure.

COAST LIVZ OAK: During the fall, thousands of small (3/8 inch ), round, corky, brown ~~11scan be found on the ground beneath Coast Live Oaks. These are the old ~qllsof mother allf fly (a WRSP), Callirhytis agrifoliae, When fresh in the sprinn, these ~~11sere mottled green, Later, they become dark brown. Small qrouDs of these ~~11soccur ~t the ~xilsof leaf-bearing twigs find contain ane larvbe per qnll. These qnlls are not found on Blue or Valley Oak but on Coast and Interior Live Oak nnd Black Oak, 3LU2 OAK and VALLSY 0-4K: The largest and best known galls are produced by the :alifornia Gallf ly, Andricus californicus. The name "oak applesu is applied to ;he younc anlls, which are red ~nclgreen. As they grow, they change in sequence ;o white, to tan, to dark brown. The mature gall ranges in size from two to 'our inches end is extremely smooth and li~htweight, They occur in small groups llona the branches of the tree. A number of other insects use the gall or it's .nhabitonts for food, Males af this wasp species are not known to exist, The 'emnle reproduces in the f~llp~rtho~enetically, These galls do not appew on ;he Live or Black Oak qroup. IILLOW: The Willow Lenf Sawfly, Pontania pacifica, is restricted to a single ~peciesof willow, Salix lnslole is. The gall is about 3/8 inch in diameter, wal-round, and reddish. ?IT-Ehe galls normally occur next to the midrib vein of ,he leaf. Severnl galls of this sawfly cen occur on R sin~lele~r. The insect eems to prefer willows growing in cool areas over those growing on hot exposed anyon slopes, lECOW.mnED REFERENCES : :yni~idGalls of the Pacific Slope by Lewis Meld Priv~telypublished: Available Robert Lyon, L. A, City College 'hnt Gqlls ~ndGall M~kersby Ephrsim Porter Felt, D. Sc, Hafner Publfshlnu Co. N. Ye 1965 he Pocket Encglopaedia of Plant Galls by Arnold D~Plington Blsndford Press

16 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

The Articles of Incorporation of the California Native Plant Society, dated August 9, 1965, state "The specific and.primary purposes for whichthis corp- oration is formed.. .are to receive, administer, and expend funds for charitable and educational purposes in connection with the n~tiveplants of California.. .. I presumed that over the years our largest budget item has been for the News- letter, field trip notices, nnd other mailings to members. But what about our other expenditures -- those that might be described as "charitable (obnoxious word!)? I wondered just how much the Society has done in supporting the work of other rrroups. What I leorned may be of interest to our general membership, Alice Howsrd, our Recoraing Secretnry, allowed me to go through her file of the minutes of CNPS Board meetings. From these I gleaned the following approximate figures . Note the word t'approxlrnste." The Board authorizes a maximum expendi- ture for a given purpose. I did not consult the Treasurer's accounts to see what was actually disbursed. But surely disbursements ere rarely much smaller than authorizations 1 3/68-6/71 Rare and Endangered Plant Study, University of California, Davis...... $3650. 10/69 Nature Conserv~ncy, Sand Ridge Wildflower We- serve, Kern County...... 300. 11/69 Tamalpais Conservation Society...... 20. 11/69 University of California Botanic Garden (display case)...... 350. 6/70 Planning and Conserva.tion League...... 100, 6/69-11/70 California Native Areas Coordinating Council (including "start-up" funds before CNACC was formed)..... 2000, 1/71 Belvedere-Tiburon Landmarks Society ( John T?~omas ow ell Wildflower Preserve) See picture on cover...... Total

This is A subst~ntialsum for the Society to contribute to conservfition pro- jects in only a few years. In my opinion it is something to be proud of. Al- though our annuel native plant sales are not held for the specific purpose of supnorting this work, it should be appreciated thst contributions of this me~nitudewould. not be possible without them. Sincerely yours, Horace K. Burr

CNPS EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT AT HEATHER FARM FLOWER SHOW By Leonora Strohmaier On May 24 the Heather Farm Garden Center Associ~tionof Walnut Creek held its first annual standard flower stow. This association has been organized to build a garden center for the Walnut Creek area, and plans are progressing. A "stan- dard" flower show is an amateur show which conforms to certain standards esta- blished by the National Council of State Garden Clubs. One of the requirements of such a show is to have educ~tionalexhibits. Among those was the display illustrated herewith, set up by Leonora Strohmaier. It consisted of a panel arrangement of 8 x 10 photographs by Erwin Strohmaier, showing California Native Plant Society plant sales, and field trips; several botany books, a small colleo- tion of potted Dudlegas and Sedums and an arrangement of California Poppies. CNPS membership brochures were distributed there also. The entire show, includ- ing this exhibit was very favorably received, An award of appreciation (ribbon rosette) was presented for our exhibit, REPORTS OF COMPLETED FIELD TRIPS

EASTER IN THE TEMBLOR RANGE, ETC. April 5th and 6th were unforgettable deys spent with the Twisselmann fmlly who farm about 250,000 acres in the Temblor Mountains in eastern San his Obispo County and western Kern County, Brother Ernest interpreted the physical and floral aspects while traversing many scores of miles over private rods with access through locked gates, Brother Carl and members of the Twisselmann family, plus the ranch hands, hosted and prepered steak barbecues with all the trimmings on two successive nights, Also they fur- nisheir a privnte camp for 59 field trip participants. On the second day at noon at a rodeo qrounds there was a chuck wc\qon hot dog barbecue with potato and macaroni salads, soft drinks, beer and all the hot coffee anyone could desire, Carl had the tremendous ability to tell the history of the area accompanied by a repertoire of the most appropriate stories imaginable. It would be safe to say that this was the outstanding two day field trip segment in the history of the society and it will be unforgettable in the memories of those lucky enough to be a p~rtof it. On the 7th, Ralvh Baker of the San Luis Obispo Chapter led the group to the very floriferous sheil Creek drainage area near Creston, Also a stop was made at the Prickly .Phlox and other interesting species near Santa Margarita. In the after- noon he took the group to Cuesta Pass to see the Sargent Cypress forest and other local plants of interest, In the evening the local chapter put on a fine slide show of flowers of San Luis Obispo County, The meeting was held in the museum st Morro Bay. It was a pleasure to have Mrs. Robert Hoover with us for that evening,

On the fourth day we hiked the sand dunes around Oso Floco Lake and noted the confusion ~nddnrnaqe c~usedby the dune buggies, The three species of sand ve benas and man7 other ~lantawere of great interest. The hike over the dunes ativul~tedanpetites to the extent that we went to the Sal Sand Hills near Pt, 3al and hsd lunch, It was good to note the plants growing in sandstone and lo sand such as Ceanothus Impressus, Arctostaphglos rudis, A, cushin~ianaand 4, viridissirna. Alao there was Paeonia ~lifornica,~ilene-laciniata and Helian- thevum scopnrium, The morning of the fifth day found the group traversing the P~intedCave Road and Camino Cielo Road on the ridge around Santa Barbara inspecting Mcentra ochroleuca, the extremely floriferous Dendromecon rigida, Ribes indecomun, 5. malvaceum, and Rhus laurina, Re inte~rifoliaand E, ovnta, And of course, every- one had to see thepainted ~a;e with the well-preserved and bright hieroglyphics. In the afternoon, for a final activity, the whole group toured the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden which was in the prime of its spring beauty,

A VISIT TO OL9 ST. HILA9Y'S CHURCHYARD IN TIBURON. After a pouring rain the pre- ceding niqht, sbout two dozen members enjoyed the whole day on Saturday April 17th hiking over the adjacent hilla and making a first hand acquaintance with the very locally endemic Jewel Flower, Streptanthus ni~erand the Tiburon paintbruah, Castille a neglects. It wea windy but the air was fresh and appetitea were atim- d t h e extent thnt msny participated in a flah dinner to conclude a perfect day.

9AN BENITO MOUNTAIN FIELD TRIP hr 39turdny, Mny 8, twelve people met with the leader, Jim Griffin of Hastings F(e8ervntion of Natur~lHiatory, Camel Valley. Beyond the New Idria meraury nine, we visited a portion of the 3an Bonito Mount~inNatural Area, which is being studied for wilderness classification under the Bureau of Land Management 's administration. In spite of very recent rain and slippery driving conditions, the group saw some interesting plants. The soil includes considerable serpentine, and the sparse vegetation shows that growing conditions are generally austere, Notably, Eschscholtzia californica and Montia perfoiiata grew there but were unusually small plants. The parasitic mground cone , zschniakia strobilacea was found. An interesting Fritillaria, possibly F. viridia was seen, There were a few Lfbocedrus decurrens but many stumps indic~tethat it was probably more dominont in the forest prior to logging. At present this area is one of the largest exav~lesof Pinus sabiniana (Di.gger Pine) and g. coulterf mixed to- gether in the same stands. The area is the only spot where Jeffrey, Coulter and 32g~erpines grow together. Coulter pine is the dominant tree. The Jeffrey pines which occur here me the only ones in the south Coast Ranges. Natural hybrids between g. coulteri and g. jeffreyi were also observed. Yl. Griffin is prepnrinq a check list of all the flowering plants in the San Benito Mountain Nstursl Area. His preliminary list was available to all who went on the trip, and meny of the listed plants could be observed, -- Leonora Strohmaier CNPS HAS FIELD TRIP TO PINNACLES FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS By Carol Weiske On the May 14-16 weekend a new type of field trip was initiated. Thirty-three students from several high schools and twelve adults consisting of instructors and CNPS members spent the weekend at the Pinnacles National Monument, The trip, which was organized by John Bryant, Educption Chaiman, featured native plnnts but also covered other branches of n~turalscience. The Proup hiked through several plant communities and saw many spring wildflowers. Wayne Roderick pojnted out and identified many plants of interest such as Trichostem~lenatum, Woolly blue-curls, Calochortus venustus, Butterfly mari- posa, Collinsia blcolor, Chinese houses, and Orobanche tuberosa, Small ground cone. In the evening he gave an interesting talk and demonstrstion on the In- dian uses of plants. He had many items to show the group which were made in the Indian manner. won entering the psrk area we were greeted with the beautiful sight of the Yucca whipplei, Spanish bayonet in full bloom. We had an unexpected illustra- -tion of nature in action with the swarming of hundreds of bees in the middle of the camp area,

SECOND ANNUAL CALIFORNIA WILDFLOWER SHOW By Margaret McKibben, Show Chairman THE SECOND ANWUAL CALIFORNIA WILDFLObu'ER SHOW sponsored by the California Native Plant Society and the Natural Science Guild of the Oakland Museum wes held May 14, 15 and 16 in the Natural Science Gallery of the Museum. Anne Leary, Barbara Menzies, and Roberta Shockey, the Stinson Beach Wildflower Show Cornmi ttee, gain did the major portion of the collecting and all of the ~rrangingof the flowers. Over 250 specimens from the Mother Lode counties and from the North Bay Area were supplemented by selections from the botanical gardens in Tilden Park and at Vniversity of California Berkeley. Twenty-four species of ferns from deserts and dry, rocky places provided a new feature this year. Most of these were from the collection of Don MacNeill, Assistnnt Curntor of the Nstursl Science Division of the PIuseum. Barbera Menzies also contributed to this display. Two tables called sttention to rsre nnd endanaered species, includ.ing Brodiaea roses, Fiose-flowered b~o?iaea,Caxventeria cr,lifornica, Csrpenteria, Cfrsluv f ontinale, Fountain Thistle nnc! Frernontodendron decumbens, Frenontia, The Cirsium exhibit inclu?ed a series of photocr.whs sho~dnghow site change resulted in further endcnaerina that swecies. More than thirty CNPS members served as a hosting stsff, along with several science dccents from the Evluseum. Horace K. 8urr equipped 2nd stsffed a member- ship table. Ppt b!!atters arrenged for expert resource people to assist the hosts, They were Lauramae Deropster, Bzki Kasapligil, walter Knight, Elizabeth McClintock, Charles vuibell and Wayne Roderick. S2ecies identificetion was done by Rimo Baciqslupi, Lawrence fleck~rd,W~lter Fnicht and Helen Sharsmith. Lawrence Hecksrd, along with Alice Zoward, errnnged for the identifiers as well as the "rare ~ndend~nqered" exhibit and the "give zway" identification key sheets from Helen Sh~rsmithtsbook, More than twice as many specimens as last year, a new and, improved. locgtion and better nre-show nuSlicity, includinq an excellent poster-handbill produced by Ral~hKurtzasn, ma?e this yeprts show even more au.ccessfu1 than la~tyeerts. Vape Toder!. ck comer.ted thst there were not only many more attending the show, but thst they c?me with many ?ore questions,

RONALD A. RUSSO: GALLS IN CALIFORNIA NATIVE OAKS Program given June 3, Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley By Susan ~ru~e' Galls w5ich to the untr~jnedeye seem sn accident or misadventure or cancerous lesicn sre to Mr. Rusao in?ividual realms, controlled, con~unal,vibrent, and prou6. Curlouslg, each species of mite, wasp, fly, fun,~i,or bacteria midge builds its own soecific fop- of qsll. The identity of the mite, for instance, cEn much more quickly be determined by the gall shspe itself than by seeking out and tracin~darn the insect. Galls rpnne in size from pinhe~dto softball. Color varies with age and type from creaay beige throuqh chartreuse to olive green, red toward the sun, and dusty black. So~eflourish with host arowth, some are dependent upon the life activity of the insect within the lepf or bark, Some insects live in solitude within the gall; others attract predators end predn tors t predators. The process of gel1 formntion may be mechanical or chemical, or both; much host damage may be done, althoueh most ~allsdo not adversely affect the host plant. Mr. Russots photo.gr~nhsare of astonishing beauty. To have seen on screen the fasci~tioninduced by mites on poison oak, and the galls of exploded plant hairs from the leaf itself, means you will, with him, never find life boring. The enchsntment begins aeain every time you look,

NATIVE PLAKT 2ROPAGATION BY CUTTIKGS Dick Hildreth of the University of California Arboretum at Davis gnve a talk and demonstrstion for propaq~tinga variety of nntive plants by cuttings to a packed greenhouse crowd of fifty people Saturday, June 19, 1971, 2:00 -k:30 p.m. at the of Cal! fornia Berkeley Botanical Garden. He telked primarily about tfp stem cuttin~s,the terminal vortion of semi-herd wood from healthy pl~nts, Re sdvised to collect long: ~iecesof stock wood after the first flush of new arowth enrlv in the qorninq. Then wrap in wet material, keep cool, and hold at about 38 derree F. if you have to store for awhlle. For rootin , cut stock down to sfze, 3 to 6 inches with a sham knife, razor blade or 3 to inch below below node snd take off 1 or 2 lower leaves, but leave on as many le~vesRS possible. Most roots come from food and water slre~dyin the stem, Dip stem of cutting in a fun~icidesolution (Capton, Benlate, Phalton or whatever you have on hand) then in a rooting ~owder(Rootone or other) and knock off excess, Potting con- tainers should first be sterilized by soaking in a weak chlorine bleach solution and air-drying. A sugaest ed pottinq mix Is Monterey s~nd,peat moss ~ndvemni- culite or peslite equal parts by volume. This gives a porous, water-holding con- dition conducive to rooting with good drainage. Loosen potting mix to insert prepared cutting, then wet mix. Must keep in an atmosphere of high humidity. Pots can be placed in a fish aquarium or plastic bag or add another frame'on top of a flat and cover with glass or plastic film to cause Ngh humidity conditions, Place container in filtered or reflected light. Mck likes a bottom temperature of 80 to 85 degrees that is 10 to 15 degrees higher than the air temperature for inducing' rooting. After a couple of weeks gradu~llyharden-off by proping up the covering and exposing to more light, Can - syringe with weak fertilizer, 20 to SO$, (Hoagland's solution, Liquinox, Super- thrive) after cuttings begin to root, Woody material like manzanita may be "pot- ted-~~"in 6 weeks, soft cuttings usually root much faster. There will be a follow-up session to cover (1potting-upN of rooted cuttings. Jenny Fleminc, CNPS hostess an8 Leo Brewer furnished cutting stock of Ceanothus, Rhododendron, Azalea, Matilija DODD~, Gooseberry, Dawn Redwood, Manzanita and much vore. Reprinta of "The Propacation of Manzanits by Cuttinqs" by W. Richard Hildreth were passe4 out and reference made to "How to root Cutting" by U, C, Agriculture Extensjon available in the ba~ementof the Agriculture Extension at Vnf versity snd Oxford and "Plant Propagation, Principles and Practice'' Hartmsn and Kester, 1968, 2nd Zdition, Prentice Hall Inc., Enalewood office, New Jersey. If there is sufficient intere~t,CNPS will schedule additional sessions, -- William Dietrich

Honorary President of C. N.P.S. Lester Rowntree on the occasion of her 92nd birthday, February 16, 1971. Photo by John Woolfenden. California Native Plant Society NEWSLETTER

PICTURES FROM THE FIELD TRIP TO TI-1E TEMBLOR RANGE WITH THE TWISSELMANNS

z- 1.0~:High school students on the special field trip.to Pinnacles Vational Monument listen to CSPS Education Chm., John Bryant :t:ntcr: Carlottags lace fcrn, Chailanthes carloita-halline and 3t~dlryacymosa gl.ck\ling c,n the hillside above Old St. Hilaly's. l'he frrn has a restricl~.ddistribution; 3o~tom: '4 disp!a\ at the Walnut Cwek Flower Show setup by lembcrs, RIr. and Mrs, Errvin Strohmaier. 'hotos: Ralph Kurtzrnnn, Ernsin Strohmaier I, :h t

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Leonora Strohmaier, CNPS

Interview One: 28 February 1992

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Interview Two: 20 March 1992

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Interview Three: 27 March 1992

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Acme Brewery 6 East Bay Chapter 22,32 Adams, Ansel 28,30 East Bay Garden Center 28 Alameda County 8,10,37 Edwards, Steve 19 Arbegast, Mae 20

Faculty Club 32 Bacigalupi, Rimo 16,27,28 Falconer, Donald 14,23,29 Baker, Herbert 16,17,18 Falconer, Kelly 14 Bayleaf 35 Fleming, Jenny 14,19,29,36 Beard, Helen-Mar 13,16,28 Fleming, Scott 14,23,29 Berkeley 1,2,3,6,28,32 Fremont ia 35 Berkeley Garden Club 8,9,37 Fresno 5 Berkeley Historical Society 9 Friends of the Regional Parks Berkeley Rose Garden 8 Botanic Garden 13,14,15,16,19 Bonar, Lee 4,5 20,21,22,23,24,28 Brazilian Room 34 Frugg, August 26a,28,31,33 Brewer, Leo 12,13,17,26,29 Frugk, Susan 28,35 Brooks, Mathilda 3,4 Fruit Products Lab (Food Brooks, S. C. 3 Technology Lab) 5,6,7 Burr, Joyce 11,13,14,17,19,21 Butterfield, H. M. 29 Grass Valley Regional Park (Chabot Park) 13,14,16,17,18 California Garden Club 8 19,20,21,29 California Horticultural Grove, Eva 25 Society 15,26 Gualala Chapter 29 California Native Plant Gwinn, Margo 11 Society 1,10,11,12,13,14 15,19,21,22,23,24,25,26,28 29,30,31,32,33,35,36,37,38 Haley, Marilyn 16 CNPS Newsletter 35 Hanna, Wanda Muir 7 Calvin, Melvin 3,30 Harris, Ralph 17 Castro Valley 15,33 Hildebrand, Joel 29,30 Christie, Cicely 17 Holman, Richard 4 Citizens for Tilden Park Howard, Alice 13,15,26a,33 14,17,29 Civilian Conservation Corps 27 Constance, Lincoln 29 Jepson Herbarium 16 Contra Costa County 8,10,37 Jepson, Willis Linn 16,27 Contra Costa County Garden Joslyn, Maynard 6 Committee 14,17 Copley, Marion 11,13,14,19,29 Copley, Michael 14,17 Kensington Cruess, William 5,6 Knight, Howard Knight, Walter Laird, Perry 16 Roof, James 13,15 Lake Anza 15 17,26,26a,27,33 Lakeside Park (Lake Merritt) Rountree, Lester 28 13,28,33,34 Lawrence Radiation Lab 26 Live Oak Park 8 Sacramento 32 Luckman, Erwin 16,17 Sacramento Chapter 3 1 Luten, Dan 11,151 St. Hilary's Church 34,35 San Francisco 1,6,8,28 San Francisco Bay Area Marin County 34,35 Chapter 28 Martinez 2,7,10 Sausal ito 1,2 McDonald, John 16 Shaver, Jack 6 Merritt College 34 Sierra Club 6,7,28 Morgan, Agnes Faye 6 Sproul, Robert Gordon 3,16 Mott, Jr, William Penn 12,13,16 Stebbins, Ledyard 25,31 17,18,19,21 33,33a,34 Muir, John 7 Strohmaier, Erwin 3,6,7,13 Mulford Hall (UCB) 22,24,36 17,24,25,30,36 Strohmaier, Leonora 34a,b

Native Notes Nature Conservancy Tilden Botanic Garden ( see Newcombe Fellowship Regional Parks Botanic Garden) Nimitz, Chester Trumbo, Maxine 26a

Oakland 13,33 United States Forest Service 27 University of California at Berkeley 2,5,6,10,12,17,22 Pearce, Owen 15 24,27,29,32,36 University of California Botanical Garden 13,15,16,22 Red Rock Canyon 34,34b University of California at Reeve, Marion 37 Davis 31 Regional Parks Association University of California Press 10,11,12,15,21 28 Regional Parks Botanic Garden University of Michigan 4 at Tilden 11,12,13,14,15,16 17,18,20,21,22,27,37 Regional Parks District 10,ll Western Regional Lab (U.S. Dept. 12,15,16,21,27 of Agriculture) 14,29 Rhyne, Mary 29 Wieslander, A. E. 20 Wohlers, Mary 24,25,26a,31,33 Wohlers, Mary Ann 26a Robin, Clyde 15,26a,33 Wolf, Myrtle 38 Roderick, Wayne 13,15 Woolridge, Clyde 16 Roeding, George 16 Roma Winery Zinke, Paul 26a,33,36 INTERVIEWER'S BIOGRAPHY

Mary Mead, the interviewer, holds a master's degree in Clinical Psychology from John I?. Kennedy University. She has also received training in oral history at the Oregon Historical Society with James Strassmaier and at Vista College with Elaine Dorfman. Her counseling experience led to an interest in the biographical process and oral history in which she has been involved for several years. She has lived and worked in the Bay Area for nearly thirty years.